Ulrich Campell

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Ulrich Campell ( Rhaeto-Romanic Durich Chiampell; * around 1510 in Susch in the Engadin ; † around 1582 in Tschlin ) was a reformer , chronicler and Rhaeto-Romanic songwriter. He is considered to be the founder of Rhaetian historiography and the Rhaeto-Romanic written language of Vallader , the Lower Engadine idiom, which he created with his translated psalms , which were first published in 1562.

Life

Ulrich Campell was born as the son of the Engadin farmer and soldier Chaspar Campell, who joined the ideas of the Reformation relatively early. Ulrich received his classical (Latin, Greek) and theological training from his brother-in-law Philipp Gallicius , the first reformer of the Engadine.

Campell married and followed Gallicius to Malans in 1536 when he became a pastor there. On May 10, 1537, his wife gave birth to a daughter in her native Susch. Since the child was weak and its survival was questionable, it was unceremoniously baptized by his grandfather, who did not believe in the Catholic priests. This baptism forms the background for Susch's faith disputation, which took place from December 29, 1537 to January 4, 1538. Campell took part as a listener and recorded its course.

It is not known where he stayed in the following years up to 1548. Possibly he continued his studies, perhaps he was already active as a Reformed pastor. Between 1548 and 1550 he was pastor in Klosters in Prättigau , where he received an annual salary of 70 guilders .

In 1550 he returned to Susch, campaigned for the Reformation in the villages of the Engadine and helped it to break through after protracted disputes. In 1554 he worked as a preacher in Zuoz , after 1556 he was again active as a pastor in Susch.

In 1570 he was appointed to the Regulakirche in Chur , where he only worked for four years. He became involved in disputes about his predecessor Johannes Gantner , who had campaigned for a supporter of the Anabaptist movement , the bookseller Georg Frell, and had been dismissed.

Preaching in German caused difficulties for Campell, who grew up in Romansh. The letters he wrote to Heinrich Bullinger in Zurich tell of this time . In 1574 he was released in Chur and took over the pastoral position of the remote community Tschlin in the Lower Engadine, where he finished his Latin works and where he probably died in 1582.

Works

Biblical dramas

Campell wrote several dramas about biblical characters, written in the Engadine idiom Ladin. It was the first sacred drama in Romansh to be played in the Lower Engadine: Giuditta e Holofern (German: Judith and Holophernes ), is considered the first Romansh drama to contain Reformation ideas. It was performed in Susch in 1554; the female roles were played by women and girls.

The spiritual play Josef, filg d'Israel (German: Joseph, Son Israels ) was a translation of a drama by Jakob Ruf, which was also performed in Susch in 1564.

The Psalm book of 1562

In 1562 Campell published his translations of the Psalms Ün Cudesch da Psalms and the spiritual songs of Chiantzuns Spirituals . It was one of the first books in Romansh and it laid the foundation stone for the Lower Engadine written language Vallader . His psalm book was partly a translation of the 54 psalms of the Konstanz hymnal by the brothers Thomas Blarer and Ambrosius Blarer and Johannes Zwick from 1540, which had been published by Froschauer in Zurich. Campell also translated 40 psalms from the Latin Bible text himself. He also transmitted sacred songs by Martin Luther , Benedicht Gletting , Johannes Zwick, Thomas Blarer, Ambroius Blarer, Hans Sachs , Wolfgang Moesel , Matthias Greiter , Ludwig Oehler and other authors. He also created new sacred songs himself, often in collaboration with his father Chasper, in part based on Latin liturgical melodies known at the time. He also included sacred songs by Philipp Gallicius, such as Psalm 130 from 1537, and by his father Chasper Chiampel, the oldest being from 1530. The recorded, well-known Easter hymn Christ has been sung in German since the High Middle Ages and was used to sing freedom of the people. He recorded it with Romansh extensions from his father Chasper Chiampel and from Philipp Gallicius, making it the oldest written Rhaeto-Romanic hymn.

Like the Konstanz hymnal, Campell divided his hymn book into three parts:

  1. The Psalms of David
  2. Songs of praise: sacred songs for singing in the Church
  3. Spiritual songs that should be sung outside the church instead of the rough folk songs; among them are also Christianized folk songs

Campell would have liked to add music to his hymnbook, but that was not possible because his printer Jacob Kündig in Basel was not equipped for it. So he had to be content with references to the melodies in the German-language hymn books, and many Konstanz hymn books found their way to the Lower Engadine. The psalm book was a great success and was reprinted twice 40 years later due to pirated printing. In 1606, 2,000 copies were printed by Johann Exertier in Basel. The descendants of Campell printed at the same time with Johann Ludwig Brem in Lindau with the new title: Psalterium Rhaeticum .

