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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| name = EcoHealth Alliance
| name = EcoHealth Alliance
| logo = EcoHealth Alliance Logo.svg
| image =
| image =
| image_size = 125px
| image_size = 125px
| alt = EHA logo
| abbreviation = EHA
| alt = EHA logo
| abbreviation = EHA
| founded_date =
| founder =
| founded_date =
| founder =
| type = [[501(c) organization|501(c)(3) organization]]
| type = [[501(c) organization|501(c)(3) organization]]
| location = New York City, New York
| location = New York City, New York
| area_served = Worldwide
| area_served = Worldwide
| tax_id = 31-1726494
| tax_id = 31-1726494
| focus = [[Pandemic prevention]], [[Scientific research]], [[One Health]], [[Environmental organization|Conservation]]
| focus = [[Pandemic prevention]], [[Scientific research]], [[One Health]], [[Environmental organization|Conservation]]
| former name = Wildlife Trust
| former name = Wildlife Trust
| key_people = [[Peter Daszak]], President
| key_people = [[Peter Daszak]], President
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| website = {{url|https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
}}
'''EcoHealth Alliance''' is a US-based<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gulland|first=Anne|date=2021-06-22|title=UK scientist at centre of debate over origin of Covid pandemic 'recuses himself' from inquiry|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/uk-scientist-centre-pandemic-origins-debate-removed-inquiry/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/uk-scientist-centre-pandemic-origins-debate-removed-inquiry/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-22|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[non-governmental organization]] with a stated mission of protecting people, animals, and the environment from [[emerging infectious disease]]s. The [[nonprofit]] is focused on research that aims to [[pandemic prevention|prevent pandemics]] and promote [[Conservation biology|conservation]] in hotspot regions worldwide.
'''EcoHealth Alliance''' is an US-based<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gulland|first=Anne|date=2021-06-22|title=UK scientist at centre of debate over origin of Covid pandemic 'recuses himself' from inquiry|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/uk-scientist-centre-pandemic-origins-debate-removed-inquiry/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/uk-scientist-centre-pandemic-origins-debate-removed-inquiry/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-22|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[non-governmental organization]] with a stated mission of protecting people, animals, and the environment from [[emerging infectious disease]]s. The [[nonprofit]] focuses on research aimed at [[pandemic prevention|preventing pandemics]] and promoting [[Conservation biology|conservation]] in hotspot regions worldwide.


EcoHealth Alliance focuses on diseases caused by [[deforestation]] and increased interaction between humans and wildlife. The organization has researched the emergence of diseases such as [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS), [[Nipah virus]], [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS), [[Rift Valley fever]], the [[Zaire ebolavirus|Ebola virus]], and [[COVID-19]].
The EcoHealth Alliance focuses on diseases caused by [[deforestation]] and increased [[Human–wildlife conflict|interaction between humans and wildlife]]. The organization has researched the emergence of diseases such as [[severe acute respiratory syndrome|Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome]] (SARS), [[Nipah virus]], [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS), [[Rift Valley fever]], the [[Zaire ebolavirus|Ebola virus]], and [[COVID-19]].


EcoHealth Alliance also advises the [[World Organisation for Animal Health|World Organization for Animal Health]] (OIE), the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) also on global [[wildlife trade]], on threats of disease and environmental damage posed by these.
The EcoHealth Alliance also advises the [[World Organisation for Animal Health|World Organization for Animal Health]] (OIE), the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) on global [[wildlife trade]], threats of disease, and the environmental damage posed by these.


Following the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], EcoHealth's ties with the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] were put into question in relation to [[investigations into the origin of COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McKay |first1=Betsy |title=Covid-19 Panel of Scientists Investigating Origins of Virus Is Disbanded |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-panel-of-scientists-investigating-origins-of-virus-is-disbanded-11632571202 |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=25 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lerner |first1=Sharon |last2=Hvistendahl |first2=Mara |title=New Details Emerge About Coronavirus Research at Chinese Lab |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/09/06/new-details-emerge-about-coronavirus-research-at-chinese-lab/ |work=The Intercept |date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=A. Chris Gajilan |title=Covid-19 origins: Why the search for the source is vital |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/19/health/covid-19-origins-documentary/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hvistendahl |first1=Mara |last2=Lerner |first2=Sharon |title=NIH Bat Coronavirus Grant Report Was Submitted More Than Two Years Late |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/10/01/nih-bat-coronavirus-grant-ecohealth-alliance/ |work=The Intercept |date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Citing these concerns, the NIH withdrew funding to the organization in April 2020.<ref name=ColumbiaLawEHAFunding2020>{{cite news |title=Funding for Coronavirus Research Study Withdrawn by NIH {{!}} Sabin Center for Climate Change Law |url=https://climate.law.columbia.edu/content/funding-coronavirus-research-study-withdrawn-nih |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=climate.law.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref name=NPREHAFunding2020>{{cite news |last1=Aizenman |first1=Nurith |title=Why The U.S. Government Stopped Funding A Research Project On Bats And Coronaviruses |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/29/847948272/why-the-u-s-government-stopped-funding-a-research-project-on-bats-and-coronaviru |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=NPR |date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Significant criticism followed this decision, including a joint letter signed by 77 Nobel laureates and 31 scientific societies. The NIH later reinstated funding to the organization as one of 11 institutions partnering in the Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases or CREID initiative in August of 2020,<ref name=Stat1>{{Cite web|last=Andy says|date=2020-08-27|title=NIH awards grant to EcoHealth Alliance after political uproar|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/27/nih-awards-grant-to-ecohealth-alliance-months-after-uproar-over-political-interference/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=STAT|language=en-US}}</ref> but all activities funded by the grant remain suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/03/the-virus-hunting-nonprofit-at-the-center-of-the-lab-leak-controversy|title = "This Shouldn't Happen": Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy|website = [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date = March 31, 2022}}</ref>
Following the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], EcoHealth's ties with the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] were put into question in relation to [[investigations into the origin of COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McKay |first1=Betsy |title=Covid-19 Panel of Scientists Investigating Origins of Virus Is Disbanded |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-panel-of-scientists-investigating-origins-of-virus-is-disbanded-11632571202 |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=25 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lerner |first1=Sharon |last2=Hvistendahl |first2=Mara |title=New Details Emerge About Coronavirus Research at Chinese Lab |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/09/06/new-details-emerge-about-coronavirus-research-at-chinese-lab/ |work=The Intercept |date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=A. Chris Gajilan |title=Covid-19 origins: Why the search for the source is vital |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/19/health/covid-19-origins-documentary/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hvistendahl |first1=Mara |last2=Lerner |first2=Sharon |title=NIH Bat Coronavirus Grant Report Was Submitted More Than Two Years Late |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/10/01/nih-bat-coronavirus-grant-ecohealth-alliance/ |work=The Intercept |date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Citing these concerns, the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) withdrew funding to the organization in April 2020.<ref name=ColumbiaLawEHAFunding2020>{{cite news |title=Funding for Coronavirus Research Study Withdrawn by NIH {{!}} Sabin Center for Climate Change Law |url=https://climate.law.columbia.edu/content/funding-coronavirus-research-study-withdrawn-nih |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=climate.law.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref name=NPREHAFunding2020>{{cite news |last1=Aizenman |first1=Nurith |title=Why The U.S. Government Stopped Funding A Research Project On Bats And Coronaviruses |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/29/847948272/why-the-u-s-government-stopped-funding-a-research-project-on-bats-and-coronaviru |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=NPR |date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Significant criticism followed this decision, including a joint letter signed by 77 [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]] and 31 scientific societies. The NIH later reinstated funding to the organization as one of 11 institutions partnering in the Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases (CREID) initiative in August 2020,<ref name=Stat1>{{Cite web|last=Andy says|date=2020-08-27|title=NIH awards grant to EcoHealth Alliance after political uproar|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/27/nih-awards-grant-to-ecohealth-alliance-months-after-uproar-over-political-interference/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=STAT|language=en-US}}</ref> but all activities funded by the grant remain suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/03/the-virus-hunting-nonprofit-at-the-center-of-the-lab-leak-controversy|title = "This Shouldn't Happen": Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy|website = [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date = March 31, 2022}}</ref>

