Vehnemoor

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Evening mood in the nature reserve "Vehnemoor" (2015)

The Vehnemoor is one of the largest raised bog complexes in north-west Lower Saxony .

Vehnemoor

Natural location

The 1600 hectare Vehnemoor is the eastern branch of the Hunte-Leda moorland. This extends in the east-west direction Niederung separated on a length of about 60 km and a width of up to 25 km, the East Frisian Geest of the Geest thresholds of Hümmling and Cloppenburger Geest. In terms of natural space, the Vehnemoor is surrounded in a semicircle in the southwest, south and east by the Esterweger Geestinseln, the Garreler valley sand plates, the Wardenburger Land and the Oldenburger Geestsporn. In the north, the Eschhügel, which protrudes far inwards, divides the Edewechter Geest into the valley. To the east of it, the Geest Island of Jeddeloh I and the Wildenlohsmoor form the border, to the west of it the Vehnemoor merges into the Lange Moor and the Fintlandsmoor . It is named after Vehne, which flows through the moor from south to north . This small moor river was used to drain the area until the middle of the 19th century, after which the current coastal canal , which runs through the Vehnemoor centrally in an east-west direction, took over the function of the main receiving water . Today the Vehnemoor is also characterized by a dense grid of poorly structured drainage ditches.

Emergence

The large moorland areas of northwest Germany were created in the warm periods of the Holocene . When the ice masses of the Elster and Saale Ice Ages melted, a ground moraine formed , the relief of which was leveled and sunk by creeping into the ground . The sediment carried along made of clay, gravel and mainly fine and occasionally medium sand now forms the mineral subsoil of the Vehnemoor. From these sandy substrates, pronounced eroded soils with a water-retaining compaction horizon in the subsoil ( podsoles ) formed. When the temperature rose around 8000 years ago and a more humid oceanic climate set in, peat moss began to grow over a large area in the podsolized, permanently humid depressions . Their dead vegetation remains formed the organic soils of the natural area "Hunte-Leda-Moorniederung" over the next millennia . Today, damp to wet, locally fresh, mostly drained, low-nutrient raised bog soils prevail in Vehnemoor, and when cultivating bog, local mixed sand cultures and cooled areas also prevail. With the onset of industrial peat extraction and agricultural cultivation, natural peatland growth has come to a standstill with the exception of a few refuges.

Settlement history and raw material extraction

Several significant archaeological finds have been made in Vehnemoor , including several prehistoric plank paths , a beehive hive from around 500, the two bog corpses of Husbäke's men and a magnificent cloak . Another bog body found in Vehnemoor is the man from Hogenseth . However, the find was not scientifically investigated. Until well into the 19th century, the Vehnemoor, which was previously impassable and almost only passable in summer, separated the Protestant Oldenburg from the Catholic Münsterland . This made the moor a political as well as denominational border region. A traffic route and guideline for the earlier settlement and cultivation was the vehne floodplain, which was raised by small sand heaps . The development of the bog was from the north, from the Jeddeloher Geest island and the surrounding, through which flows the Vehne fens . It was only with the peat fire culture that began around 1730 that dry peripheral areas could be used economically. The impassable wastelands were also used to keep undemanding Heidschnucken .

The first road connection through the Vehnemoor that could be used all year round in a north-south direction was the "Edewechter Damm", which was laid out in 1815 and later became the settlement of the same name, Edewechterdamm . However, the main phase of settlement only took place with the construction of the coastal canal , which made the vast areas of the Vehnemoor usable through drainage. In its sequence on both sides of the channel were peat established that initially the settlers a troublesome life acquisition by cultivation of buckwheat and peat enabled. Later, aided by the coastal canal transport route, numerous peat factories and bog estates were added (e.g. in Ahrensdorf , Edewechterdamm, Harbern), which mechanically extracted fuel peat . In 1916, Vehnemoor GmbH was founded in Bösel-Edewechterdamm with the aim of counteracting the great shortage of coal at the time by using large-scale, mechanical peat extraction. This industrial peat extraction characterizes the central area of ​​the Vehnemoor near Edewechterdamm, even if it is mainly used today for horticultural substrates. In Overlahe also a production location is the company Klasmann- Deilmann , a group of companies for the production and distribution of culture substrates for the commercial horticulture in Germany. The consequences of extensive peat removal are a massive decline in near-natural raised bog areas. Today around 2200 hectares are still earmarked for potting. In the area of ​​the Vehnemoor Society, peated bog was sanded over in the 1950s and then mixed (" sand-bog mixed culture ") and thus made usable for agriculture (today: Overlahe settlement in Bösel ). The edge areas of the Vehnemoor often still have an original raised bog peat layer, despite heavy drainage, and are characterized everywhere by pasture management and moorland use.

