TikTok

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TikTok

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Basic data

developer ByteDance
Publishing year September 2016
Current  version 17.6.3 ( Android )
September 14, 2020

17.5.1 ( iOS )
September 8, 2020

operating system Android , iOS
category Video portal
License Freeware
German speaking Yes
www.tiktok.com

TikTok (in the People's Republic of China known as douyin ; Chinese 抖音短视频 , pinyin Dǒuyīn duǎnshìpín ) is a Chinese video portal for lip synchronization of music videos and other short video clips , which also features a social network offering. It is available as a mobile app for the Android and iOS operating systems.

On August 2, 2018, the TikTok app became the successor to musical.ly . Since this year it has been one of the fastest growing mobile apps in the world and has become the leading short video platform in Asia with the world's largest playback video community.

The company is considered controversial due to concerns about data and youth protection as well as espionage and censorship in favor of the Chinese government . According to Reuters in May 2020, the parent company ByteDance is increasingly relocating its business activities abroad. TikTok has expanded its development capabilities in California by hiring over 150 specialists.

functionality

With the TikTok app, users can view music clips and record and edit short clips, including adding special effects and filters.

To create your own video, background music or sound recording is selected first, followed by recording with the mobile phone camera or selecting a previously recorded video. A video clip that matches the selected audio track can be created or selected within the specified period of maximum 60 seconds, which usually consists of karaoke or playback singing, dancing or actors for the audio track. The length of the video also depends on the length of the audio track used.

The TikTok music list contains a selection of music styles and audio clips from various media. There are 19 categories in total. In addition, there are various thematic hashtags and "Internet challenges" under which videos are collected. The most popular videos in the respective language region and internationally are displayed on the main page and can be swiped through. No registration is required to watch videos. You have to log in to create video clips and interact with other members. User data is analyzed by an artificial intelligence . The target group are predominantly teenagers .

The main TikToks page consists of the "Follow me" and the "For you" page, between which you can swipe to the right or left. On the "For you" page, videos are displayed that were initially rated as interesting for the user by the user data analysis of the artificial intelligence . These interests of the users form different "sides" ie pages within TikToks. Two examples would be "booktok", which deals with books, "alttiktok", for users from the alternative (music) scene. The different sides within TikTok are numerous and often characterized by strong opposites, such as "conservativetiktok" and "liberaltiktok". The size of these two sides also shows the political importance of the platform, especially for young people.

history

Beginnings and fusion with Musical.ly

TikTok was launched in September 2016 by Zhang Yiming , the founder of ByteDance . In January 2017, the company received several million renminbi from the Toutiao Group to further expand the platform. Expansion into the Indonesian market began in September 2017.

TikToks parent company , Beijing Bytedance Technology , bought Musical.ly , another popular Chinese short video social platform, in November 2017 € 800 million to one billion US dollars on.

In February 2018, TikTok started a partnership with Modern Sky to monetize music .

In August 2018, musical.ly was renamed TikTok and the design was adapted to its Chinese counterpart Douyin . Musical.ly had a bad image and was criticized for attracting pedophiles . The name change should make this forget.

After the merger

Revenue for 2018 was $ 8.4 billion. For 2019 TikTok generated $ 176.9 million, of which $ 122.9 million came from Chinese iOS users. In May 2020, Kevin A. Mayer , the streaming boss at Walt Disney, moved to TikTok, where he became Chief Operating Officer and has since taken over the management.

Lockdowns in India and Indonesia

Indonesia temporarily banned the TikTok app from July 3, 2018 due to concerns about illegal content such as pornography and blasphemy . The app was unlocked a week later as several changes were implemented, including the removal of critical content, the opening of a government liaison office, and the introduction of age restrictions and security mechanisms.

Also in the Indian version of the Google Play Store and App Store , TikTok was temporarily blocked in April 2019 due to allegations that the app incited pornographic content. In June 2020, there was another ban with regard to security concerns, namely after reports had been received that user data was being misused and transferred to servers outside the country.