In 2022, the NIH terminated the EcoHealth Alliance grant, stating that "EcoHealth Alliance had not been able to hand over lab notebooks and other records from its [[Wuhan]] partner that relate to controversial experiments involving modified [[Bat virome|bat viruses]], despite multiple requests."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Matt |date=2022-08-24 |title=NIH to terminate EcoHealth Alliance grant after its Wuhan partners refuse to deliver information on coronavirus studies |url=https://thebulletin.org/2022/08/nih-to-terminate-ecohealth-alliance-grant-after-its-wuhan-partners-refuse-to-deliver-information-on-coronavirus-studies/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, an audit by the [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|Office of Inspector General]] of the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] found that "NIH did not effectively monitor or take timely action to address" compliance problems with the EcoHealth Alliance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=Jocelyn |date=2023-01-25 |title=Federal watchdog finds problems with NIH oversight of grant funding bat virus research in China |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.adg8542 |doi-access=}}</ref> In December 2023, the EcoHealth Alliance denied allegations that it double-billed the NIH and [[United States Agency for International Development]] for research in China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strobel |first=Warren P. |date=December 23, 2023 |title=Investigators Probe Whether U.S. Was Billed Twice for Coronavirus Research in China |url=https://www.wsj.com/health/investigators-probe-whether-u-s-was-billed-twice-for-coronavirus-research-in-china-ad9378d9 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
Founded under the name Wildlife Preservation Trust International in 1971 by British naturalist, author, and television personality [[Gerald Durrell]], it became The Wildlife Trust in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecohealthalliance.org/about|title=EcoHealth Alliance - About|website=EcoHealth Alliance|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-19|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234435/http://www.ecohealthalliance.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref> In the fall of 2010, the organization changed its name to EcoHealth Alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corporate-eye.com/main/wildlife-trust-rebrands-as-ecohealth-alliance/|title=Wildlife Trust Rebrands as EcoHealth Alliance|website=www.corporate-eye.com|access-date=2016-10-17|archive-date=October 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019002630/http://www.corporate-eye.com/main/wildlife-trust-rebrands-as-ecohealth-alliance/|url-status=live}}</ref> The rebrand reflected a change in the organization's focus, moving from solely a conservation nonprofit which focused mainly on the captive breeding of endangered species, to an [[environmental health]] organization with its foundation in conservation.<ref>SAFE: Save Animals From Extinction. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Newsletters.</ref>
Founded under the name Wildlife Preservation Trust International in 1971 by British [[Natural history|naturalist]], [[author]], and [[Celebrity|television personality]], [[Gerald Durrell]], it then became The Wildlife Trust in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecohealthalliance.org/about|title=EcoHealth Alliance - About|website=EcoHealth Alliance|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-19|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234435/http://www.ecohealthalliance.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref> In the fall of 2010, the organization changed its name to EcoHealth Alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corporate-eye.com/main/wildlife-trust-rebrands-as-ecohealth-alliance/|title=Wildlife Trust Rebrands as EcoHealth Alliance|website=www.corporate-eye.com|access-date=2016-10-17|archive-date=October 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019002630/http://www.corporate-eye.com/main/wildlife-trust-rebrands-as-ecohealth-alliance/|url-status=live}}</ref> The rebrand reflected a change in the organization's focus, moving solely from a [[Conservation movement|conservation]] nonprofit, which focused mainly on the [[captive breeding]] of [[endangered species]], to an [[environmental health]] organization with its foundation in conservation.<ref>SAFE: Save Animals From Extinction. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Newsletters.</ref>


The organization held an early professional [[conservation medicine]] meeting in 1996.<ref>Consortium for Conservation Medicine Trifold. Wildlife Trust</ref> In 2002, they published an edited volume on the field through Oxford University Press: Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice|last=Aguirre|first=Alonso|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0195150933}}</ref>
The organization held an early professional [[conservation medicine]] meeting in 1996.<ref>Consortium for Conservation Medicine Trifold. Wildlife Trust</ref> In 2002, they published an edited volume on the field through [[Oxford University Press]]: Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice|last=Aguirre|first=Alonso|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0195150933}}</ref>


In February 2008, they published a paper in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' entitled “Global trends in emerging infectious diseases” which featured an early rendition of a global disease hotspot map.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Kate E.|last2=Patel|first2=Nikkita G.|last3=Levy|first3=Marc A.|last4=Storeygard|first4=Adam|last5=Balk|first5=Deborah|last6=Gittleman|first6=John L.|last7=Daszak|first7=Peter|date=2008-02-21|title=Global trends in emerging infectious diseases|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=451|issue=7181|pages=990–993|doi=10.1038/nature06536|issn=0028-0836|pmid=18288193|pmc=5960580|bibcode=2008Natur.451..990J}}</ref> Using epidemiological, social, and environmental data from the past 50 years, the map outlined regions of the globe most at risk for emergent disease threats.
In February 2008, they published a paper in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' entitled “Global trends in emerging infectious diseases” which featured an early rendition of a global disease hotspot map.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Kate E.|last2=Patel|first2=Nikkita G.|last3=Levy|first3=Marc A.|last4=Storeygard|first4=Adam|last5=Balk|first5=Deborah|last6=Gittleman|first6=John L.|last7=Daszak|first7=Peter|date=2008-02-21|title=Global trends in emerging infectious diseases|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=451|issue=7181|pages=990–993|doi=10.1038/nature06536|issn=0028-0836|pmid=18288193|pmc=5960580|bibcode=2008Natur.451..990J}}</ref> Using [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]], social, and environmental data from the past 50 years, the map outlined regions of the globe most at risk for emergent disease threats.


