History of beekeeping
The history of beekeeping is closely linked to the history of mankind . For millennia, bees ( Low German : Immen ) have been used and kept for their products such as wax and honey .
Honey bees are still wild animals that do not actually need human care. Originally, they preferred cavities in trees to build their honeycomb structure . First, bee colonies were harvested in hollow tree trunks. Later the relevant pieces of tree were cut out and placed in a more favorable location, such as in the house area. The log hive was thus developed. From the occasional honey hunt, the activity of the Zeidler , the honey collector with forest beekeeping, developed.
The history of modern beekeeping began in the 19th century with the change from basket beekeeping to box beekeeping with movable honeycombs, which has developed into widespread magazine beekeeping. In basket beekeeping , only naturally occurring swarms of bees were given a man-made nest box . When honey and beeswax were harvested, the honeycomb structure was cut out and destroyed.
antiquity
Approximately 8,000 to 12,000 years old cave paintings from the Mesolithic in the Cuevas de la Araña near the Spanish Bicorp ( Valencia ) show people as "honey hunters". The targeted keeping of bees in Central Anatolia began around 7000 years ago . Beekeeping experienced its first heyday in ancient Egypt around 3,000 BC. BC, where honey was considered the food of the gods. The first reliable evidence of beekeeping with hives is from the time between 2400 and 600 BC. BC also from Egypt. Four reliefs, one from a temple and three from burial chambers, show beekeepers working on hives. The first migratory beekeepers were on the Nile . The medicinal importance of honey was recognized in ancient Greece . From the 1st millennium BC The apiary discovered in Israel in 2007 comes from Tel Rehov , a large apiary with more than 100 beehives. The importance of beekeeping in ancient times is underscored by Solon's ordinances . Around 400 BC In BC Hippocrates taught that honey ointments reduced fevers and that honey water improved athletes' performance in the ancient Olympics . The Greek philosopher Aristotle carried out his first scientific studies on bees and put his findings into animal science. He dealt particularly intensively with the reproduction of bees, which has remained a mystery until modern times. The Greek Aristomachos von Soloi devoted himself to bee research in the 3rd century BC. Extensive written evidence about beekeeping has come down to us from the time shortly before the birth of Christ. 37 to 29 BC The Roman epic Virgil wrote the didactic poem Georgica (about agriculture), in whose 4th “Song” he describes in 566 verses the keeping of bees in poetic form.
In Central Europe there are prehistoric evidence of beekeeping from the 10th century BC. However, it can be assumed that bees were kept much earlier. In 1939 a beehive block from around 500 was found in the peat underground in Vehnemoor near Oldenburg . It was a block hive with remains of honeycombs, bees and broods. The bees were the breed of the dark European bee . During archaeological excavations on the Wurt Feddersen Wierde near the coast between 1955 and 1963, a beehive in the form of an inverted rod was found that was dated by the excavators to the period between 0 and 200 AD. The place of residence was in the 1st century BC. Continuously populated until the 5th century AD.
middle Ages
As early as the early Middle Ages , Sali's 510 law contained high penalties for stealing bees and honey. In 643, the Visigoths enshrined wild bee trapping in law and already introduced liability for damage caused by bees. A document from Duke Odilo of Bavaria documents forest beekeeping for the first time in 748, which is known as Zeidlerei . Around 800, Charlemagne ordered apiculture to be set up on his property. As historical illustrations show, bees were already kept in wooden boxes.
The first beekeeping organization in the form of the Zeidler guild emerged in Bavaria in the 14th century . This guild was highly regarded. It was the only supplier of beeswax, from which candles were made. This is also one of the reasons why beekeepers were to be found in many medieval monasteries . The guild members enjoyed numerous privileges and between 1350 and 1779 had their own jurisdiction through the Zeidelgericht in Feucht near Nuremberg . Forest beekeeping was a peculiarity of the Slavic-speaking peoples, so it only existed in Germany in formerly Slavic-speaking areas.
The term “booty”, coined by Nickel Jakob, was limited to Silesia in the 19th century. In other areas the apiaries were called “Stock”, “Korb” or “Sumper”. It was only with the spread of Dzierzon's beekeeping method that the term “prey” spread to other parts of Germany because the old terms were not suitable for the new devices.
Basket beekeeping had established itself in northern Germany with its extensive heath areas . Beehives were kept in rod or straw baskets, so-called inverters , which were set up in bee fences . In the Lüneburg Heath with its extensive heather there was already a professional beekeeping in the 16th century, the center of which was Celle in the Südheide . The heather beekeeping also developed here . Their typical characteristic is the increase in bee colonies through swarms of bees .
