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{{Short description|Family of spiders}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Armored trapdoor spiders
| image = BannerghattaBlackSpider.jpg
| image = BannerghattaBlackSpider.jpg
| image_caption = male ''[[Idiops constructor]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Idiops constructor]]'', male
⚫
| taxon = Idiopidae
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1889
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Araneae]]
| subordo = [[Mygalomorphae]]
| infraordo = [[Fornicephalae]]
| superfamilia = '''Idiopoidea'''
⚫
| familia = '''Idiopidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1892
| diversity_link = List of Idiopidae species
| diversity = 22 genera, 275 species
| range_map = Distribution.idiopidae.1.png
| range_map = Distribution.idiopidae.1.png
| diversity = [[#Genera|23 genera]], [[List of Idiopidae species|441 species]]
| range_map_width = 250px
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = see text
}}
}}
⚫
[[Image:Africantrapdoor.JPG|thumb|''Gorgyrella'' sp.]]
'''Idiopidae'''<ref>Raven, R.J. 1985. The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''182''': 1-180.</ref> (superfamily '''Idiopoidea''') are a [[Mygalomorphae|mygalomorph]] [[spider]] family, also known as the '''armored trapdoor spiders'''.<ref>{{cite report|title=Common Names of Arachnids|year=2003|edition=
Fifth|author=American Arachnological Society Committee on Common Names of Arachnids|url=http://www.americanarachnology.org/assets/pdfs/arachnid_common_names2003.pdf}}</ref> They have a large body that often looks rather like a [[tarantula]].


'''Idiopidae''', also known as '''armored''' or '''spiny trapdoor spiders''',<ref>{{cite report|title=Common Names of Arachnids|year=2003|edition=Fifth|author=American Arachnological Society Committee on Common Names of Arachnids|url=http://www.americanarachnology.org/assets/pdfs/arachnid_common_names2003.pdf}}</ref> is a family of [[Mygalomorphae|mygalomorph]]<ref>{{cite journal| last=Raven| first=R.J.| year=1985| title=The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics| journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume=182}}</ref> [[spider]]s first described by [[Eugène Simon]] in 1889.<ref>{{cite book| last=Simon| first=E.| year=1889| title=Arachnides}}</ref>
⚫
==Description==
⚫
[[Image:Africantrapdoor.JPG|thumb|left|250px|''Gorgyrella'' sp.]]


==Behaviour==
In some species the males have a spur on their legs, which they will show if provoked.<ref>Find-a-spider Guide</ref>
⚫
Idiopidae build burrows, and some species close these with a door. ''Prothemenops siamensis'' from Thailand, which is about 2&nbsp;cm long, builds its retreat in a streamside vertical earth bank in lower montane rainforest. Each burrow has two or three entrances that lead into a main tube.


⚫
==Description==
Idiopidae build burrows, and some species close these with a door.
The spiders have large bodies, similar to those of [[tarantula]]s. In most species the males have a spur on their legs, which is used to immobilise the female and prevent her from biting during the mating process. The lateral posterior [[Spinneret (spider)|spinnerets]] are elongated.<ref name=murphy2000>{{cite journal| last1=Murphy| first1=Frances| last2=Murphy| first2=John| year=2000| title=An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia| journal=Malaysian Nature Society Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>


⚫
The oldest known idiopid, [[Number 16 (spider)|Number 16]], died at the age of 43 years.<ref name="DOI10.1071/PC18015">
⚫
The about 2&nbsp;cm long ''Prothemenops siamensis'' from Thailand builds its retreat in a streamside vertical earth bank in lower montane rain forest. Each burrow had two or three entrances that lead into a main tube. Its lateral posterior [[Spinneret (spider)|spinnerets]] are elongated.<ref name=murphy2000>Murphy & Murphy 2000: 69f</ref>

⚫
The oldest known idiopida died at the age of 43 years.<ref name="DOI10.1071/PC18015">
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
| author = Leanda Denise Mason, Grant Wardell-Johnson, Barbara York Main
| author = Leanda Denise Mason
| author2 = Grant Wardell-Johnson
| author3 = Barbara York Main
| authorlink =
| year = 2018
| year = 2018
| month =
| day =
| title = The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere
| title = The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere
| journal = Pacific Conservation Biology
| journal = Pacific Conservation Biology
| volume =
| volume = 24
| issue =
| issue = 2
| pages =
| pages = 203
| doi = 10.1071/PC18015
| doi = 10.1071/PC18015
| pmid =
| doi-access = free
| hdl = 20.500.11937/68826
| hdl-access = free
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>