EcoHealth Alliance's funding comes mostly from U.S. federal agencies such as the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], and [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/the-lab-leak-theory-inside-the-fight-to-uncover-covid-19s-origins|title=The Lab-Leak Theory: Inside the Fight to Uncover COVID-19's Origins|first=Katherine|last=Eban|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=June 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opportunities-for-Enhanced-Defense-Military-and-Security-Sector-Engagement-in-Global-Health-Security.pdf|title=Carlin EP, Moore MS, Shambaugh E, Karesh WB. Opportunities for Enhanced Defense, Military, and Security Sector Engagement in Global Health Security EcoHealth Alliance. 2021.}}</ref> Between 2011 and 2020, its annual budget has fluctuated between US$9 and US$15 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/financials-strategy|title=Financials & Strategy|website=EcoHealth Alliance}}</ref>
EcoHealth Alliance's funding comes mostly from U.S. federal agencies such as the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], and [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/the-lab-leak-theory-inside-the-fight-to-uncover-covid-19s-origins|title=The Lab-Leak Theory: Inside the Fight to Uncover COVID-19's Origins|first=Katherine|last=Eban|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=June 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opportunities-for-Enhanced-Defense-Military-and-Security-Sector-Engagement-in-Global-Health-Security.pdf|title=Carlin EP, Moore MS, Shambaugh E, Karesh WB. Opportunities for Enhanced Defense, Military, and Security Sector Engagement in Global Health Security EcoHealth Alliance. 2021.}}</ref> Between 2011 and 2020, its annual budget fluctuated between US$9 and US$15 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/financials-strategy|title=Financials & Strategy|website=EcoHealth Alliance}}</ref>


=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{Main|COVID-19 lab leak theory|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19}}
{{Main|COVID-19 lab leak theory|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19}}