Other theological writings

In two other books Campell turned against Italian preachers from the southern Graubünden valleys, with whose views he did not agree. In one book he wrote about Providence and in the other about predestination . The first book was approved by the Bündner Synod and by Zurich theologians. With the second work, however, the people of Zurich were of the opinion that it would be better to let the matter rest and the font was not printed.

Topographical description of the Alpine Raetia in 1573

The works of the Zurich theologian and historiographer Josias Simler were of particular importance for Campell's scientific works . Simler collected material for the history of the Confederation and Campell on his Rhaetian homeland.

First, Campell wrote the extensive Raetiae alpestris topographica descriptio ( Topographical Description of the Alpine Rhaetian ), to which Simler made several suggestions for improvement. He and Ludwig Lavater had no understanding for Chiampell's kaleidoscopic organization of the material with constant changes in the level of detail, style and perspective of the presentation. Remarkably, it was not Simler, but Chiampell, who was received literarily. After Simler's death in 1576, his plans for a federal historiography failed; only the volume about the Valais was published . Even without Simler's support, Campell continued his work on Rhaetian history ( Historia totius Raetica / History of all Rhaetians ) from ancient times to his own time.

The "topography" including its appendices has been handed down through the two main manuscripts by Maienfeld (from Chiampell's own hand) and that of Zizers. The Maienfeld manuscript in its present form represents the working copy on which Chiampell worked until his death. Unpaginated insert sheets with reworking of already formulated passages owe this continuous further work. At least one more variant sheet was available for the copy by Zizers, as the double end of Chapter 3 shows.

While Campell's work on the older period consists largely of legends and unsecured traditions, his depiction of the 16th century is still one of the most important sources on the history of Graubünden . It is largely based on statements from contemporaries and on the author's own experience. He explains in detail the political and ecclesiastical quarrels of this time. Despite all the dissolute and dogmatic statements, research still relies on Campell's account to this day. Castle researchers also often refer to Campell, as he visited and described numerous medieval castle sites . However, Campell's work was not printed until the 19th century.

More recent research focuses its attention increasingly on two previously neglected aspects in Campell's works: On the one hand, a theonomic worldview with recourse to the factor “divine providence” influences both the representation of landscape and the description of historical events. On the other hand, Campell's way of working is committed to the humanistic educational ideal with its dominance of rhetoric typical of the time , which aims at something other than an objective representation in the modern sense. Landscape is understood as God's garden of signs, i. H. conspicuous formations become semantic signs. Chiampell's understanding of historical processes, on the other hand, emerges from his two treatises on Providence and Predestination. For Chiampell, contingent human action is an impossibility, which is why he degrades political and socio-economic causes in the scholastic tradition to secondary causes, subordinating the primary cause to God. Only God and all history is historically determined through the work of Providence and Predestination - either directly or indirectly through the devil, whose intervention in the divine plan of salvation is ultimately always directed towards the goal predetermined by Providence. Chiampell's solution to the intricate problems of free will and theodicy connected with it only partially convinced the Graubünden Synod of 1577.

Text editions and comments

  • Durich Chiampell, Raetiae alpestris topographica descriptio , ed. by CI Kind, Basel 1884 (Sources on Swiss History 7) (= British Library, Historical Print Editions, 2011), based on the Zizerser manuscript (Chur Staatsarchiv, A Sp III / 11a VB 1.a) (digitized version )
  • Deviations from the Maienfeld autograph (archive and library von Sprecher, Maienfeld) recorded in Traugott Schiess, supplements to Campell , in: Anzeiger für Schweizerische Geschichte 8/3 (1901), 175–183 (digitized version )
  • Traugott Schiess, third and fourth appendices to Ulrich Campell's topography of Graubünden , Chur 1900 (supplement to the annual report of the Natural Research Society of Graubünden, new series, vol. 42 (digitized) , 43 (digitized) , 44 (digitized) )
  • Durich Chiampell, Historia Raetica , ed. by Plac. Plattner, Basel 1887–1890 (sources on Swiss history 8–9) (digitized version)
  • Conradin v. Mohr, Ulrich Campell's two books on Rhaetian history , Chur 1851 (digitized version)