Beekeeping in Central America is documented in writing by the Codex Tro-Cortesianus , a Maya manuscript that was written before 1500 . This codex is a folding book of 112 pages and contains eleven pages on beekeeping.
Modern times
Beekeeping, which was already regulated in the late Middle Ages in part by "Zeidel Orders", has increasingly received state funding since the 18th century (in 1761 through bonuses in the Principality of Bayreuth and later with cash donations from Karl August von Hardenberg ). Numerous beekeeping associations and newspapers emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries. The first beekeepers' association outside of the Zeidel system was the Franconian bee society founded in 1768 . A year later, the Austrian Archduchess Maria Theresia set up the world's first state beekeeping school in Vienna. In the middle of the 19th century, beekeeping experienced a revolutionary change due to several innovations. First there was the invention of movable wooden frames in 1853 by Baron August Freiherr von Berlepsch . 1858 by Johannes Mehring the center wall made of beeswax one thing to build honeycomb accelerated. The honey extractor presented by Major Franz Edler von Hruschka in 1865 made the extraction of honey easier. From 1838 onwards, a beekeeping newspaper appeared regularly in Germany for the first time (monthly newspaper for all beekeeping) . Since then, several regional beekeeping organizations have been formed which, because of their periodic meetings, have called themselves "walking assemblies". A uniform beekeeping organization only came about in 1907 through the establishment of the German Beekeeping Association , from 1925 under the presidency of Detlef Breiholz . Since it was founded, the German Beekeeping Association has been the largest German beekeeping association, in which the individual regional beekeeping associations are organized.
Current situation
In the last 200 years beekeeping has lost a lot of its economic importance. Since the discovery of beet - sugar early 18th century honey was not the only Süßungsquelle. The industrial production of artificial wax on a large scale made beeswax dispensable in the 20th century.
Since the 1970s, beekeeping in Germany has changed from stationary operation in rear treatment hives to mobile operation in magazine hives . Since then, the annual honey yield per bee colony has almost tripled. The straw baskets originally used in the heather beekeeping on the Lüneburg Heath are mostly only used for representative purposes. Very few beekeepers work with inverters.
Major scientific discoveries were made about bees in the 20th century. Karl von Frisch , Austrian behavioral researcher (1886–1982), received the Nobel Prize in 1973 for his work on deciphering the bees' dance language .
Research history
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Through more intensive keeping and preoccupation with the bees, but also through the emerging methods and possibilities of modern science, many insights were gained that refuted or corrected old assumptions and interpretations. The honeybees were from the outset as insects and because of their good availability popular objects.
As outstanding personalities in beekeeping, the modern form of beekeeping, August von Berlepsch with the introduction of mobile honeycomb construction (basis of modern beekeeping), Johann Dzierzon with the discovery of parthenogenesis in the development of drones , the biologist Karl von Frisch with the research of the To name the sensory perceptions of the bees and the monk Brother Adam with his life's work of breeding the Buckfast bee .
Other personalities in research into the history of beekeeping are Ludwig Armbruster and the Briton Eva Crane .
Bee researcher and beekeeper
In the following people are listed in alphabetical order with the mention of their achievements who have made a contribution to the research and keeping of honey bees in the modern form of beekeeping.
Ludwig Armbruster
Ludwig Armbruster (born September 7, 1886 in Markdorf / Baden , † June 4, 1973 in Lindau )
The former head of the Institute for Apiculture in Berlin is considered an outstanding bee scientist of the 20th century. In 1919 he wrote the first beekeeping report , which is still used for breeding worldwide. Armbruster introduced the biological - microscopic honey examination. He advocated modern magazine operation and paved the way for efficient beekeeping. For almost 50 years he described and commented on the world literature on bee science, and more than 400 publications are part of his life's work. In 1969 he became an honorary member of APIMONDIA , the highest honor for bee scientists.
August Freiherr von Berlepsch
August Freiherr von Berlepsch (born June 28, 1815 at Seebach Castle / Thuringia ; † September 17, 1877 in Munich )
Called the "bee baron", he became a beekeeper as a boy . Published several textbooks that were fundamental for his time. Pioneer and sustainable advocate of beekeeping with movable frames . Berlepsch helped to prove Dzierzon's hypothesis that parthenogenesis also occurs in honeybees .