Following the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Subbaraman|first=Nidhi|date=2020-08-21|title='Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4|pmid=32826989|s2cid=225249608}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=Wuhan lab's US partner embroiled in funding debate as Covid-19 'lab leak' row rages on|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3148834/wuhan-labs-us-partner-embroiled-research-funding|access-date=2021-09-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hakim|first1=Mohamad S.|date=14 February 2021|title=SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories|journal=Reviews in Medical Virology|volume=31|issue=6|pages=e2222|doi=10.1002/rmv.2222|pmid=33586302|issn=1052-9276|pmc=7995093}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frutos|first1=Roger|last2=Gavotte|first2=Laurent|last3=Devaux|first3=Christian A.|date=March 2021|title=Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model|url=https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc7969828|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=95|pages=104812|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812|pmid=33744401|pmc=7969828|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The lab-leak origin claim for COVID-19 is in the news, but it's still fact-free|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2021-06-03/lab-leak-covid-origin|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Owermohle|first=Sarah|title=Trump cuts U.S. research on bat-human virus transmission over China ties|language=en|work=POLITICO|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/27/trump-cuts-research-bat-human-virus-china-213076|url-status=live|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429005514/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/27/trump-cuts-research-bat-human-virus-china-213076|archive-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=R|first1=Lu|last2=X|first2=Zhao|last3=J|first3=Li|last4=P|first4=Niu|last5=B|first5=Yang|last6=H|first6=Wu|last7=W|first7=Wang|last8=H|first8=Song|last9=B|first9=Huang|date=2020-02-22|title=Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding|journal=Lancet|language=en|volume=395|issue=10224|pages=565–574|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8|pmc=7159086|pmid=32007145}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aizenman|first=Nurith|date=May 22, 2020|title=77 Nobel Laureates Denounce Trump Officials For Pulling Coronavirus Research Grant|language=en|work=NPR Newd|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/22/861299458/77-nobel-laureates-denounce-trump-officials-for-pulling-coronavirus-research-gra|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523010330/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/22/861299458/77-nobel-laureates-denounce-trump-officials-for-pulling-coronavirus-research-gra|archive-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref> Prior to the pandemic, EcoHealth Alliance was the only U.S.-based organization researching coronavirus evolution and transmission in China, where they partnered with the WIV, among others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Latinne|first1=Alice|last2=Hu|first2=Ben|last3=Olival|first3=Kevin J.|last4=Zhu|first4=Guangjian|last5=Zhang|first5=Libiao|last6=Li|first6=Hongying|last7=Chmura|first7=Aleksei A.|last8=Field|first8=Hume E.|last9=Zambrana-Torrelio|first9=Carlos|last10=Epstein|first10=Jonathan H.|last11=Li|first11=Bei|date=25 August 2020|title=Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China|url=|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4235|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4235L|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7447761|pmid=32843626}}</ref> EcoHealth president Peter Daszak co-authored [[Lancet letter|a February 2020 letter]] in ''[[The Lancet]]'' condemning "conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin".<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Charles Calisher|last1=Calisher|first1=Charles|last2=Carroll|first2=Dennis|last3=Colwell|first3=Rita|last4=Corley|first4=Ronald B|last5=Daszak|first5=Peter|last6=Drosten|first6=Christian|last7=Enjuanes|first7=Luis|last8=Farrar|first8=Jeremy|last9=Field|first9=Hume|last10=Golding|first10=Josie|last11=Gorbalenya|first11=Alexander|date=March 2020|title=Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19|journal=The Lancet|volume=395|issue=10226|pages=e42–e43|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9|pmc=7159294|pmid=32087122|last27=Turner|last13=Hughes|first13=James M|last14=Karesh|first14=William B|last15=Keusch|first25=Linda|first23=Leo|first26=Kanta|last26=Subbarao|last25=Saif|last24=Roizman|first27=Mike|first15=Gerald T|last16=Lam|first22=Stanley|last12=Haagmans|first18=John S|first24=Bernard|s2cid=211201028|first16=Sai Kit|last17=Lubroth|first17=Juan|last18=Mackenzie|last19=Madoff|last23=Poon|first19=Larry|last20=Mazet|first20=Jonna|last21=Palese|first21=Peter|last22=Perlman|first12=Bart}}</ref> However, Daszak failed to disclose EcoHealth's ties to the WIV, which some observers noted as an apparent conflict of interest.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Editorial Board|date=2021-02-15|title=Opinion {{!}} Who Are the Covid Investigators?|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-are-the-covid-investigators-11613401955|access-date=2021-09-24|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Spence|first=Madeleine|title=The rise and fall of British virus hunter Peter Daszak|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-rise-and-fall-of-british-virus-hunter-peter-daszak-05q8brpz7|access-date=2021-09-24|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In June 2021, ''The Lancet'' published an addendum in which Daszak disclosed his cooperation with researchers in China.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Editors Of The Lancet|date=June 2021|title=Addendum: competing interests and the origins of SARS-CoV-2|journal=The Lancet|volume=397|issue=10293|pages=2449–2450|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01377-5|pmc=8215723|s2cid=235494625}}</ref>
Following the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Subbaraman|first=Nidhi|date=2020-08-21|title='Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4|pmid=32826989|s2cid=225249608}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=Wuhan lab's US partner embroiled in funding debate as Covid-19 'lab leak' row rages on|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3148834/wuhan-labs-us-partner-embroiled-research-funding|access-date=2021-09-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hakim|first1=Mohamad S.|date=14 February 2021|title=SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories|journal=Reviews in Medical Virology|volume=31|issue=6|pages=e2222|doi=10.1002/rmv.2222|pmid=33586302|issn=1052-9276|pmc=7995093}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frutos|first1=Roger|last2=Gavotte|first2=Laurent|last3=Devaux|first3=Christian A.|date=March 2021|title=Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model|url=https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc7969828|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=95|pages=104812|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812|pmid=33744401|pmc=7969828|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The lab-leak origin claim for COVID-19 is in the news, but it's still fact-free|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2021-06-03/lab-leak-covid-origin|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Owermohle|first=Sarah|title=Trump cuts U.S. research on bat-human virus transmission over China ties|language=en|work=POLITICO|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/27/trump-cuts-research-bat-human-virus-china-213076|url-status=live|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429005514/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/27/trump-cuts-research-bat-human-virus-china-213076|archive-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=R|first1=Lu|last2=X|first2=Zhao|last3=J|first3=Li|last4=P|first4=Niu|last5=B|first5=Yang|last6=H|first6=Wu|last7=W|first7=Wang|last8=H|first8=Song|last9=B|first9=Huang|date=2020-02-22|title=Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding|journal=Lancet|language=en|volume=395|issue=10224|pages=565–574|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8|pmc=7159086|pmid=32007145}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aizenman|first=Nurith|date=May 22, 2020|title=77 Nobel Laureates Denounce Trump Officials For Pulling Coronavirus Research Grant|language=en|work=NPR Newd|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/22/861299458/77-nobel-laureates-denounce-trump-officials-for-pulling-coronavirus-research-gra|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523010330/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/22/861299458/77-nobel-laureates-denounce-trump-officials-for-pulling-coronavirus-research-gra|archive-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref> Prior to the pandemic, EcoHealth Alliance was the only U.S.-based organization researching [[coronavirus]] evolution and transmission in China, where they partnered with the WIV, among others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Latinne|first1=Alice|last2=Hu|first2=Ben|last3=Olival|first3=Kevin J.|last4=Zhu|first4=Guangjian|last5=Zhang|first5=Libiao|last6=Li|first6=Hongying|last7=Chmura|first7=Aleksei A.|last8=Field|first8=Hume E.|last9=Zambrana-Torrelio|first9=Carlos|last10=Epstein|first10=Jonathan H.|last11=Li|first11=Bei|date=25 August 2020|title=Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China|url=|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4235|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4235L|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7447761|pmid=32843626}}</ref> EcoHealth president [[Peter Daszak]] co-authored [[Lancet letter|a February 2020 letter]] in ''[[The Lancet]]'' condemning "[[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin".<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Charles Calisher|last1=Calisher|first1=Charles|last2=Carroll|first2=Dennis|last3=Colwell|first3=Rita|last4=Corley|first4=Ronald B|last5=Daszak|first5=Peter|last6=Drosten|first6=Christian|last7=Enjuanes|first7=Luis|last8=Farrar|first8=Jeremy|last9=Field|first9=Hume|last10=Golding|first10=Josie|last11=Gorbalenya|first11=Alexander|date=March 2020|title=Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19|journal=The Lancet|volume=395|issue=10226|pages=e42–e43|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9|pmc=7159294|pmid=32087122|last27=Turner|last13=Hughes|first13=James M|last14=Karesh|first14=William B|last15=Keusch|first25=Linda|first23=Leo|first26=Kanta|last26=Subbarao|last25=Saif|last24=Roizman|first27=Mike|first15=Gerald T|last16=Lam|first22=Stanley|last12=Haagmans|first18=John S|first24=Bernard|s2cid=211201028|first16=Sai Kit|last17=Lubroth|first17=Juan|last18=Mackenzie|last19=Madoff|last23=Poon|first19=Larry|last20=Mazet|first20=Jonna|last21=Palese|first21=Peter|last22=Perlman|first12=Bart}}</ref> However, Daszak failed to disclose EcoHealth's ties to the WIV, which some observers noted as an apparent [[conflict of interest]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Editorial Board|date=2021-02-15|title=Opinion {{!}} Who Are the Covid Investigators?|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-are-the-covid-investigators-11613401955|access-date=2021-09-24|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Spence|first=Madeleine|title=The rise and fall of British virus hunter Peter Daszak|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-rise-and-fall-of-british-virus-hunter-peter-daszak-05q8brpz7|access-date=2021-09-24|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In June 2021, ''The Lancet'' published an addendum in which Daszak disclosed his cooperation with researchers in China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= |date=June 2021 |title=Addendum: competing interests and the origins of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=397 |issue=10293 |pages=2449–2450 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01377-5 |pmc=8215723 |s2cid=235494625}}</ref>