Ban notice in the US

When Mark Zuckerberg tried to fend off the efforts of the US federal government to regulate his company Facebook , he emphasized the dangers for users in the US through the Chinese app TikTok. US President Donald Trump took up this in July 2020 by having a ban on the software in the USA examined. His government announced a ban decision for August 2020. As early as June, a joke on TikTok ensured that Trump had to speak to an almost empty audience during his campaign speech in Tulsa . On August 6, 2020, Trump signed an executive order prohibiting US citizens and US companies from doing business with TikTok parent ByteDance in the future, as ByteDance with TikTok is endangering the national security of the United States by using the platform's user data that would allow China and the Communist Party to spy on users in the United States. The platform operator ByteDance announced on August 10, 2020 that it would bring an action against the order in the US federal district court for Southern California, as it was unconstitutional and unfounded. If the presidential decree is found to be lawful in court, it comes into force 45 days after the rally. This would mean that all contracts with the TikTok parent company ByteDance in the United States would have to be terminated by September 15, 2020. It would be impossible to continue using TikTok. Microsoft and Twitter , as US companies, have expressed interest in buying or merging the platform. The termination notices also led to an increase in the competing app Triller, which temporarily made it to number 1 on the iTunes charts.

Takeover before blocking

In order to circumvent a blockage in the USA, takeover bids from various corporations for the US business of TikTok were announced in August 2020. Among others, Oracle , Microsoft and Walmart offer . Also, Softbank will be interested in a takeover. In addition to the US business, the Canadian, New Zealand and Australian business will also be taken over. At the end of August 2020, it was announced that the Chinese government put artificial intelligence on a list of products whose export from the People's Republic of China is restricted. Thus, the takeover of TikTok would have to be approved by the Chinese authorities, which could endanger or at least delay the takeover. Microsoft announced that their takeover offer has been rejected. Bytedance is now cooperating with Oracle, which should avoid a sale.

Shortly afterwards, the US government announced that it would ban TikTok and WeChat. Apple, Google and other US corporations were instructed not to allow downloads for domestic users from September 20, 2020. Bytedance then lodged a complaint.

User and download numbers

According to the operator, the app reached 150 million active users daily and 500 million active users per month from 150 countries in June 2018. It was also the world's most downloaded iPhone app in the first quarter of 2018, with an estimated 45.8 million downloads. It is the most popular app in China and is installed on approx. 14% of all Chinese smartphones. In August 2019, the app was number 1 on the download charts with 63 million downloads, overtaking WhatsApp . In November 2018, around 4.1 million monthly active German Tiktok users (54 percent of them female) spent an average of around 39 minutes per day in the app. By February 2019, the app had been downloaded over a billion times. In November 2019, TikTok reached one billion monthly active users, making TikTok one of the fastest growing social networks. At the beginning of May 2020, the app was downloaded more than two billion times for the first time.

External perception

Reasons for success

TikTok is especially popular with Generation Z and took over many users from Musical.ly. The app is characterized by its simplified operation and a design that primarily appeals to young people. TikTok also has a large music library and many video editing options. There are few corporate channels on TikTok, so users feel like they are staying to themselves and can identify more easily with the video content. However, some providers also see a gap in this market and therefore produce for TikTok.

The success is also a result of the closure of the short video platform Vine in 2017 and a lack of competition. TikTok was mainly drawn to attention through viral marketing and influencer marketing . In addition, Internet challenges and clips generate additional attention through corresponding hashtags and have in some cases become memes that are known beyond TikTok.

Popularity and influence

The popularity of the app caused viral trends , internet challenges and internet notoriety around the world with several thousands or millions of followers. It also helped songs become known and is used by celebrities and some companies as part of marketing strategies and additional media offerings that are primarily intended to appeal to Generation Z.

The platform has already helped songs get into the music charts and musicians such as Lil Nas X to break through. Rapeseed songs predominate here. After the music producer Nick Sylvester, who already caused viral music trends on TikTok, some musicians are now also adapting their music structure in order to become a viral hit on the platform. Record labels also use the platform as a marketing tool for new releases by their musicians. Compared to other platforms, however, the payment of the record labels for the use of TikTok songs is low.

An excerpt from the rap song "Mia Khalifa" by iLOVEFRiDAY's about the porn actress of the same name , also known as "Hit or Miss", was used in over four million TikTok videos and became TikTok's best-known Internet meme.

criticism

Sexism and the protection of minors

Due to the harmless presentation and lack of information about the consequences and rights of use, the platform was criticized for not offering enough protection of minors and data protection for a possibly influenceable and reckless young target group. It is also criticized that too little action is taken against sexism and cyberbullying in the comments. TikTok wants to prevent this in the future and to expand a security center in Germany.