Johann Ludwig Christ
Johann Ludwig Christ (born October 18, 1739 in Öhringen , † November 18, 1813 in Kronberg im Taunus )
The pastor, fruit growing expert and entomologist dealt intensively in theory and practice with various branches of agriculture, especially fruit growing and beekeeping. He wrote several books on beekeeping , including in 1783 the instruction for useful and pleasant beekeeping for all regions .
Eva Crane
Eva Crane (born June 12, 1912 in London ; † September 6, 2007 in Slough ; born Ethel Eva Widdowson )
The British nuclear physicist was the author of numerous specialist publications on international beekeeping and the history of beekeeping. She was a founding member and long-time first director of the International Bee Research Association (IBRA) in Cardiff, founded in 1949 . Crane published the summary of her life's work in 1990 and 1999 in the two extensive encyclopedic works Bees and Beekeeping: science, practice and world resources and The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting .
Charles Dadant
Charles Dadant (born May 20, 1817 in Vaux / Champagne ; † July 26, 1902 Hamilton ( Illinois ) / USA)
After emigrating from France, he devoted himself to beekeeping from 1864. Through own tests, he managed the existing magazine booty from Langstroth improve and spread under the name "dadant hive" worldwide. It is still the most widely used type of hive in the world. From 1872 he imported Italian queen bees to the USA on a large scale and thus became the founder of a great dynasty of beekeepers and bee traders.
Johann Dzierzon
Johann Dzierzon (born January 16, 1811 Lowkowitz / Bienendorf; † October 26, 1906 Lowkowitz)
Catholic priest , worked as a beekeeper and beekeeper since 1823. At times, Dzierzon looked after over 400 bee colonies and was also chosen as a speaker outside of his Silesian homeland. He is the author of several books on the theory and practice of beekeeping. Dzierzon is considered to be the discoverer of single-sex reproduction (parthenogenesis) in honey bees. In 1872 he was made an honorary doctorate from the University of Munich. As late as 1903 he spoke to Emperor Franz Joseph in Vienna .
Heinrich Freudenstein
Heinrich Freudenstein (* February 1, 1863 Maden, Fritzlar district ; † February 15, 1935 in Marburg )
The elementary school teacher , also known as the “Sugar Pope”, realized through experiments on his own apiaries that bees hibernate better on sugar than on honey, as was customary at the time. At the time, he was hostile to many beekeepers, but from 1902 he published his own magazine , the Neue Bienenzeitung , which quickly reached a circulation of 11,000 copies. It is to his credit that, if not invented, the hibernation of bees on sugar was widely spread. His beekeeping textbook was published in six editions. A frame measure was named after him, the Freudenstein frame , which, with its small dimensions, was ideal for rear-treated hives.
Heinrich Friese
Heinrich Friese (born May 4, 1860 in Schwerin , † September 8, 1948 in Schwerin)
The entomologist and naturalist received an honorary doctorate from the University of Gießen for his research on bees. Most important publications: The European bees (Apidae europaeae) (1895–1901) and The European bees (Apidae) - The life and work of our flower wasps. A representation of the way of life of our wild and sociable bees based on our own research for nature lovers, teachers and the like. Zoologists (1922).
Karl von Frisch
Karl von Frisch (born November 20, 1886 in Vienna , † June 12, 1982 in Munich )
Karl Ritter von Frisch was a professor of zoology in Munich for a long time and is considered one of the most important German-speaking behavioral researchers . In the center of his work was the study of the sensory perceptions of the honey bee and the way of understanding these animals together. He received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1973, in equal shares with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen .
Ferdinand Gerstung
Ferdinand Gerstung (born March 5, 1860 in Vacha , † 1925 in Oßmannstedt )
Ferdinand Gerstung was a pastor and founded the German Bee Museum in Weimar in 1907 . He was a co-founder of the German Reich Association for Beekeeping , the forerunner of the German Beekeeping Association founded in 1907 . Gerstung summed up the hive for the first time as an organism of a higher order, the Bien , on whose functions are regulated by the feed sap flow. His teaching, which changed the idea of the "bee state" that had been widespread until then, earned him an honorary doctorate . The textbook Der Bien und seine Zucht , which he wrote, provides beekeepers with the theory and practice of bee-oriented, species-appropriate beekeeping.
Leopold Gombocz
Leopold Gombocz , also spelling Gombotz (* 1875 in Károlyfa , then Hungary; † 1943 in Laafeld , Styria)
Leopold Gombocz was an Austro-Hungarian large beekeeper and pioneer of bee migration by rail and pioneer of the "artificial reproduction" of bee colonies.