==Genera==
==Species==
As of 2019, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepted the following genera:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite web| title=Family: Idiopidae Simon, 1889| website=World Spider Catalog| access-date=2019-04-22| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/45}}</ref>
The categorization into subfamilies follows Raven (1985)
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* [[Arbanitinae]] <small>Simon, 1903</small>
⚫
*''[[Arbanitis]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1874</small> — Australia
:* [[Aganippini]]
::* ''[[Aganippe (spider)|Aganippe]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. P-Cambridge]], 1877</small> — Australia
*''[[Blakistonia]]'' <small>Hogg, 1902</small> — Australia
::* ''[[Bungulla (spider)|Bungulla]]'' <small>Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017</small> — Australia
*''[[Bungulla (spider)|Bungulla]]'' <small>Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017</small> — Australia
::* ''[[Eucanippe]]'' <small>Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017</small> — Australia
*''[[Cantuaria]]'' <small>Hogg, 1902</small> — New Zealand, Australia
::* ''[[Eucyrtops]]'' <small>Pocock, 1897</small> — Australia
*''[[Cataxia]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1914</small> — Australia
::* ''[[Gaius_villosus|Gaius]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1914</small> — Australia
*''[[Cryptoforis]]'' <small>Wilson, Rix & Raven, 2020</small> — Australia
::* ''[[Idiosoma]]'' <small>[[Anton Ausserer|Ausserer]], 1871</small> — Australia
*''[[Ctenolophus]]'' <small>Purcell, 1904</small> — South Africa
*''[[Eucanippe]]'' <small>Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017</small> — Australia

⚫
*''[[Eucyrtops]]'' <small>Pocock, 1897</small> — Australia
:* [[Arbanitini]]
::* ''[[Arbanitis]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1874</small> — Australia
*''[[Euoplos]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1914</small> — Australia
::* ''[[Blakistonia]]'' <small>Hogg, 1902</small> — Australia
*''[[Gaius (spider)|Gaius]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1914</small> — Australia
::* ''[[Cantuaria]]'' <small>Hogg, 1902</small> — New Zealand
*''[[Galeosoma]]'' <small>Purcell, 1903</small> — South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana
::* ''[[Cataxia]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1914</small> — Australia
*''[[Genysa]]'' <small>Simon, 1889</small> — Madagascar
::* ''[[Euoplos]]'' <small>Rainbow, 1914</small> — Australia
*''[[Gorgyrella]]'' <small>Purcell, 1902</small> — Zimbabwe, Tanzania, South Africa
::* ''[[Misgolas]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Karsch|Karsch]], 1878</small> — Australia
*''[[Heligmomerus]]'' <small>Simon, 1892</small> — Africa, Asia
⚫
*''[[Hiboka]]'' <small>Fage, 1922</small> — Madagascar

* [[Genysinae]] <small>Simon, 1903</small>
*''[[Idiops]]'' <small>Perty, 1833</small> — South America, Africa, Asia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
:* ''[[Genysa]]'' <small>Simon, 1889</small> — Madagascar
*''[[Idiosoma]]'' <small>Ausserer, 1871</small> — Australia
:* ''[[Hiboka]]'' <small>Fage, 1922</small> — Madagascar
*''[[Neocteniza]]'' <small>Pocock, 1895</small> — Central America, South America
:* ''[[Neocteniza]]'' <small>Pocock, 1895</small> — Central and South America
*''[[Prothemenops]]'' <small>Schwendinger, 1991</small> — Thailand
:* ''[[Scalidognathus]]'' <small>Karsch, 1891</small> — India, Sri Lanka, Seychelles
*''[[Scalidognathus]]'' <small>Karsch, 1892</small> — India, Sri Lanka
⚫
*''[[Segregara]]'' <small>Tucker, 1917</small> — South Africa

* [[Idiopinae]] <small>Simon, 1892</small>
*''[[Titanidiops]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small> — Morocco
{{div col end}}
⚫
:* ''[[Ctenolophus]]'' <small>[[William Frederick Purcell|Purcell]], 1904</small> — South Africa
⚫
:* ''[[Galeosoma]]'' <small>Purcell, 1903</small> — southern Africa
⚫
:* ''[[Gorgyrella]]'' <small>Purcell, 1902</small> — southern Africa
:* ''[[Heligmomerus]]'' <small>Simon, 1892</small> — Africa, India, Sri Lanka
:* ''[[Idiops]]'' <small>Perty, 1833</small> — South America, Africa, South Asia, Middle East
⚫
:* ''[[Segregara]]'' <small>Tucker, 1917</small> — South Africa
:* ''[[Titanidiops]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small> — Africa, [[Canary Islands]]

* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
:* ''[[Prothemenops]]'' <small>Schwendinger, 1991</small> — Thailand
::* ''[[Prothemenops siamensis]]'' <small>Schwendinger, 1991</small>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Idiopidae species]]
* [[List of Idiopidae species]]
* [[Spider families]]


==Footnotes==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{aut|Raven, Robert John}} (1985). The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''182''': 1-180.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060707100613/http://www.usq.edu.au/spider/info/families.htm Find-a-spider Guide: Spider Families]
* {{aut|Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John}} (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. ''Malaysian Nature Society'', Kuala Lumpur.
* {{aut|Platnick, Norman I.}} (2008): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html The world spider catalog], version 8.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Idiopidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Idiopidae}}
{{commonscat|Idiopidae}}
{{Commons category|Idiopidae}}
* Find-a-spider Guide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050316095109/http://www.usq.edu.au/spider/find/family.htm#Idiopidae Images of several species]
* Find-a-spider Guide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050316095109/http://www.usq.edu.au/spider/find/family.htm#Idiopidae Images of several species]
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q10579}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10579}}


[[Category:Idiopidae|*]]
[[Category:Idiopidae| ]]
[[Category:Mygalomorphae families]]
[[Category:Mygalomorphae families]]




{{Mygalomorphae-stub}}
{{Idiopidae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 19:11, 5 January 2024

Armored trapdoor spiders
Idiops constructor, male
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Mygalomorphae
Clade: Avicularioidea
Family: Idiopidae
Simon, 1889
Diversity
23 genera, 441 species
Gorgyrella sp.

Idiopidae, also known as armored or spiny trapdoor spiders,[1] is a family of mygalomorph[2] spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1889.[3]

Behaviour[edit]

Idiopidae build burrows, and some species close these with a door. Prothemenops siamensis from Thailand, which is about 2 cm long, builds its retreat in a streamside vertical earth bank in lower montane rainforest. Each burrow has two or three entrances that lead into a main tube.

Description[edit]

The spiders have large bodies, similar to those of tarantulas. In most species the males have a spur on their legs, which is used to immobilise the female and prevent her from biting during the mating process. The lateral posterior spinnerets are elongated.[4]

The oldest known idiopid, Number 16, died at the age of 43 years.[5]

Species[edit]

As of 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:[6]

  • Arbanitis L. Koch, 1874 — Australia
  • Blakistonia Hogg, 1902 — Australia
  • Bungulla Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017 — Australia
  • Cantuaria Hogg, 1902 — New Zealand, Australia
  • Cataxia Rainbow, 1914 — Australia
  • Cryptoforis Wilson, Rix & Raven, 2020 — Australia
  • Ctenolophus Purcell, 1904 — South Africa
  • Eucanippe Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, 2017 — Australia
  • Eucyrtops Pocock, 1897 — Australia
  • Euoplos Rainbow, 1914 — Australia
  • Gaius Rainbow, 1914 — Australia
  • Galeosoma Purcell, 1903 — South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana
  • Genysa Simon, 1889 — Madagascar
  • Gorgyrella Purcell, 1902 — Zimbabwe, Tanzania, South Africa
  • Heligmomerus Simon, 1892 — Africa, Asia
  • Hiboka Fage, 1922 — Madagascar
  • Idiops Perty, 1833 — South America, Africa, Asia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • Idiosoma Ausserer, 1871 — Australia
  • Neocteniza Pocock, 1895 — Central America, South America
  • Prothemenops Schwendinger, 1991 — Thailand
  • Scalidognathus Karsch, 1892 — India, Sri Lanka
  • Segregara Tucker, 1917 — South Africa
  • Titanidiops Simon, 1903 — Morocco

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ American Arachnological Society Committee on Common Names of Arachnids (2003). Common Names of Arachnids (PDF) (Report) (Fifth ed.).
  2. ^ Raven, R.J. (1985). "The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 182.
  3. ^ Simon, E. (1889). Arachnides.
  4. ^ Murphy, Frances; Murphy, John (2000). "An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia". Malaysian Nature Society Kuala Lumpur.
  5. ^ Leanda Denise Mason; Grant Wardell-Johnson; Barbara York Main (2018). "The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere". Pacific Conservation Biology. 24 (2): 203. doi:10.1071/PC18015. hdl:20.500.11937/68826.
  6. ^ "Family: Idiopidae Simon, 1889". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.

External links[edit]

Wikispecies has information related to Idiopidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Idiopidae.


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