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{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
⚫
| taxon = Anapidae
| image = Conoculus.lyugadinus.female.-.tanikawa.jpg
| image = Conoculus.lyugadinus.female.-.tanikawa.jpg
| image_caption = female ''[[Conculus lyugadinus]]'' from Okinawa
| image_caption = ''[[Conculus lyugadinus|C. lyugadinus]]'', female from Okinawa
| image2 = Conoculus.lyugadinus.male.-.tanikawa.jpg
⚫
| taxon = Anapidae
| image2_caption = ''[[Conculus lyugadinus|C. lyugadinus]]'', male
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1895
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1895
| diversity_link = List of Anapidae species
⚫
| diversity = 57 genera, 220 species
| diversity_ref = <ref name=WSC_stats>{{cite web|title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |accessdate=2017-03-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103044611/http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |archivedate=2015-11-03 }}</ref>
| range_map = Distribution.anapidae.1.png
| range_map = Distribution.anapidae.1.png
⚫
| diversity = [[#Genera|57 genera]], [[List of Anapidae species|229 species]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = [[#Genera|See text]].
}}
}}
⚫
'''Anapidae''' is a family of rather small [[spider]]s with 229 described species in 57 genera.<ref name=NMBE /> It includes the former family Micropholcommatidae as the subfamily [[Micropholcommatinae]].<ref name=HormGris14>{{Cite journal |last=Hormiga |first=Gustavo |last2=Griswold |first2=Charles E. |year=2014 |title=Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=487–512 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 |pmid=24160416 |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> Most species are less than {{convert|2|mm}} long.<ref name=murphy2000>{{cite journal| last1=Murphy| first1=F| last2=Murphy| firs2=J.| year=2000| title=An introduction to the spiders of South East Asia with notes on all the genera| journal=Malaysian Nature Society Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>


⚫
They generally live in leaf litter and moss on the floor of rain forest. Many build orb webs with a diameter less than {{convert|3|cm|in}}. In some species, such as ''[[Pseudanapis parocula|P. parocula]]'', the [[pedipalp]]s of the female are reduced to coxal stumps.<ref name=murphy2000/>
⚫
'''Anapidae''' is a family of rather small [[spider]]s with 220 described species in 57 genera.<ref name=WSC_stats/> It includes the former family Micropholcommatidae as the subfamily [[Micropholcommatinae]].<ref name=HormGris14>{{Cite journal |last=Hormiga |first=Gustavo |last2=Griswold |first2=Charles E. |year=2014 |title=Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=487–512 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 |pmid=24160416 |ref=harv |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> Most species are less than 2&nbsp;mm long.<ref name=murphy2000>Murphy & Murphy 2000</ref>

In some species (such as ''[[Pseudanapis parocula]]'') the [[pedipalp]]s of the female are reduced to coxal stumps.<ref name=murphy2000/>

⚫
Anapidae generally live in leaf litter and moss on the floor of rain forest. Many build orb webs with a diameter of less than 3&nbsp;cm.<ref name=murphy2000/>


==Description==
==Description==
Line 25: Line 20:


