supervisor
Superiors are natural persons who have been entrusted within an organization ( company , public administration , authority , military ) with the authority to issue instructions to subordinate personnel .
General
The division of labor also requires a division into executive and managerial activities , which are characterized by a mutual ranking . A manager has the authority, within the framework of the right of direction, by means of instructions to instruct those carrying out activities, which actions they must undertake and which they must refrain from . Superiors can make use of their right to give instructions orally ( order , order ) or in writing ( work instructions , service instructions ). Through their leadership skills , they take on external responsibility and delegate implementation skills . The managerial tasks of a superior include organization , planning , goal setting , decision-making , coordination , information , employee evaluation and control . In addition, superiors (in the case of legal entities only the legal representatives) also assume the responsibility under criminal and contractual law that their subordinates are adequately trained, particularly with regard to occupational safety .
species
In general, a distinction is made between disciplinary superiors ( service superiors ) and specialist superiors :
- The disciplinary superior performs the supervision over officials and service personnel and by Reinhard Höhn a supervisor, who has two powers:
- He can enforce the compliance with given orders by means of disciplinary measures and
- he can punish non-compliance with given orders through disciplinary measures.
- A line manager has the power under a particular subject area or work area with all the necessary for task performance actions of its employees to decide and issue appropriate instructions. He participates in the creation of job descriptions for his subordinates, plans the technical requirements at the workplace , determines work content , controls the work results of the employees and ensures their further professional qualification . Reinhard Höhn also devotes a separate chapter to the line manager and sees it as a legitimate breach of the principle of unity of leadership . It often happens that employees report to both a line manager and a disciplinary manager.
In a line organization , one speaks of a (strict) hierarchical order , because the representatives of one hierarchical level represent the (only direct) superior of the next subordinate hierarchical level. In a matrix organization , an employee can have several managers, but the managerial function in terms of personnel responsibility generally lies with one person.
According to Werner Thieme , there are hierarchical relationships
- Authority to issue orders , ie the right to “determine the actions of another”;
- Supervisory law: professional , legal and service supervision ;
- Right of evocation : superiors may take over the processing of a matter without an inadmissible return delegation being present;
- Right to object with the right to annul decisions;
- Right of sanction : is limited to the disciplinary superior in the case of authorities and superiors and
- Information obligation by subordinates.
These tasks are one of the core tasks of a manager. In addition, he has to ensure the induction and further qualification of his employees.
Supervisors for officials and soldiers
The superiors of civil servants and soldiers - which are regulated nationwide in laws - are particularly clearly structured . The German Judges Act (DRiG) stipulates that the civil service regulations are to be applied mutatis mutandis to judges in the federal service ( Section 46 DRiG).
Officer
In civil service law , the superior is who is allowed to issue official orders ( Section 3 (3 ) BBG ). The disciplinary manager is called the service manager . The superior in accordance with Section 3 (2) BBG is someone who is responsible for civil service decisions on the personal affairs of the civil servants who are subordinate to him or her. The superior of a supreme authority (e.g. Ministry of Finance ) is the finance minister , a middle authority ( Federal Finance Directorate ) is the president and a lower authority ( main customs office ) is the head of office .
- The most important competencies of the supervisor include:
- Appointment ( recruitment , promotion ) in accordance with Section 10 (1) BBG,
- Service assessment of the civil servant according to § 21 BBG,
- Decision on implementation , transfer , secondment and assignment (§ § 27 to § 29 BBG),
- Dismissal of the civil servant on request ( Section 33 BBG),
- Establishing incapacity for work (Section 44 ff. BBG),
- Transfer to retirement ( Section 50 ff. BBG),
- Prohibition of conducting official business (§ § 66 ff. BBG),
- Granting and refusal to give a statement ( Section 68 BBG),
- Granting and refusal of vacation and special leave (§ § 89 f., § 95 BBG),
- Approval of a secondary activity (Section 97 ff. BBG),
- Disciplinary decisions in the event of a breach of duty ( Section 17 ff. BDG ). The immediate superior is also the disciplinary superior , of a disciplinary procedure may initiate against the official.
- A line manager is someone who isallowed to issue orders toa civil servant for his official work( Section 3 (3) BBG). He is the one officer on duty parent PTA . According to Section 62 (1) BBG,civil servants areobliged to carry out official orders andto follow thegeneral guidelines of the superiors. This does not apply if the civil servants are not bound by instructions according to special statutory provisions and are only subject to the law. Official orders from the supervisor are almost without exception internal measures with internal effects . The administrative organizational structure determines who performs service and who performs managerial functions. Not every line manager is also a line manager, but every line manager is also a line manager.
soldiers
The Bundeswehr Superiors Ordinance (VorgV) recognizes the following superiors in accordance with Section 1 (5) VorgV:
- Immediate superiors (Section 1, Paragraph 1 of the VorgV) lead a military division (from the group to the association ) or lead a military agency .
- Specialist superiors ( § 2 VorgV) have technical authority to give orders in a specialist service to the soldiers under their command (the general pharmacist is the highest specialist in the field of military pharmacy).
- Superiors with a special area of responsibility ( Section 3 VorgV) are soldiers whose position requires a special area of responsibility with special authority to command (for example company sergeant ).
- Superiors based on rank ( § 4 VorgV): a soldier in a higher rank group is superior to members of the lower rank groups. (the colonel across from the sergeant major ).
- Superiors based on special orders ( Section 5 VorgV) are only temporarily active for a special task ; for business reasons, a lower-ranking soldier can also be the superior of a higher-ranking soldier in exceptional cases.
- Superiors based on their own declaration ( § 6 VorgV) are superiors by virtue of an “emergency” with limited authority.
Supervisors in an organization
Superiors occupy their own position in the organizational chart of the organizational structure , exercise a function there and are often given an official title that describes their function . In business it as hot (from bottom to top) group leader , head of unit , head of department , authorized signatory , authorized officer , director or board , in the public administration as commissioner , magistrate , senior administrator , Councilor , Councilor , Secretary , Assistant Secretary of State or Secretary of State . The function also provides information about which area the function holder belongs to and whether he is in a leading or an executive role. The managerial function of supervisor is considered to be a coordinating instance because it serves to coordinate cooperative processes.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Klaus Altfelder / Hans G. Bartels / Joachim-Hans Horn / Heinrich-Theodor Metze, Lexikon der Unternehmensführung , 1973, p. 83
- ↑ Reinhard Höhn / Gisela Böhme, Management Brevier der Wirtschaft , 1974, p. 305 ff.
- ↑ Reinhard Höhn / Gisela Böhme, Management Brevier der Wirtschaft , 1974, p. 298 ff.
- ↑ Werner Thieme, Verwaltungslehre , 1969, p. 89 ff.
- ↑ Sabine Leppek, Beamtenrecht , 2015, p. 32
- ↑ Sabine Leppek, Beamtenrecht , 2015, p. 33
- ^ Frank Less / Gudrun Schattschneider / Bernhard Gertz, Soldiers' Law Commentary , 2008, p. 51 ff.
- ^ Fritz Neske / Markus Wiener (eds.), Management-Lexikon , Volume II, 1985, p. 466