François Huber
François Huber (born July 2, 1750 in Geneva , † December 22, 1832 in Lausanne )
Although completely blind at the age of 15, he made groundbreaking discoveries for his time. With the help of his servant and his wife , Huber constructed a special “leaf hive”. Through observations that he let others explain to him, he recognized z. B. the fact that the bees sweat wax and not, as was widely assumed at the time, made from pollen . He was also the first to describe the principle of multiple mating in bees.
Ludwig Huber
Ludwig Huber (born February 2, 1814 in Kippenheimweiler ; † October 10, 1887)
The "father of Baden beekeepers" was born the son of a teacher. Having become an orphan at an early age, with the help of his local teacher he was able to attend the teachers' college in Rastatt from 1830 to 1832 . Initially a sub-teacher in Friesenheim with a meager salary, he was transferred to Oberschopfheim as a main teacher for an equally meager pay . Looking for an extra income he encountered (1785-1850), the 1838 a "Guide to useful beekeeping for the farmer and the schools" to all teachers in the age of 20 on the ribbon of the Baden pastor Johann Baptist Vogelbacher Grand Duchy of Baden distributed had been. Ludwig Huber soon kept over 50 bee colonies, around 1870 there were 200. In theory and in practice, he was concerned with beekeeping, which was in need at the time, and became the “Baden father of bees”. He wrote the handbook on The New, Most Useful Beekeeping , which had its 10th edition during his lifetime and 19 editions by the middle of the 20th century. Huber became a pioneer for the Baden bee association, which initially had only eleven members when it was founded in 1857. Huber worked as editor of the monthly newspaper Die Biene und their Zucht until his death in 1887.
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Franz von Hruschka
Franz von Hruschka (* 1813 in Vienna, † 1888 in Venice )
The Austrian major Franz von Hruschka is considered to be the inventor of the honey extractor . He made the invention in Dolo (Veneto) , where he lived after his military service. In 1865 he presented the device under his company name Angelo Lettame at a traveling meeting of beekeepers in Brno . In modern bee books, information about Hruschka such as: Basic rule that honey can be removed from a comb (honeycomb) with centrifugal forces is rarely found . Discovered by Hauptf. Hruschka of Italy 1865.
Nickel Jacob
Nickel Jacob (* 1505 in Sprottau , † 1576 ibid). He was the first German author to write a book on beekeeping in 1568. Nickel Jacob lived in Sprottau in Silesia. His father was a kirschner and a beekeeper in town. During his years of traveling as a craftsman, he went to Pomerania, Mecklenburg, and the Rhineland and brought home the various types of beekeeping from these countries. A friend helped him summarize the results in a 92-page book. The family ties to the former mayor of Sprottau, Hans Buchwälder (Buchler), from Ebersdorf, were beneficial for printing. The first edition, illustrated with five woodcuts, was published by Ambrosius Fritsch in Görlitz in 1568, the second, following imperial privilege, eight years later, in Magdeburg in 1576. The subsequent editions by other authors used the woodcut prints from the first edition.
Anton Janscha
Anton Janša (* 20th May 1734 in Bresniza ; † 13. September 1773 in Vienna )
The Slovenian Hofimkermeister of Maria Theresa is the inventor of Zargenbetriebsweise was director and lecturer at the school to promote beekeeping numerous and author of monographs about beekeeping and beekeeping.
Karl Kehrle
Karl Kehrle (born August 3, 1898 in Biberach an der Riss ; † September 1, 1996 Buckfast Abbey, Devon )
Kehrle, also called "Brother Adam", ran a professional beekeeping with 400 colonies and, in lengthy work, bred a new breed of bees , the Buckfast -Bee in the monastery beekeeping at Buckfast Abbey, southern England. His new approach, away from line breeding towards combination breeding, brought him great success. He received honorary doctorates from Exeter and Uppsala. At that time there were also bitter opponents in beekeeping circles. After his death, beekeeping was abandoned at Buckfast Abbey. His bee continues to be bred successfully worldwide and his mode of operation is used by commercial beekeepers.
Max Kuntzsch
Max Kuntzsch (born February 16, 1851 in Gohlis near Leipzig , † November 20, 1919 in Nowawes near Potsdam ; full name: Carl Max Kuntzsch )
After Kuntzsch had to give up his job as owner of a wallpaper and furniture shop for health reasons, he turned to beekeeping and experimented for many years. He developed the “Kuntzsch twin” hive, which was widespread at the time, and standardized a honeycomb size ( Kuntzsch wide honeycomb measuring 33 × 25 cm). His advice book Beekeeping Questions was considered a specialist book for decades and appeared in numerous editions.
