Wilhelmina (Netherlands)
Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria von Oranien-Nassau (nickname: Wilhelmintje; born August 31, 1880 in Paleis Noordeinde , The Hague ; † November 28, 1962 at Het Loo Castle , Apeldoorn ), Princess of Orange-Nassau , was queen from 1890 to 1948 of the Netherlands . From 1890 to 1898 her mother Emma Wilhelmina Theresia von Waldeck and Pyrmont took over the reign , in 1898 Wilhelmina was declared of legal age and on September 6, 1898 she became queen. On September 4, 1948, she thanked her in favor of her daughterExit Juliana ; this was crowned on September 6, 1948. She is the great-grandmother of today's King Willem-Alexander . She also donated the Bronze Lion award in 1944 .
Life
Wilhelmina was Princess of the Netherlands (1880–1890, 1948–1962), Princess of Oranje-Nassau, Duchess of Limburg (1890–1948), Duchess of Mecklenburg (1901–1962) and from 1890 to 1948 Queen of the Netherlands. She was the only daughter of King Wilhelm III. and his second wife, Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont .
Wilhelmina had three older half-brothers from her father's first marriage to Princess Sophie von Württemberg , Willem (1840–1879), Willem Frederik Maurits, Alexander Hendrik Karel van Oranje-Nassau, called Maurits, who was only 7 years old (1843–1850), and Willem Alexander Karel Hendrik Frederik van Oranje-Nassau , called Alexander (1851-1884), of whom only Alexander was still alive when she was born. Alexander was so angry about his father's remarriage that he refused to see the half-sister. He died when Wilhelmina was four years old.
Reign
After King Wilhelm III. On November 23, 1890, ten-year-old Wilhelmina became queen. Until she came of age on her 18th birthday, however, she was under the tutelage of her mother, Queen Emma, who she represented as regent. She was tutored by the scholar Jean-Jacques Salverda de Grave and - in the subject of Dutch history - by Petrus Johannes Blok as private tutor. Since only male descendants were entitled to inheritance in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Wilhelm III. no longer had such at his death, the grand ducal crown fell to the Walram line of the House of Nassau . With the accession to the throne of Adolph , the last Duke of Nassau , as Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the personal union of the two countries , which had existed since 1815, ended .
Wilhelmina was the first queen on the Dutch throne. She had written her investiture speech for the celebration of her enthronement all by herself, which was highly unusual for that time, especially as a woman. The First World War fell under her rule , in which she vigorously and successfully advocated the neutrality of the Netherlands. After two days of hesitation, she granted asylum to the abdicated German Kaiser Wilhelm II and refused to extradite him as a " war criminal " to the Entente powers . The Second World War , in which the Netherlands, although neutral, was attacked by the German Reich, also fell into their reign. That of her together with Leopold III. , the King of the Belgians, in November 1939 made an offer to mediate peace to the heads of state of England, France and Germany was rejected by England and France. Shortly before the defeat of the Dutch army by the German armed forces and the German occupation of the Netherlands in May 1940 ( western campaign ), Wilhelmina and the government fled to London , where they formed a government in exile and became a symbol of the Dutch resistance.
On March 13, 1945, she returned to the Netherlands, coming from Belgium, crossing the border at Eede - consciously on foot.
The democratization of state institutions fell during Wilhelmina's reign; the monarchy gained new support among the population. The Dutch East Indies colony was striving for independence: Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945 , thereby triggering the Indonesian War of Independence , which was not to end until 1949.
On September 4, 1948, Wilhelmina abdicated in favor of her daughter Juliana and lived in seclusion at Het Loo Castle near Apeldoorn until her death . There she wrote her memoir Eenzaam maar niet alleen ("Lonely and yet not alone"), which appeared in 1959.
The historian Rolf-Ulrich Kunze wrote in 2007:
“Ultimately, Wilhelmina's concept of 'vernieuwing' (reorganization) of society under strong monarchical leadership above interests, parties and 'pillars' failed . Their disappointment was that there was no longer any room for their patriotic-authoritarian impulse in the complicated and increasingly bipolar world of the Cold War as well as in the […] socio-political reality of post-war Netherlands. "
ancestors
| Wilhelm I , King of the Netherlands (1772–1843) | |||||||||||||
| Wilhelm II , King of the Netherlands (1792–1849) | |||||||||||||
| Wilhelmine of Prussia (1774–1837) | |||||||||||||
| William III. , King of the Netherlands (1817–1890) | |||||||||||||
| Paul I , Tsar of Russia (1754–1801) | |||||||||||||
| Anna Pavlovna , Grand Duchess of Russia (1795–1865) | |||||||||||||
| Sophie Dorothee of Württemberg (1759–1828) | |||||||||||||
| Wilhelmina Queen of the Netherlands | |||||||||||||
| George II of Waldeck-Pyrmont (1789–1845) | |||||||||||||
| Georg Viktor von Waldeck-Pyrmont (1831-1893) | |||||||||||||
| Emma von Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1802-1858) | |||||||||||||
| Emma zu Waldeck and Pyrmont (1858–1934) | |||||||||||||
| Wilhelm I of Nassau (1792–1839) | |||||||||||||
| Helene von Nassau (1831–1888) | |||||||||||||
| Pauline of Württemberg (1810-1856) | |||||||||||||
Marriage and offspring
On February 7, 1901, Wilhelmina married Duke Heinrich zu Mecklenburg ; the marriage had been arranged by the Queen Mother together with the German Emperor Wilhelm II . After four miscarriages, her only daughter Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina (1909-2004), Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg was born in 1909 .