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Ricarda Liver: Romansh. An introduction to the Romansh language of the Grisons (= fool's study books ). Narr, Tübingen 1999, ISBN 3-8233-4973-2 , p. 92 ( limited preview in Googlebooks ).
  2. ↑ Cf. Ricarda Liver: Romansh. 1999, p. 102 (no preview in Googlebooks).
  3. ↑ Erich Wenneker:  GANTNER, Johannes. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 15, Bautz, Herzberg 1999, ISBN 3-88309-077-8 , Sp. 604-607.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive  on 2007-06-29)
  4. ↑ Erich Wenneker:  EGLI, Tobias. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 15, Bautz, Herzberg 1999, ISBN 3-88309-077-8 , Sp. 510-514.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive  on 2007-06-13)
  5. ^ Conradin Bonorand: Campell, Ulrich [Duri Champell]. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  6. ↑ Erich Wennecker: Heinrich Bullinger and the Reformation in the Engadin , Bündner monthly newspaper, magazine for Bündner history, regional studies and building culture, issue 4, Chur 2004
  7. ↑ Durich Chiampel on tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch
  8. ↑ Patrick A. Wild: Durich Chiampels psalm book from 1562. Library Chesa Planta Samedan
  9. ↑ Un cudesch da Psalms, chi suun fatts è miss da chiantar in Ladin, ils quaus suun impart eir vyvaunt instead of luguads da chiantar in Tudaischk, éd impart brichia: Proa quai alchiünas uschélgoe saingchias Chiantzuns Spiritualas, lg Téduda impartisch da impart fattas da new in Ladin: ...: Tuot tratt aqui insemmel in un coarp / è dritzad a chiantar in Romaunsch, traas Durich Chiampel, sarviaint da lg Evangeli da Iesu Christi a Susch in Ingiadina dsuott
  10. ↑ Hans-Peter Schreich-Stuppan: 500 years of Protestant church singing in Graubünden. Proposition. Soglio 2015, pages 4–6 ( Memento of the original from November 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. as a pdf on www.gr-ref.ch @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gr-ref.ch
  11. ↑ http://www.nvf.ch/qnr266.asp
  12. ↑ Ulrich Campell: Raetiae alpestris descriptio Topographica ( Topographical Description of Alpine Raetia / the Rhaetian Alpine country ). Chur 1573; New editions: Ulrici Campelli Raetiae alpestris topographica descriptio (= sources on Swiss history. Volume 7). Edited by Christian Immanuel Kind . F. Schneider, Basel 1884; (Paperback) (= Historical Print Editions ). British Library, [London] 2011, ISBN 978-1-241-46377-9 (Latin). - In addition: Third and fourth appendix to Ulrich Campell's topography of Graubünden. (= Supplement to the annual report of the Natural Research Society of Graubünden. New series. Volume 42–44, 1898 / 1899–1900 / 1901 ). Edited by Traugott Schiess. J. Casanova's printing press, Chur 1900, OCLC 889865375 (Latin-German).
  13. ↑ See Caduff, Apologie pp. 1–139, 149–156.
  14. ^ Conrad Ferdinand Meyer , Complete Works: historical-critical edition; Provided by Hans Zeller and Alfred Zäch, Vol. 3, Bern 1967, p. 113.
  15. ^ State Archives Graubünden, Chur, A Sp III / 11a VB1a, pp. 18 and 20; see. Caduff: Apologie , p. 148f.
  16. ↑ Cf. Caduff: Funtana and Apology.
  17. ↑ According to z. B. Topography pp. 176, 23-25 ​​Kind and Historia Raetica II, pp. 179, 14f. On the whole: Kurt Flasch: The devil and his angels: The new biography. Munich 2016.
  18. ↑ Historia Raetica II, pp. 641,31-642,12.
  19. ↑ Hans-Peter Schreich-Stuppan: 500 years of Protestant church singing in Graubünden. Proposition. Soglio 2015 ( Memento of the original from November 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. as a pdf on www.gr-ref.ch @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gr-ref.ch

Web links

Biographical

personal data
SURNAME Campell, Ulrich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Chiampell, Durich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Swiss reformer, historian, songwriter and founder of Vallader
DATE OF BIRTH around 1510
PLACE OF BIRTH Susch
DATE OF DEATH around 1582
Place of death Tschlin