==Genera==
==Genera==
==Genera==
[[Image:Conoculus.lyugadinus.male.-.tanikawa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|male ''Conoculus lyugadinus'']]
{{As of|2017|03}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepted the following genera:<ref name=WSC_f6/>
{{as of|2019|04}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepts the following genera:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite web| title=Family: Anapidae Simon, 1895| website=World Spider Catalog| accessdate=2019-04-19| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/6}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* ''[[Acrobleps]]'' <small>Hickman, 1979</small> – [[Tasmania]]
*''[[Acrobleps]]'' <small>Hickman, 1979</small> — Tasmania
* ''[[Algidiella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – Auckland Islands
*''[[Algidiella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Auckland Islands
* ''[[Anapis]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> — [[Central America|Central]] to [[South America]]
*''[[Anapis]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> — South America, Central America, Mexico, Jamaica
* ''[[Anapisona]]'' <small>[[Willis J. Gertsch|Gertsch]], 1941</small> — Central to South America
*''[[Anapisona]]'' <small>Gertsch, 1941</small> — South America, Central America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Mexico
* ''[[Austropholcomma]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia
*''[[Austropholcomma]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia
* ''[[Borneanapis]]'' <small>Snazell, 2009</small> – [[Borneo]]
*''[[Borneanapis]]'' <small>Snazell, 2009</small> — Borneo
* ''[[Caledanapis]]'' <small>[[Norman I. Platnick|Platnick]] & [[Raymond Robert Forster|Forster]], 1989</small> — [[New Caledonia]]
*''[[Caledanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Caledonia
* ''[[Chasmocephalon]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. P-Cambridge]], 1889</small> — Australia
*''[[Chasmocephalon]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889</small> — Australia
* ''[[Comaroma]]'' <small>[[Philipp Bertkau|Bertkau]], 1889</small> — Europe, USA, China, [[Korea]], Japan
*''[[Comaroma]]'' <small>Bertkau, 1889</small> — Asia, United States
* ''[[Conculus]]'' <small>Komatsu, 1940</small> — [[New Guinea]], Korea, Japan
*''[[Conculus]]'' <small>Kishida, 1940</small> — Papua New Guinea, Asia
* ''[[Crassanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — [[Chile]], [[Argentina]]
*''[[Crassanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile, Argentina
* ''[[Crozetulus]]'' <small>Hickman, 1939</small> — Africa
*''[[Crozetulus]]'' <small>Hickman, 1939</small> — Africa
* ''[[Dippenaaria]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1995</small> — [[South Africa]]
*''[[Dippenaaria]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1995</small> — South Africa
* ''[[Elanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
*''[[Elanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
* ''[[Enielkenie]]'' <small>Ono, 2007</small> — [[Taiwan]]
*''[[Enielkenie]]'' <small>Ono, 2007</small> — Taiwan
* ''[[Eperiella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – Australia, Chile
*''[[Eperiella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Chile, Australia
* ''[[Epigastrina]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia
*''[[Epigastrina]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia
* ''[[Eterosonycha]]'' <small>Butler, 1932</small> — Australia
*''[[Eterosonycha]]'' <small>Butler, 1932</small> — Australia
* ''[[Forsteriola]]'' <small>Brignoli, 1981</small> — Africa
*''[[Forsteriola]]'' <small>Brignoli, 1981</small> — Africa
* ''[[Gaiziapis]]'' <small>Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009</small> – China
*''[[Gertschanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1990</small> — United States
* ''[[Gertschanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1990</small> — USA
*''[[Gigiella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia, Chile
* ''[[Gigiella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – Australia, Chile
*''[[Guiniella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Papua New Guinea
* ''[[Guiniella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – New Guinea
*''[[Hickmanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Tasmania
* ''[[Hickmanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — [[Tasmania]]
*''[[Holarchaea]]'' <small>Forster, 1955</small> — Australia, New Zealand
* ''[[Mandanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Caledonia
*''[[Mandanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Caledonia
* ''[[Maxanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
*''[[Maxanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
* ''[[Metanapis]]'' <small>Brignoli, 1981</small> — Africa, [[Nepal]]
*''[[Metanapis]]'' <small>Brignoli, 1981</small> — Africa, Nepal
* ''[[Micropholcomma]]'' <small>Crosby & Bishop, 1927</small> — Australia
*''[[Micropholcomma]]'' <small>Crosby & Bishop, 1927</small> — Australia
* ''[[Minanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile, Argentina
*''[[Minanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile, China, Argentina
* ''[[Montanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Caledonia
*''[[Montanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Caledonia
* ''[[Normplatnicka]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – Chile, Australia
*''[[Normplatnicka]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia, Chile
* ''[[Nortanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
*''[[Nortanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
* ''[[Novanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Zealand
*''[[Novanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Zealand
* ''[[Octanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
*''[[Octanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
* ''[[Olgania]]'' <small>Hickman, 1979</small> — Australia
*''[[Olgania]]'' <small>Hickman, 1979</small> — Australia
* ''[[Paranapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Zealand
*''[[Paranapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Zealand
* ''[[Patelliella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – Lord Howe Islands
*''[[Patelliella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Lord Howe Islands
* ''[[Pecanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
*''[[Pecanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
* ''[[Pseudanapis]]'' <small>Simon, 1905</small> — Central and South America, Africa, South Asia, New Guinea, [[Hong Kong]]
*''[[Pseudanapis]]'' <small>Simon, 1905</small> — Asia, Africa, South America, Mexico, Central America, Papua New Guinea, Germany
* ''[[Pua (spider)|Pua]]'' <small>[[Raymond Robert Forster|Forster]], 1959</small> — New Zealand
*''[[Pua_novaezealandiae|Pua]]'' <small>Forster, 1959</small> — New Zealand
* ''[[Queenslanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
*''[[Queenslanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
* ''[[Raveniella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia
*''[[Raveniella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — Australia
* ''[[Rayforstia]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – Australia, New Zealand and associated islands
*''[[Rayforstia]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — New Zealand, Australia
* ''[[Risdonius]]'' <small>Hickman, 1939</small> — Australia
*''[[Risdonius]]'' <small>Hickman, 1939</small> — Australia
* ''[[Sheranapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
*''[[Sheranapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
* ''[[Sinanapis]]'' <small>Wunderlich & Song, 1995</small> — China
*''[[Sinanapis]]'' <small>Wunderlich & Song, 1995</small> — China, Laos, Vietnam
* ''[[Sofanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
*''[[Sofanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Chile
* ''[[Spinanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
*''[[Spinanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
* ''[[Taliniella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – New Zealand
*''[[Taliniella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — New Zealand
* ''[[Taphiassa]]'' <small>Simon, 1880</small> – Australia, New Zealand and associated islands
*''[[Taphiassa]]'' <small>Simon, 1880</small> — Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka
* ''[[Tasmanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Tasmania
*''[[Tasmanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Tasmania
* ''[[Teutoniella]]'' <small>Brignoli, 1981</small> — Brazil, Chile
*''[[Teutoniella]]'' <small>Brignoli, 1981</small> — Chile, Brazil
* ''[[Tinytrella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> – New Zealand
*''[[Tinytrella]]'' <small>Rix & Harvey, 2010</small> — New Zealand
* ''[[Tricellina]]'' <small>Forster & Platnick, 1989</small> — Chile
*''[[Tricellina]]'' <small>Forster & Platnick, 1989</small> — Chile
* ''[[Victanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
*''[[Victanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — Australia
* ''[[Zangherella]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1949</small> — [[Mediterranean]]
*''[[Zangherella]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1949</small> — Mediterranean
* ''[[Zealanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Zealand
*''[[Zealanapis]]'' <small>Platnick & Forster, 1989</small> — New Zealand
⚫
{{div col end}}