Vehnemoor GmbH

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Directly on the Hunte-Ems Canal (today: Coastal Canal ) was the 1650 hectare Vehnemoor moorland owned by Friedrich von Essern. In 1916 von Essern sold his agriculturally used moor land, including residential and farm buildings, equipment and livestock. The buyer was Georg Klasmann jun., Who recognized the potential of the moorland for peat extraction and acquired the Vehnemoor estate for 670,000 marks . For a short time the peat producer Friedrich Graf von Landsberg-Velen bought the moor estate with 250,000 marks .

On June 21, 1916, the two shareholders founded Vehnemoor GmbH , based in Oldenburg . The construction of a peat factory was planned, but this was initially not possible during the First World War due to a lack of material and labor. Instead, by the end of the war, the existing agriculture was initially expanded from 20 to 105 hectares.

After the end of the First World War, the company headquarters moved to Edewechterdamm - Bösel under Managing Director Klasmann in 1919 . The construction of the peat plant could now begin. On November 10, 1921, the first bales of peat left the newly built plant. The white peat was first cut by hand. However, the future should belong to mechanical peat digging , as Klasmann explained in 1921: “Preparations are being made to start digging peat. A peat litter factory for 40,000 tons of annual line is also under construction. 30 hectares are to be pitted annually. You will have to reckon with a capital outlay of 5 million marks for the company. ” Mechanical dismantling with two Wielandt excavators began as early as 1922 after a high-voltage line had been completed.

The ability to transport bulk goods to supra-regional markets was important for economic success. Therefore, one of the first measures in 1920 was the connection to the Bad Zwischenahn – Edewechterdamm small railway . In addition, the convenient location on the Hunte-Ems Canal made it possible to transport ships to Bremen's overseas port , which quickly made Vehnemoor GmbH an important export company. Peat from the Vehnemoor was transported to the Canary Islands and the USA.

The economic success soon attracted many workers from Thuringia and Saxony who were looking for work at Vehnemoor GmbH as a result of the economic crisis in the early 1920s. As accommodation for new seasonal workers were barracks built. For the permanent staff, peat masters and craftsmen, a three-story "workers' home", which still exists today, was built in 1924, in which 75 people could be accommodated. In 1930 almost 450,000 bales of peat were exported annually.
In World War II in May 1942, when Vehnemoor GmbH were Soviet " civilian workers " busy. The management criticized the National Socialist authorities for the fact that this civilian work “in its bad shape and inadequate catering” was unsuitable for the heavy piecework. In view of this situation, the peat company commented, "it makes more sense to deploy a smaller number of civil Russians in Germany and then to feed them better". As a result of this objection, the food allocation at the plant was increased in October 1942. After the war, the production of horticultural growing media increasingly took the place of burning peat. In 1991, the rail connection was shut down due to insufficient profitability, the peat products are now transported by truck or ship. In 1990, Vehnemoor GmbH merged with Deilmann and has been run by Klasmann-Deilmann GmbH ever since . To this day, the Vehnemoor is an important production location for Klasmann-Deilmann .

Trivia: Vehnemoor as a border town

  • In the old district division of Northern Germany, the Vehnemoor formed the historical border area between the Lerigau and the Ammergau . With small shifts, the moor - especially the coastal canal that runs through it in an east-west direction - still forms the border between the districts of Cloppenburg and Ammerland. At the same time, it still forms a denominational boundary (north: Protestant, south: Catholic).
  • A border anecdote that is often told also concerns the bar in the workers' home of the Vehnemoor Society. The border between the former municipality of Bösel and Altenoythe ran through him . So you could order a drink in one parish and have it shortly after in the other.

The legend of the Dust Sea

In the Oldenburg / Münster border map from 1755, the 20 hectare Dustmeer in the middle of the Vehnemoor is mapped as "does-meer". This geological peculiarity of a raised bog lake existed until it was drained around 1950. According to a popular legend, the name Dustmeer comes from Teufelsmeer . Similar to the legend of the origin of the Zwischenahner Meer , the devil tore a lump of earth out of the ground to hit a church (in Altenoythe). At the place where he took the earth, the Dust Sea was later created .