Lorenzo Lorrain Langstroth
Lorenzo Lorrain Langstroth (born December 25, 1810 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , † October 6, 1895 in Dayton , Ohio )
The pastor , interested in insect science, devoted himself to the further development of hive construction and published a number of beekeeping books. In 1851 he discovered the bees distance (bee space), an ideal measure of the distance between the honeycomb and prey wall, which will help avoid barriers. In 1853 he presented a modular type of hive, later named after him, which is considered the archetype of modern magazine hive and quickly established itself in America.
Gerhard Liebig
Gerhard Liebig (born December 17, 1948 in Kelsterbach )
The agricultural biologist carried out long-term studies of the forest costume and infestation with the Varroa mite at the University of Hohenheim and developed methods of combating them with organic acids ( formic acid , oxalic acid and lactic acid ) as well as methods of population management ( share and treat). He developed beekeeping equipment such as the Liebig dispenser for formic acid treatment and the Hohenheim single hive, which is also called the Liebig hive after its developer.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel (* July 20, 1822 in Heinzendorf / Moravia , † January 6, 1884 in Brno )
The Augustinian monk and priest founded modern heredity through experiments with peas . Since 1869, beekeeper, he tried to transfer his knowledge to the biology of honeybees, but this was only partially successful because of the multiple pairing of bees.
Randolf Menzel
Randolf Menzel (born June 7, 1940 in Marienbad , Sudetenland ) is a German zoologist and neurobiologist. Menzel has been head of the neurobiological institute at the Free University of Berlin since 1976 .
Karl Pfefferle
Karl Pfefferle (born March 29, 1918 in Münstertal / Baden ; † October 24, 2009 in Münstertal)
The beekeeping consultant is considered a pioneer of magazine beekeeping. His work Our Beekeeping with the magazine received gold medals at APIMONDIA in 1979 and 1983. Pfefferle was the main initiator and motor of the Münstertal Apiculture Museum , the largest apiculture museum in Europe. In 1987 he became the only German practitioner to date to be an honorary member of the world organization APIMONDIA.
Johann Martin Roth
Johann Martin Roth (born April 16, 1856 in Philippsburg ; † February 17, 1937 in Karlsruhe ) In
1891, the "first state-recognized, state-assisted and supervised beekeeping institute in Germany" was established in Eberbach under the direction of Johann Martin Roth opens. In 1893 he published his handbook on the Badische Beekeeping School , which is largely valid and in which the author describes standardized advertising, standardized labels and standardized glasses as well as beekeeping insurance more than 120 years ago. However, negotiations with the city failed to obtain a plot of land for the new construction of a beekeeping school at a reasonable price, so that Eberbach could no longer play a central role in later German beekeeping.
Friedrich Ruttner
Friedrich Ruttner (born May 15, 1914 in Eger, Bohemia ; † February 3, 1998 in Lunz am See )
Ruttner was an Austrian beekeeper. With his brother Hans (1919–1979) he founded the Institute for Apiculture in Lunz (Austria) in 1946 . In 1965, Friedrich Ruttner was appointed to the University of Frankfurt . He wrote the standard apiculture work, the natural history of honey bees .
Guido Sklenar
Guido Sklenar (born June 15, 1871 in Albona ; † May 25, 1953 in Mistelbach )
The teacher and economist built an apiary in Mistelbach from 1890 onwards. From the legacy of his father-in-law he received a few more peoples, of which the “47” people immediately caught his eye as very calm and productive. From 1919 he became a breeder and in 1921 he founded the "Austrian Queen Breeders Association" whose bulletin, the bee mother , was published by him. The Carnica line emerged from his "trunk 47", the spread of which was greatly promoted throughout Europe by Sklenar, who was not only a good breeder, but also a merchant . In 1923 he wrote his main work, Beekeeping Practice , which is widely used as a standard textbook in many editions.
Jürgen Tautz
Jürgen Tautz (born October 6, 1949 in Heppenheim )
Tautz is a German behavioral scientist , sociobiologist and bee expert .