In April 2020, the NIH ordered EcoHealth Alliance to cease spending the remaining $369,819 from its current NIH grant at the request of the Trump administration,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Award Information {{!}} HHS TAGGS|url=https://taggs.hhs.gov/Detail/AwardDetail?arg_AwardNum=R01AI110964&arg_ProgOfficeCode=104|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427054622/https://taggs.hhs.gov/Detail/AwardDetail?arg_AwardNum=R01AI110964&arg_ProgOfficeCode=104|archive-date=April 27, 2020|access-date=2020-04-29|website=taggs.hhs.gov}}</ref> pressuring them by stating "it must hand over information and materials from Chinese research facility to resume funding for suspended grant" in reference to the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The cancelled grant was supposed to run through 2024.<ref name="stat">{{cite web|date=27 August 2020|title=NIH awards $7.5 million grant to EcoHealth Alliance, months after uproar over political interference|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/27/nih-awards-grant-to-ecohealth-alliance-months-after-uproar-over-political-interference/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910103913/https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/27/nih-awards-grant-to-ecohealth-alliance-months-after-uproar-over-political-interference/|archive-date=September 10, 2020|access-date=13 September 2020|website=www.statnews.com}}</ref> Funding from NIH resumed in August 2020 after uproar from "77 U.S. Nobel laureates and 31 scientific societies".<ref name="Stat1" />
In April 2020, the [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] ordered EcoHealth Alliance to cease spending the remaining $369,819 from its current NIH grant at the request of the [[Donald Trump|Trump]] administration,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Award Information {{!}} HHS TAGGS|url=https://taggs.hhs.gov/Detail/AwardDetail?arg_AwardNum=R01AI110964&arg_ProgOfficeCode=104|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427054622/https://taggs.hhs.gov/Detail/AwardDetail?arg_AwardNum=R01AI110964&arg_ProgOfficeCode=104|archive-date=April 27, 2020|access-date=2020-04-29|website=taggs.hhs.gov}}</ref> pressuring them by stating "it must hand over information and materials from the Chinese research facility to resume funding for suspended grant" in reference to the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The canceled grant was supposed to run through 2024.<ref name="stat">{{cite web|date=27 August 2020|title=NIH awards $7.5 million grant to EcoHealth Alliance, months after uproar over political interference|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/27/nih-awards-grant-to-ecohealth-alliance-months-after-uproar-over-political-interference/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910103913/https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/27/nih-awards-grant-to-ecohealth-alliance-months-after-uproar-over-political-interference/|archive-date=September 10, 2020|access-date=13 September 2020|website=www.statnews.com}}</ref> Funding from NIH resumed in August 2020 after an uproar from "77 U.S. Nobel laureates and 31 scientific societies".<ref name="Stat1" />


Work conducted at the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] under an NIH grant to the EHA has been at the center of political controversies during the pandemic. One such controversy centered on whether any experiments conducted under the grant could be accurately described as "[[GoFR|gain-of-function]]" (GoF) research.<ref name="VanityMiceWeight">{{cite news |last1=Eban |first1=Katherine |title=In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/10/nih-admits-funding-risky-virus-research-in-wuhan |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=Vanity Fair Blogs |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> NIH officials (including [[Anthony Fauci]]) unequivocally denied during 2020 congressional hearings that the EHA had conducted GoF research with NIH funding.<ref name="WSJMiceWeight">{{cite news |last1=McKay |first1=Betsy |title=Coronavirus Study of Bats in China Met NIH Grant Requirements, EcoHealth Says |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-study-of-bats-in-china-met-nih-grant-requirements-ecohealth-says-11635441406 |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=28 October 2021}}</ref>
Work conducted at the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] under an NIH grant to the EHA has been at the center of political controversies during the pandemic. One such controversy centered on whether any experiments conducted under the grant could be accurately described as "[[GoFR|gain-of-function]]" (GoF) research.<ref name="VanityMiceWeight">{{cite news |last1=Eban |first1=Katherine |title=In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/10/nih-admits-funding-risky-virus-research-in-wuhan |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=Vanity Fair Blogs |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> NIH officials (including [[Anthony Fauci]]) unequivocally denied during 2020 [[United States congressional hearing|congressional hearings]] that the EHA had conducted GoF research with NIH funding.<ref name="WSJMiceWeight">{{cite news |last1=McKay |first1=Betsy |title=Coronavirus Study of Bats in China Met NIH Grant Requirements, EcoHealth Says |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-study-of-bats-in-china-met-nih-grant-requirements-ecohealth-says-11635441406 |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=28 October 2021}}</ref>


In October 2021, the EHA submitted a progress report detailing the results of a past experiment where some laboratory mice lost more weight than expected after being infected with a modified bat coronavirus.<ref name="NYTMiceWeight">{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |last2=Mueller |first2=Benjamin |title=Bat Research Group Failed to Submit Virus Studies Promptly, N.I.H. Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/science/bats-covid-lab-leak-nih.html |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The NIH subsequently sent a letter to the congressional [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|committee on energy and commerce]] describing this experiment, but did not refer to it as "gain-of-function".<ref name="VanityMiceWeight" /> Whether such research qualifies as "gain-of-function" is a matter of considerable debate among relevant experts.<ref name="PolitifactMiceWeight">{{cite news |title=PolitiFact - Ask PolitiFact: What's going on with EcoHealth Alliance, the NIH and coronavirus research? |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/oct/28/ask-politifact-what-does-nih-letter-say-about-gain/ |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=@politifact}}</ref>
In October 2021, the EHA submitted a progress report detailing the results of a past experiment where some [[Laboratory mouse|laboratory mice]] lost more weight than expected after being infected with a modified bat coronavirus.<ref name="NYTMiceWeight">{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |last2=Mueller |first2=Benjamin |date=21 October 2021 |title=Bat Research Group Failed to Submit Virus Studies Promptly, N.I.H. Says |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/science/bats-covid-lab-leak-nih.html |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> The NIH subsequently sent a letter to the congressional [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Committee on Energy and Commerce]] describing this experiment, but did not refer to it as "gain-of-function."<ref name="VanityMiceWeight" /> Whether such research qualifies as "gain-of-function" is a matter of considerable debate among relevant experts.<ref name="PolitifactMiceWeight">{{cite news |title=PolitiFact - Ask PolitiFact: What's going on with EcoHealth Alliance, the NIH and coronavirus research? |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/oct/28/ask-politifact-what-does-nih-letter-say-about-gain/ |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=@politifact}}</ref>


==Programs==
==Programs==
Line 51: Line 54:


===PREDICT===
===PREDICT===
EcoHealth Alliance partners with [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] on the [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] subset of USAID's EPT (Emerging Pandemic Threats) program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/fact-sheets/emerging-pandemic-threats-program|title=Emerging Pandemic Threats {{!}} Fact Sheet {{!}} U.S. Agency for International Development|website=www.usaid.gov|date=May 24, 2016|access-date=2016-10-26|archive-date=October 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027061129/https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/fact-sheets/emerging-pandemic-threats-program|url-status=live}}</ref> PREDICT seeks to identify which emerging infectious diseases are of the greatest risk to human health. Many of EcoHealth Alliance's international collaborations with in-country organizations and institutions fall under the PREDICT umbrella. Scientists in the field collect samples from local fauna in order to track the spread of potential harmful pathogens and to stop them from becoming outbreaks. Scientists also train local technicians and veterinarians in animal sampling and information gathering.
EcoHealth Alliance partners with [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] on the [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] subset of USAID's EPT (Emerging [[Pandemic]] Threats) program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/fact-sheets/emerging-pandemic-threats-program|title=Emerging Pandemic Threats {{!}} Fact Sheet {{!}} U.S. Agency for International Development|website=www.usaid.gov|date=May 24, 2016|access-date=2016-10-26|archive-date=October 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027061129/https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/fact-sheets/emerging-pandemic-threats-program|url-status=live}}</ref> PREDICT seeks to identify which emerging [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious diseases]] are of the greatest risk to human health. Many of EcoHealth Alliance's international collaborations with in-country organizations and institutions fall under the PREDICT umbrella. Scientists in the field collect samples from local [[fauna]] in order to track the spread of potentially harmful [[Pathogen|pathogens]] and to stop them from becoming [[Disease outbreak|outbreaks]]. Scientists also train local technicians and [[Veterinarian|veterinarians]] in animal sampling and information gathering.