Nature reserves in Vehnemoor

occasion

With increasing environmental awareness of the population since the end of the 1970s, the question of the economic requirements of large-scale peat extraction also arose. In 1989, during public discussions on the provisional securing of smaller parts of the Vehmemoor as nature conservation areas (Vehnemoor-West, Jordanshof and Dustmeer), it became clear that the renaturation after peat was largely unresolved. Thereupon the interest group for the rescue of the Vehnemoor e. V. with the aim of finally securing the remaining areas from industrial peat for regeneration. The peat industry concerned responded with its own reports on the natural compatibility of peat extraction.

Vehnemoor nature reserve

The Vehnemoor is a nature reserve in the Lower Saxony districts of Ammerland and Cloppenburg . The nature reserve with the sign NSG WE 270 has an area of ​​1,676 ha . It is in the south of the municipality of Edewecht and in the north of the municipality of Bösel . It has been under nature protection since 2008. The districts of Ammerland and Cloppenburg are responsible as lower nature conservation authorities.

The former nature reserve Vehnemoor-Dustmeer (code: NSG WE 208; area: 64 ha, since 1991), for which the district of Cloppenburg was solely responsible, has been part of the newly designated nature reserve Vehnemoor since 2008 .

This also applies to the former Vehnemoor-Jordanshof nature reserve (registration number: NSG WE 206, since 1991), which, with a total area of ​​96 hectares, was also incorporated into the Vehnemoor nature reserve in 2008 . The Ammerland district with 48.5 ha and the Cloppenburg district 47.5 ha had almost the same share here.

Vehnemoor-West nature reserve

In addition, there is the Vehnemoor-West nature reserve (registration number: NSG WE 207). The district of Cloppenburg, as the lower nature conservation authority, is solely responsible for the 87 hectare protected area. In the regenerating area with high moor grassland , stages of construction and transition bogs and peat forest grow moor grass , bell heather , heather and birch trees .

literature

  • B. Brandt: The Vehnemoor in Oldenburg, a dying natural landscape. In: Natural Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 31, August 1923, pp. 677-679.
  • S. Meisel: The natural spatial units - sheet 54/55 Oldenburg / Emden . Federal Institute for Regional Studies. Bad Godesberg 1962, OCLC 257053292 .
  • K. Schlabow : The magnificent coat No. 2 from the Vehnemoor in Oldenburg. In: Treatises and reports / State Museum for Natural History and Prehistory No. 2. Dieckmann, Oldenburg 1953, DNB 454363354 , pp. 160–201.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The magnificent coat from the Vehnemoor. A masterpiece of Germanic weaving art. ( Memento of the original from June 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wardenburg.de
  2. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation - Vehnemoor / Fintlandsmoor landscape profile ( Memento of the original from October 4, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfn.de
  3. ↑ GABOT.de v. 06/28/2016 "Klasmann-Deilmann: Vehnemoor site turns 100"
  4. ↑ Bar counter exactly on the municipal boundary. In: Nordwest-Zeitung. March 6, 2014.
  5. ↑ Katharina Hoffmann: Foreign forced laborers in Oldenburg during the Second World War. A reconstruction of living conditions and an analysis of the memories of German and Polish contemporary witnesses. Dissertation . Department of Social Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 1999, p. 70.
  6. ^ Homepage of the Vehnemoor eV interest group
  7. ↑ office f. Applied landscape ecology: Expert opinion on the conflict of use between peat extraction and nature conservation in three areas in the Vehnemoor on the basis of landscape ecological studies and assessments. On behalf of Vehnemoor GmbH and Torfwerk Edewecht. (copied typewriter manuscript), Anh. Altenberge 1991.
  8. ^ "Vehnemoor" nature reserve in the database of the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal and Nature Conservation (NLWKN)
  9. ↑ Nature reserve "Vehnemoor-Dustmeer" in the database of the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation (NLWKN)
  10. ^ "Vehnemoor-Jordanshof" nature reserve in the database of the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation (NLWKN)
  11. ^ "Vehnemoor-West" nature reserve in the database of the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal and Nature Conservation (NLWKN)
  12. ↑ The Vehnemoor in Oldenburg, a dying natural landscape. chargeable

Coordinates: 53 ° 3 ′ 45 ″  N , 7 ° 59 ′ 5 ″  E