Enoch pikeperch
Enoch Zander (born June 19, 1873 in Zirzow Mecklenburg , † 1957 in Erlangen )
Zander discovered the Nosema pathogen in 1909 and developed the pikeperch hive with a pikeperch frame size of 42 × 22 cm. For many years he was the head of the Bavarian State Institute for Apiculture.
literature
- Dominik Berrens: Social insects in antiquity. A contribution to concepts of nature in Greco-Roman culture . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2018, ISBN 978-3-525-31053-3 .
- Eva Crane: The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting . Duckworth, London 2000, ISBN 0-7156-2827-5 (English).
- Eva Crane: The archeology of beekeeping . Duckworth, London 1983, ISBN 0-7156-1681-1 (English).
- Susanne Lühn-Irriger: The bee in German law from the beginning to the present . In: Legal series . No. 129 . Münster 1999, ISBN 3-8258-4497-8 (dissertation).
Older literature
- Good report / how the immen / or bees / their government ... / ... wait for the Lüneburg way / .. ,, Johann Francken, Magdeburgk 1600 ( urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb00034108-7 ) , (The book was published by Eldingen (AVE) in 1573, 1578, 1618 and 1939. Kiel University Library, call number Ke 4654)
- Nickel Jacob: Thorough and useful instruction / of maintenance of the bees , Ambrosius Fritsch, Görlitz 1593, digitized , (later edition, previous edition from 1568)
- M. Caspar Höflern: The right art of bees / Written together from proven experience: .. Weyland / published in part for 46 years by Nicolao Jacob Schlesiern: Now, however, neatly brought into three books / ... , Denning Grosser, Leipzig 1614, digitized
- Johann Adolph Overbeck (ed.), J. [Johann] C. [Christoph] Stockhausen: Glossarivm Melittvrgigvm or bee dictionary , in which the artificial words and idioms that have become known or used in bee care are explained in alphabetical order, Georg Ludwig Förster , Bremen 1765, digitized
- Ludwig Armbruster: The apiary as an ethnological monument. At the same time contributions to a historical apiculture management theory. Neumünster in Holstein 1926 (= Apiculture Library , 8).
- Karl Müllenhoff: On the history of beekeeping in Germany. In: Journal of the Association for Folklore 10, 1900, pp. 16–26.
Fiction
- Maja Lunde: The story of the bees. btb-Verlag, Munich 2017
Individual evidence
- ^ Eva Crane: The Rock Art of Honey Hunters . International Bee Research Association, Cardiff 2001, ISBN 0-86098-237-8 , pp. 19-22 (English).
- ↑ Dominik Berrens: Social insects in antiquity. A contribution to concepts of nature in Greco-Roman culture . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2018, ISBN 978-3-525-31053-3 , pp. 144-175 .
- ↑ Sabine Föllinger: The Aristotelian research on reproduction and sex determination of bees . In: Wolfgang Kullmann, Sabine Föllinger (ed.): Aristotelian biology . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 978-3-515-07047-8 , pp. 375-385 .
- ↑ Karl Michaelsen: An early historical hive of beehives . In: Germanic heritage. Monthly for German prehistory . 1939, p. 319-322 .
- ^ Friedrich Ruttner: A beehive from the North Sea coast from prehistoric times . In: Werner Haarnagel (Ed.): Feddersen Wierde: the results of the excavation of the prehistoric Wurt Feddersen Wierde near Bremerhaven in the years 1955 to 1963 . tape III . Steiner, Wiesbaden 1981, ISBN 3-515-03411-0 , pp. 165-170, panels 54-55 .
- ↑ Images in the various Exultet roles from the 10th to 12th centuries.
- ↑ http://www.slub-dresden.de/sammlungen/handschriften/maya-handschrift-codex-dresdensis/herkunft-und-entstehungszeit/
- ^ Max Döllner : History of the development of the city of Neustadt an der Aisch until 1933. Ph. CW Schmidt, Neustadt an der Aisch 1950; Reprinted ibid 1978, p. 455 ( beekeeping ).
- ^ Website of August Freiherr von Berlepsch
- ↑ Festschrift 150 Years of the Badischer Beekeepers Association 1857 to 2007 , pp. 12–13 (pdf)
- ^ Catalog of the German National Library.
- ↑ bees stronghold Eberbach
- ↑ The novel The Story of the Bees from Norway tells in episodes from three time levels of the origins, the present and the future of modern beekeeping.
Web links
- History of beekeeping. In: General information. State Institute for Apiculture Hohen Neuendorf eV, accessed on November 7, 2019 .
- ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Development of German beekeeping )
- Address overview (bee museums). Deutscher Imkerbund eV, 2019, accessed on November 7, 2019 .