In early 2019, TikTok was fined $ 5.7 million in the United States. The background to this was the insufficient protection of minors. In December 2019, a second class action lawsuit was filed by parents in the United States for a lack of privacy among minors. As a youth protection measure, TikTok has only allowed people aged 16 and over to send and receive private messages since April 30, 2020.

Censorship of political and religious issues

TikTok reserves the right to remove political content if this is in the interest of the Chinese government. Videos about the protests in Hong Kong in 2019 were censored in TikTok. TikTok also censors content criticizing Chinese socialism . Falun Gong non- violent content is classified as "violence" in order to erase it, which enables the persecution of Falun Gong abroad. Some government-critical content such as the Tagesschau remains on the platform in some countries, but cannot be found in the Chinese version.

Controversial topics such as religious conflicts or ethnic and political conflicts are undesirable. Debates should therefore be deliberately avoided and instead the focus should be on entertainment. To achieve this, TikTok reduces or increases the distribution of selected content through moderation levels.

In the narrower sense of the word, censorship is the intervention of state or other power-based institutions through which, in the sense of these institutions, undesired content is to be kept away from the media public. If the accusation is raised that TikTok is being "censored" in a state, then it should be noted that there are no legally free areas in constitutional states. The fact that TikTok does not delete a video does not offer users who upload a video any protection from “post-censorship”, especially in the form of criminal prosecution by organs of the state concerned , even in constitutional states.

There are also country-specific rules that keep lists of personalities and topics that must not be criticized. In Turkey, for example, President Erdoğan must not be criticized. Also specific to Turkey, the naming of “non-Islamic gods” such as Jesus , Mary or angels is prohibited.

Cyber ​​bullying and limiting criticism

It also became known from the internal guidelines that moderators may block posts criticizing the company or mentioning competitors. It also became known from this that machine learning is used to locate and remove critical content. To reduce the number of negative comments, TikTok reduced the reach of people with disabilities or obesity and of queers .

TikTok is also designed to restrict content from users who could be bullied based on that content . These include disabilities , LGBT issues or overweight people. The range of this content is restricted by TikTok from ten thousand visits and is marked “Auto_R”. Some content above a certain number of views has even completely disappeared from the newsfeed. German vloggers who report on their disabilities are also affected. TikTok is therefore accused of promoting prejudice and restricting freedom of expression .

Blocking LGBT content

In addition to nudity and alcohol consumption , the distribution of content with homosexuality or its endorsement on TikTok is also prohibited. Should content with a reference to homosexuality be published anyway, TikTok can block it. This regulation applies worldwide and thus also applies to countries in which homosexuality is not a criminal offense. TikTok relies on the protection of minors.

This regulation is heavily criticized because it restricts sexual self-determination and freedom of expression , puts homosexuals in a negative light and presents them as undesirable. Not only sexual acts are generally prohibited, as is appropriate for the protection of minors, but sexual orientation directly.

Security and privacy concerns

The company Check Point pointed out to ByteDance about security gaps in TikTok in November 2019. At the beginning of January 2020, a security flaw was exploited that enabled attackers to use a cross-site request forgery to send JavaScript malware via TikTok's own SMS service, which made it possible to access the account. According to Check Point, all 800 million TikTok users worldwide and around 5.5 million in Germany were potentially affected. Another vulnerability was discovered in April that would allow hackers to replace clips using TikTok's content delivery network . The reason for this is that, for performance reasons, TikTok only uses HTTP instead of secure HTTPS . However, this was only a proof of concept , which shows that this is theoretically possible. The permanent reading of the clipboard on iOS devices has also come under fire.

The app has been criticized for not properly protecting data, especially from children and young people. The predecessor musical.ly had to pay a fine of 5.7 million US dollars in retrospect to the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 2019 because the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) was not complied with. The Federal Ministry of Health is currently examining whether the Ministry's own TikTok account should be deleted due to security and data protection concerns.

Espionage allegations

The US feared espionage and forwarding to the Chinese authorities, which is why the app was checked by a government body according to a report in the New York Times . The responsible US Treasury Department did not want to comment on this report. US Senators such as Marco Rubio and Charles Schumer also voiced suspicion of espionage. ByteDance denies this, noting that the data centers are not in China and the company is independent from the Chinese government. The Reddit -CEO Steve Huffman called TikTok on the Social 2030 as parasitic spyware . The hacker collective Anonymous also described TikTok as “malware operated by the Chinese government”.

Web links

Individual evidence

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