Active Countries: Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, South Sudan, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam
Active countries include [[Bangladesh]], [[Cameroon]], China, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Guinea]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Liberia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Thailand]], [[Uganda]], and [[Vietnam]].


===IDEEAL===
===IDEEAL===
IDEEAL (Infectious Disease Emergence and Economics of Altered Landscapes Program)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/program/ideeal|title=EcoHealth Alliance - IDEEAL|website=EcoHealth Alliance|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-19|archive-date=September 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916085852/https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/program/ideeal|url-status=live}}</ref> seeks to study the impact deforestation and land-use change have in [[Sabah, Malaysia]] in regards to increased risk of [[zoonoses]]. This work is centered in particular around the local [[palm oil industry]]. The project also suggests sustainable alternatives to large-scale deforestation to the country's business leaders and its policy-makers. The program is based at the Development Health Research Unit (DHRU) in Malaysia, cofounded with the Malaysian University of Sabah.
IDEEAL (Infectious Disease Emergence and Economics of Altered Landscapes Program)<ref>{{Cite web |title=EcoHealth Alliance - IDEEAL |url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/program/ideeal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916085852/https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/program/ideeal |archive-date=September 16, 2017 |access-date=2017-09-19 |website=EcoHealth Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> attempts to investigate the impact of deforestation and land-use change on the risk of [[zoonoses]] in [[Sabah, Malaysia]]. This project focuses on the local [[palm oil industry]] in particular. The study also offers to the country's corporate leaders and policymakers long-term alternatives to large-scale deforestation. The program is headquartered at the Malaysian Development Health Research Unit (DHRU), which was developed in collaboration with the [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah|Malaysian University of Sabah]].

===Rift Valley Fever Virus===
[[Rift Valley fever]] (RVFV) has wreaked havoc on the livestock industry in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] where it is most prominent. EcoHealth Alliance is working in [[South Africa]] to better predict outbreaks by studying the impact of environment and human behavior in regards to the [[mosquito]]-spread virus. EcoHealth Alliance is also already at work with policymakers on a plan should RVFV spread to the [[United States]].


===Bat Conservation===
===Bat Conservation===
A growing body of research indicates that [[bats]] are an important factor in both ecosystem health, and disease emergence. A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the high number of zoonoses that have come from bat populations in recent decades. One group of researchers hypothesized “that flight, a factor common to all bats but to no other mammals, provides an intensive selective force for coexistence with viral parasites through a daily cycle that elevates metabolism and body temperature analogous to the febrile response in other mammals. On an evolutionary scale, this host-virus interaction might have resulted in the large diversity of zoonotic viruses in bats, possibly through bat viruses adapting to be more tolerant of the fever response and less virulent to their natural hosts.” <ref>{{Cite journal|last=al.|first=T. J. O’Shea et|title=Bat Flight and Zoonotic Viruses - Volume 20, Number 5—May 2014 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC|doi=10.3201/eid2005.130539|pmc=4012789|pmid=24750692|volume=20|issue=5|year=2014|journal=Emerging Infect. Dis.|pages=741–5}}</ref>
A growing body of research indicates that [[bats]] are an important factor in both [[ecosystem health]] and disease emergence. A number of [[Hypothesis|hypotheses]] have been proposed for the high number of zoonoses that have come from bat populations in recent decades. One group of researchers hypothesized “that flight, a factor common to all bats but to no other mammals, provides an intensive selective force for coexistence with viral parasites through a daily cycle that elevates metabolism and body temperature analogous to the fever response in other mammals. On an evolutionary scale, this host-virus interaction might have resulted in the large diversity of zoonotic viruses in bats, possibly through bat viruses adapting to be more tolerant of the fever response and less virulent to their natural hosts.” <ref>{{Cite journal|last=al.|first=T. J. O’Shea et|title=Bat Flight and Zoonotic Viruses - Volume 20, Number 5—May 2014 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC|doi=10.3201/eid2005.130539|pmc=4012789|pmid=24750692|volume=20|issue=5|year=2014|journal=Emerging Infect. Dis.|pages=741–5}}</ref>


===Project Deep Forest===
===Project Deep Forest===
According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] (Food and Agriculture Organization), roughly 18 million acres of forest are lost every year due to [[deforestation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.psu.edu/rcl2jacobsciosciaissues/2016/02/19/deforestation/|title=PSU - Civic Issues|website=Sites at Penn State|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-19|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919233951/https://sites.psu.edu/rcl2jacobsciosciaissues/2016/02/19/deforestation/|url-status=live}}</ref> an area roughly the size of [[Panama]]. Increased contact between humans and the animal species whose habitat is being destroyed has led to increases in zoonotic disease. EcoHealth Alliance scientists are testing species for pathogens in areas with very little, moderate, and complete deforestation in order to track potential outbreaks. This data is used to promote the preservation of natural lands and diminish the devastating effects of land-use change.
According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] (Food and Agriculture Organization), roughly 18 million acres of forest (roughly the size of [[Panama]]) are lost every year due to [[deforestation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.psu.edu/rcl2jacobsciosciaissues/2016/02/19/deforestation/|title=PSU - Civic Issues|website=Sites at Penn State|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-19|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919233951/https://sites.psu.edu/rcl2jacobsciosciaissues/2016/02/19/deforestation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Increased contact between humans and the animal species whose habitat is being destroyed has led to increases in zoonotic disease. EcoHealth Alliance scientists are testing species for pathogens in areas with very little, moderate, and complete deforestation in order to track potential outbreaks. This data is used to promote the preservation of natural lands and diminish the negative effects of [[Land use, land-use change, and forestry|land-use change]].