Honors
Wilhelmina was chief of the Hussar Regiment "Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands" (Hannoversches) No. 15 of the Prussian Army .
According to her is Wilhelmina Bay in the northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula and the Wilhelmina Mountains named in Suriname. The plant genus Wilhelminia Hochr. from the Mallow family (Malvaceae) is named in her honor.
The football clubs Wilhelmina Vooruit in Amsterdam, Prinses Wilhelmina in Enschede, Wilhelmina '08 from Weert and RKVV Wilhelmina from Den Bosch were named after Her Royal Highness.
Fonts
-
Eenzaam maar not avenues . W. ten Have, Amsterdam 1959; 11th edition: Ten Have, Baarn 1999, ISBN 90-259-5146-5 .
- German edition: Lonely and yet not alone . Translated from the Dutch by Hans Fischer. Evangelisches Verlagswerk, Stuttgart 1961.
literature
- Coenraad Arnold Tamse (Ed.): Koningin Wilhelmina. Sijthoff, Alphen ad Rijn 1981, ISBN 90-218-2814-6 (Dutch).
- Cees Fasseur: Wilhelmina . Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam
- Vol. 1: De jonge koningin . 1998, ISBN 90-5018-504-5 .
- Vol. 2: Krijgshaftig in een vormeloze yes . 2001, ISBN 90-5018-451-0 .
- Vol. 3: Sterker door strijd . 2002, ISBN 90-5018-467-7 .
- Cees Fasseur: Een dame van ijzer. Koningin Wilhelmina en de national commemorated . Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam 2012, ISBN 978-94-6003-595-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rudolf Daumann: The dragons live. New life, Berlin 1956.
- ↑ Wilhelmina: Lonely and yet not alone . Evangelisches Verlagswerk, Stuttgart 1961, pp. 54–55 (Jean-Jacques Salverda de Grave) and pp. 69–70 (Petrus Johannes Blok).
- ↑ Jo Tollebeek: Een slapeloos doorhaben van alle things. Over divorced historical cultuur . Prometheus, Amsterdam 2017, ISBN 978-90-446-3289-7 , pp. 199-207: Lessen aan de Koningin. PJ Blok, Wilhelmina en de vaderlandse geschiedenis , here p. 199.
- ↑ Wilhelmina: Lonely and yet not alone . Evangelisches Verlagswerk, Stuttgart 1961, p. 81.
- ^ Edition December 1939 ( Memento from December 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.5 MB) of the Weisse Blätter , p. 313, in Das große Weltgeschehen. November 1939 on 7th, 13th and 15th
- ↑ Wilhelmina: Lonely and yet not alone . Evangelisches Verlagswerk, Stuttgart 1961, p. 353.
- ↑ a b Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007): Queen Wilhelmina
- ↑ a b full text as PDF (8 MB) online
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names - Extended Edition. Part I and II. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5 doi: 10.3372 / epolist2018 .
gallery
Queen Wilhelmina
Queen Wilhelmina with her daughter Juliana
Postage stamp of Queen Wilhelmina
Queen Wilhelmina monument in The Hague
Queen Wilhelmina on a 25 ECU silver commemorative coin from the Netherlands from 1992
Web links
- Newspaper article about Wilhelmina in the press kit of the 20th century of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economy .
- Heiner Wember : November 28, 1962 - anniversary of the death of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands WDR ZeitZeichen on November 28, 2017 (podcast)
| predecessor | Office | Successor |
|---|---|---|
| William III. |
Queen of the Netherlands 1890–1948 |
Juliana |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Wilhelmina |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Oranien-Nassau, Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria von (full name) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Queen of the Netherlands (1890-1948) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | August 31, 1880 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Paleis Noordeinde , The Hague |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 28, 1962 |
| Place of death | at Het Loo Castle , Apeldoorn |