⚫
{{Div col end}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==

Revision as of 15:36, 19 April 2019

Anapidae
C. lyugadinus, female from Okinawa
C. lyugadinus, male
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Anapidae
Simon, 1895
Diversity
57 genera, 229 species

Anapidae is a family of rather small spiders with 229 described species in 57 genera.[1] It includes the former family Micropholcommatidae as the subfamily Micropholcommatinae.[2] Most species are less than 2 millimetres (0.079 in) long.[3]

They generally live in leaf litter and moss on the floor of rain forest. Many build orb webs with a diameter less than 3 centimetres (1.2 in). In some species, such as P. parocula, the pedipalps of the female are reduced to coxal stumps.[3]

Description

Spiders of this family are very small, usually less than two millimeters long, and lack a cribellum. They can have either six or eight eyes, the rear median eyes either reduced or missing. The carapace is modified so that the eyes are raised higher than usual. Color can range from reddish brown to yellowish brown. Both margins of chelicerae have teeth. The legs are short and spineless. The labium has a spur that extends between the chelicerae and can be seen when the chelicerae are spread.[4]

Systematics

The family Micropholcommatidae was synonymized with this family by Schütt in 2003[5] and by Lopa et al. in 2011,[6][2] a change that has been accepted by the World Spider Catalog.[7]