===Project DEFUSE===
===Project DEFUSE===
Project DEFUSE was a rejected [[DARPA]] grant application, which proposed to sample bat coronaviruses from various locations in China.<ref name="DEFUSE_Atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Federman |first1=Daniel Engber, Adam |title=The Lab-Leak Debate Just Got Even Messier |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/lab-leak-pandemic-origins-even-messier/620209/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=The Atlantic |date=25 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> To evaluate whether bat coronaviruses might spillover into the human population, the grantees proposed to create chimeric coronaviruses which were mutated in different locations, before evaluating their ability to infect human cells in the laboratory.<ref name="DEFUSE_NYT">{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |last2=Mueller |first2=Benjamin |title=Bat Research Group Failed to Submit Virus Studies Promptly, N.I.H. Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/science/bats-covid-lab-leak-nih.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=21 October 2021}}</ref> One proposed alteration was to modify bat coronaviruses to insert a cleavage site for the [[Furin]] protease at the S1/S2 junction of the [[Coronavirus spike protein|spike]] (S) viral protein. Another part of the grant aimed to create noninfectious protein-based vaccines containing just the spike protein of dangerous coronaviruses. These vaccines would then be administered to bats in caves in southern China to help prevent the next outbreak.<ref name="DEFUSE_Atlantic"/> Co-investigators on the rejected proposal included [[Ralph Baric]] from [[University of North Carolina|UNC]], Linfa Wang from [[Duke–NUS Medical School]] in Singapore, and [[Shi Zhengli]] from the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]].<ref name="DEFUSE_NewYorker">{{cite magazine |title=The Mysterious Case of the COVID-19 Lab-Leak Theory |url=https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/the-mysterious-case-of-the-covid-19-lab-leak-theory |access-date=29 October 2021 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>
Project DEFUSE was a rejected [[DARPA]] grant application, which proposed to sample bat coronaviruses from various locations in China.<ref name="DEFUSE_Atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Federman |first1=Daniel Engber, Adam |title=The Lab-Leak Debate Just Got Even Messier |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/09/lab-leak-pandemic-origins-even-messier/620209/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=The Atlantic |date=25 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> To evaluate whether bat coronaviruses might spill over into the human population, the grantees proposed to create [[Chimera (virus)|chimeric]] coronaviruses which were mutated in different locations, before evaluating their ability to infect [[Human cell line|human cells]] in the laboratory.<ref name="DEFUSE_NYT">{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |last2=Mueller |first2=Benjamin |title=Bat Research Group Failed to Submit Virus Studies Promptly, N.I.H. Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/science/bats-covid-lab-leak-nih.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=21 October 2021}}</ref> One proposed alteration was to modify bat coronaviruses to insert a cleavage site for the [[Furin]] protease at the S1/S2 junction of the [[Coronavirus spike protein|spike]] (S) viral protein. Another part of the grant aimed to create noninfectious protein-based vaccines containing just the spike protein of dangerous coronaviruses. These vaccines would then be administered to bats in caves in southern China to help prevent future outbreaks.<ref name="DEFUSE_Atlantic"/> Co-investigators on the rejected proposal included [[Ralph Baric]] from [[University of North Carolina|UNC]], Linfa Wang from [[Duke–NUS Medical School]] in Singapore, and [[Shi Zhengli]] from the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]].<ref name="DEFUSE_NewYorker">{{cite magazine |title=The Mysterious Case of the COVID-19 Lab-Leak Theory |url=https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/the-mysterious-case-of-the-covid-19-lab-leak-theory |access-date=29 October 2021 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 78: Line 78:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*{{official|http://www.ecohealthalliance.org/}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060409025946/http://www.durrellwildlife.org/ Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060409025946/http://www.durrellwildlife.org/ Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust]
*[http://www.wptc.org/ Wildlife Preservation Canada]
*[http://www.wptc.org/ Wildlife Preservation Canada]

Revision as of 08:27, 7 March 2024

EcoHealth Alliance
AbbreviationEHA
Type501(c)(3) organization
31-1726494
FocusPandemic prevention, Scientific research, One Health, Conservation
Location
  • New York City, New York
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Peter Daszak, President
Websitewww.ecohealthalliance.org Edit this at Wikidata
Formerly called
Wildlife Trust

EcoHealth Alliance is an US-based[1] non-governmental organization with a stated mission of protecting people, animals, and the environment from emerging infectious diseases. The nonprofit focuses on research aimed at preventing pandemics and promoting conservation in hotspot regions worldwide.

The EcoHealth Alliance focuses on diseases caused by deforestation and increased interaction between humans and wildlife. The organization has researched the emergence of diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Rift Valley fever, the Ebola virus, and COVID-19.

The EcoHealth Alliance also advises the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) on global wildlife trade, threats of disease, and the environmental damage posed by these.

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, EcoHealth's ties with the Wuhan Institute of Virology were put into question in relation to investigations into the origin of COVID-19.[2][3][4][5] Citing these concerns, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) withdrew funding to the organization in April 2020.[6][7] Significant criticism followed this decision, including a joint letter signed by 77 Nobel laureates and 31 scientific societies. The NIH later reinstated funding to the organization as one of 11 institutions partnering in the Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases (CREID) initiative in August 2020,[8] but all activities funded by the grant remain suspended.[9]

In 2022, the NIH terminated the EcoHealth Alliance grant, stating that "EcoHealth Alliance had not been able to hand over lab notebooks and other records from its Wuhan partner that relate to controversial experiments involving modified bat viruses, despite multiple requests."[10] In 2023, an audit by the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services found that "NIH did not effectively monitor or take timely action to address" compliance problems with the EcoHealth Alliance.[11] In December 2023, the EcoHealth Alliance denied allegations that it double-billed the NIH and United States Agency for International Development for research in China.[12]

History

Founded under the name Wildlife Preservation Trust International in 1971 by British naturalist, author, and television personality, Gerald Durrell, it then became The Wildlife Trust in 1999.[13] In the fall of 2010, the organization changed its name to EcoHealth Alliance.[14] The rebrand reflected a change in the organization's focus, moving solely from a conservation nonprofit, which focused mainly on the captive breeding of endangered species, to an environmental health organization with its foundation in conservation.[15]

The organization held an early professional conservation medicine meeting in 1996.[16] In 2002, they published an edited volume on the field through Oxford University Press: Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice.[17]

In February 2008, they published a paper in Nature entitled “Global trends in emerging infectious diseases” which featured an early rendition of a global disease hotspot map.[18] Using epidemiological, social, and environmental data from the past 50 years, the map outlined regions of the globe most at risk for emergent disease threats.