Genera

Genera

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[1]

  • Acrobleps Hickman, 1979 — Tasmania
  • Algidiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Auckland Islands
  • Anapis Simon, 1895 — South America, Central America, Mexico, Jamaica
  • Anapisona Gertsch, 1941 — South America, Central America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Mexico
  • Austropholcomma Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia
  • Borneanapis Snazell, 2009 — Borneo
  • Caledanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
  • Chasmocephalon O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 — Australia
  • Comaroma Bertkau, 1889 — Asia, United States
  • Conculus Kishida, 1940 — Papua New Guinea, Asia
  • Crassanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile, Argentina
  • Crozetulus Hickman, 1939 — Africa
  • Dippenaaria Wunderlich, 1995 — South Africa
  • Elanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
  • Enielkenie Ono, 2007 — Taiwan
  • Eperiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Chile, Australia
  • Epigastrina Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia
  • Eterosonycha Butler, 1932 — Australia
  • Forsteriola Brignoli, 1981 — Africa
  • Gertschanapis Platnick & Forster, 1990 — United States
  • Gigiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia, Chile
  • Guiniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Papua New Guinea
  • Hickmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Tasmania
  • Holarchaea Forster, 1955 — Australia, New Zealand
  • Mandanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
  • Maxanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
  • Metanapis Brignoli, 1981 — Africa, Nepal
  • Micropholcomma Crosby & Bishop, 1927 — Australia
  • Minanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile, China, Argentina
  • Montanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
  • Normplatnicka Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia, Chile
  • Nortanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
  • Novanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
  • Octanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
  • Olgania Hickman, 1979 — Australia
  • Paranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
  • Patelliella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Lord Howe Islands
  • Pecanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
  • Pseudanapis Simon, 1905 — Asia, Africa, South America, Mexico, Central America, Papua New Guinea, Germany
  • Pua Forster, 1959 — New Zealand
  • Queenslanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
  • Raveniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — Australia
  • Rayforstia Rix & Harvey, 2010 — New Zealand, Australia
  • Risdonius Hickman, 1939 — Australia
  • Sheranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
  • Sinanapis Wunderlich & Song, 1995 — China, Laos, Vietnam
  • Sofanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
  • Spinanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
  • Taliniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — New Zealand
  • Taphiassa Simon, 1880 — Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka
  • Tasmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Tasmania
  • Teutoniella Brignoli, 1981 — Chile, Brazil
  • Tinytrella Rix & Harvey, 2010 — New Zealand
  • Tricellina Forster & Platnick, 1989 — Chile
  • Victanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
  • Zangherella Caporiacco, 1949 — Mediterranean
  • Zealanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand

Distribution

Anapidae are found worldwide, particularly in South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Few genera occur in North America or Europe. Only Comaroma simoni and the three species of Zangherella are found in Europe; Gertschanapis shantzi and Comaroma mendocino are found in the United States.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Family: Anapidae Simon, 1895". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  2. ^ a b Hormiga, Gustavo; Griswold, Charles E. (2014). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders". Annual Review of Entomology. 59 (1): 487–512. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046. PMID 24160416. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Murphy, F; Murphy (2000). "An introduction to the spiders of South East Asia with notes on all the genera". Malaysian Nature Society Kuala Lumpur. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |firs2= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Song, D.X.; Zhu, M.S.; Chen, J. (1999). The Spiders of China. Hebei University of Science and Technology, Publishing House, Shijiazhuang. p. 149.
  5. ^ Schütt, K. (2003), "Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae", Zoologica Scripta, 32: 129–151, doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00103.x
  6. ^ Lopardo, L.; Giribet, G.; Hormiga, G. (2011), "Morphology to the rescue: molecular data and the signal of morphological characters in combined phylogenetic analyses — a case study from mysmenid spiders (Araneae, Mysmenidae), with comments on the evolution of web architecture", Cladistics, 27 (3): 278–330, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00332.x {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b "Family: Anapidae Simon, 1895". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-03-03.

Bibliography

Wikispecies has information related to Anapidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anapidae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anapidae&oldid=893179180"