EcoHealth Alliance's funding comes mostly from U.S. federal agencies such as the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, and U.S. Agency for International Development.[19][20] Between 2011 and 2020, its annual budget fluctuated between US$9 and US$15 million per year.[21]

COVID-19 pandemic

Main articles: COVID-19 lab leak theory and Investigations into the origin of COVID-19

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Prior to the pandemic, EcoHealth Alliance was the only U.S.-based organization researching coronavirus evolution and transmission in China, where they partnered with the WIV, among others.[30] EcoHealth president Peter Daszak co-authored a February 2020 letter in The Lancet condemning "conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin".[31] However, Daszak failed to disclose EcoHealth's ties to the WIV, which some observers noted as an apparent conflict of interest.[32][33] In June 2021, The Lancet published an addendum in which Daszak disclosed his cooperation with researchers in China.[34]

In April 2020, the NIH ordered EcoHealth Alliance to cease spending the remaining $369,819 from its current NIH grant at the request of the Trump administration,[35] pressuring them by stating "it must hand over information and materials from the Chinese research facility to resume funding for suspended grant" in reference to the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The canceled grant was supposed to run through 2024.[36] Funding from NIH resumed in August 2020 after an uproar from "77 U.S. Nobel laureates and 31 scientific societies".[8]

Work conducted at the Wuhan Institute of Virology under an NIH grant to the EHA has been at the center of political controversies during the pandemic. One such controversy centered on whether any experiments conducted under the grant could be accurately described as "gain-of-function" (GoF) research.[37] NIH officials (including Anthony Fauci) unequivocally denied during 2020 congressional hearings that the EHA had conducted GoF research with NIH funding.[38]

In October 2021, the EHA submitted a progress report detailing the results of a past experiment where some laboratory mice lost more weight than expected after being infected with a modified bat coronavirus.[39] The NIH subsequently sent a letter to the congressional House Committee on Energy and Commerce describing this experiment, but did not refer to it as "gain-of-function."[37] Whether such research qualifies as "gain-of-function" is a matter of considerable debate among relevant experts.[40]

Programs

PREDICT

EcoHealth Alliance partners with USAID on the PREDICT subset of USAID's EPT (Emerging Pandemic Threats) program.[41] PREDICT seeks to identify which emerging infectious diseases are of the greatest risk to human health. Many of EcoHealth Alliance's international collaborations with in-country organizations and institutions fall under the PREDICT umbrella. Scientists in the field collect samples from local fauna in order to track the spread of potentially harmful pathogens and to stop them from becoming outbreaks. Scientists also train local technicians and veterinarians in animal sampling and information gathering.

Active countries include Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, South Sudan, Thailand, Uganda, and Vietnam.

IDEEAL

IDEEAL (Infectious Disease Emergence and Economics of Altered Landscapes Program)[42] attempts to investigate the impact of deforestation and land-use change on the risk of zoonoses in Sabah, Malaysia. This project focuses on the local palm oil industry in particular. The study also offers to the country's corporate leaders and policymakers long-term alternatives to large-scale deforestation. The program is headquartered at the Malaysian Development Health Research Unit (DHRU), which was developed in collaboration with the Malaysian University of Sabah.

Bat Conservation

A growing body of research indicates that bats are an important factor in both ecosystem health and disease emergence. A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the high number of zoonoses that have come from bat populations in recent decades. One group of researchers hypothesized “that flight, a factor common to all bats but to no other mammals, provides an intensive selective force for coexistence with viral parasites through a daily cycle that elevates metabolism and body temperature analogous to the fever response in other mammals. On an evolutionary scale, this host-virus interaction might have resulted in the large diversity of zoonotic viruses in bats, possibly through bat viruses adapting to be more tolerant of the fever response and less virulent to their natural hosts.” [43]

Project Deep Forest

According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), roughly 18 million acres of forest (roughly the size of Panama) are lost every year due to deforestation.[44] Increased contact between humans and the animal species whose habitat is being destroyed has led to increases in zoonotic disease. EcoHealth Alliance scientists are testing species for pathogens in areas with very little, moderate, and complete deforestation in order to track potential outbreaks. This data is used to promote the preservation of natural lands and diminish the negative effects of land-use change.

Project DEFUSE

Project DEFUSE was a rejected DARPA grant application, which proposed to sample bat coronaviruses from various locations in China.[45] To evaluate whether bat coronaviruses might spill over into the human population, the grantees proposed to create chimeric coronaviruses which were mutated in different locations, before evaluating their ability to infect human cells in the laboratory.[46] One proposed alteration was to modify bat coronaviruses to insert a cleavage site for the Furin protease at the S1/S2 junction of the spike (S) viral protein. Another part of the grant aimed to create noninfectious protein-based vaccines containing just the spike protein of dangerous coronaviruses. These vaccines would then be administered to bats in caves in southern China to help prevent future outbreaks.[45] Co-investigators on the rejected proposal included Ralph Baric from UNC, Linfa Wang from Duke–NUS Medical School in Singapore, and Shi Zhengli from the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[47]

See also

References

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  2. ^ McKay, Betsy (September 25, 2021). "Covid-19 Panel of Scientists Investigating Origins of Virus Is Disbanded". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  3. ^ Lerner, Sharon; Hvistendahl, Mara (September 7, 2021). "New Details Emerge About Coronavirus Research at Chinese Lab". The Intercept.
  4. ^ A. Chris Gajilan. "Covid-19 origins: Why the search for the source is vital". CNN.
  5. ^ Hvistendahl, Mara; Lerner, Sharon (October 1, 2021). "NIH Bat Coronavirus Grant Report Was Submitted More Than Two Years Late". The Intercept.
  6. ^ "Funding for Coronavirus Research Study Withdrawn by NIH | Sabin Center for Climate Change Law". climate.law.columbia.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
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  22. ^ Subbaraman, Nidhi (August 21, 2020). "'Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4. PMID 32826989. S2CID 225249608.
  23. ^ "Wuhan lab's US partner embroiled in funding debate as Covid-19 'lab leak' row rages on". South China Morning Post. September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  24. ^ Hakim, Mohamad S. (February 14, 2021). "SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories". Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. doi:10.1002/rmv.2222. ISSN 1052-9276. PMC 7995093. PMID 33586302.
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  31. ^ Calisher, Charles; Carroll, Dennis; Colwell, Rita; Corley, Ronald B; Daszak, Peter; Drosten, Christian; Enjuanes, Luis; Farrar, Jeremy; Field, Hume; Golding, Josie; Gorbalenya, Alexander; Haagmans, Bart; Hughes, James M; Karesh, William B; Keusch, Gerald T; Lam, Sai Kit; Lubroth, Juan; Mackenzie, John S; Madoff, Larry; Mazet, Jonna; Palese, Peter; Perlman, Stanley; Poon, Leo; Roizman, Bernard; Saif, Linda; Subbarao, Kanta; Turner, Mike (March 2020). "Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19". The Lancet. 395 (10226): e42–e43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9. PMC 7159294. PMID 32087122. S2CID 211201028.
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  35. ^ "Award Information | HHS TAGGS". taggs.hhs.gov. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
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External links

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