Alenia C-27J
| C-27J Spartan | |
|---|---|
.jpg) C-27J Spartan in Pratica di Mare |
|
| Type: | Military multipurpose and STOL transport aircraft |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: | |
| First flight: |
September 25, 1999 |
| Commissioning: |
September 2005 |
| Production time: |
in series production since 2000 |
| Number of pieces: |
78 (of 91 ordered) |
The C-27J Spartan is a medium-sized, multi-purpose military transporter with short take-off capabilities ( STOL ) from the Italian-US joint venture Global Military Aircraft Systems , which is managed by L-3 Communications .
As a further development of the Italian Aeritalia G.222 , the C-27J has the engines and avionics systems of the larger Lockheed C-130J Hercules . Due to its smaller size and the design with two motors, the C-27J is also known as the "Baby Herc". The aircraft manufacturer is Alenia .
Development history
Based on the C-130J
In 1995 the companies Alenia and Lockheed Martin began talks about the further development of the G.222 . They wanted to use the existing cockpit of the C-130J, which has MFDs and a head-up display and is therefore also known as the " glass cockpit ". Furthermore, they wanted to use a more powerful version of the T64G engines in conjunction with four-bladed propellers.
However, the planning was still heavily changed up to the start of the program in 1996 and, in addition to the cockpit design and avionics, the engines and propellers of the C-130J were incorporated into the design. Logically, the program was then called C-27J: C-27 after the ten G.222 used from 1990 to 1999 and introduced by the US armed forces as C-27A and the additional letter "J" after the version designation of the godparents for many components C-130J Super Hercules .
The technical standardization of both aircraft was a point that should not be underestimated in terms of spare parts logistics and the training of maintenance teams, since the US armed forces already have around 100 C-130 Super Hercules in stock and other countries also use this aircraft.
Joint Cargo Aircraft
Alenia and Lockheed Martin founded Lockheed Martin Alenia Tactical Transport Systems (LMATTS) in 1997 . The joint venture was terminated when Lockheed Martin applied to the US armed forces tender for the Joint Cargo Aircraft (JCA) also with the C-130J. Alenia Aeronautica then merged with L-3 Communications to form Global Military Aircraft Systems (GMAS). Boeing Integrated Defense Systems wanted to participate in this joint venture and bring in an existing manufacturing facility in the United States. In the end, however, no agreement was reached.
GMAS won the US Forces tender against Raytheon and EADS North America with the C-295 . It is assumed that the US Army and US Air Force will order up to 145 aircraft under the JCA. They will also replace the Army National Guard's C-23 Sherpa , C-12 Huron, and C-26 Metroliner . They are also likely to be used in place of decommissioned Air National Guard C-130E / H / Js .
In November 2006, the C-27J demonstrated that it met all requirements of the JCA program.
In June it was announced that the aircraft would be manufactured in Cecil Field , Duval County, Florida . The production facility on the site of a former Navy barracks created around 200 new jobs.
On June 13, 2007, the Pentagon officially announced that the C-27J is the US Forces Joint Cargo Aircraft. The contract for 78 aircraft was valued at $ 2.04 billion and included training and support from the manufacturer.
On June 22, 2007, Raytheon appealed the contract. The company asked for an explanation as to why a more expensive aircraft that also required higher maintenance was selected. According to a calculation by the US Army, the C-295 would be 15% cheaper to buy than the C-27J and would also have lower fuel consumption. Press reports stated that the decision for the C-27J had been made because it needed shorter runways and had a longer range. Although the C-295 can take a larger load overall, the loading floor of the C-27J is more stable, which would have an impact especially when transporting vehicles and very heavy loads - such as fuel, engines and ammunition. On September 27, 2007, GAO denied the appeal and allowed the Pentagon to proceed with the procurement.
In June 2008 the first C-27J went through the joint US Army / US Air Force test and training program, during which the first flight took place on June 17, 2008.
construction
The C-27J is a further development of the twin-engine G.222 and has a number of similarities (propeller, engine and avionics ) with the four-engine Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules transport aircraft .
hull
The hull corresponds to that of the Aeritalia G.222 . It has a length of 22.7 m.
The cockpit has 16 windows with over 4.5 m² of window area. There are three round windows on each side of the fuselage, with SAR versions the rear window forms a protruding bubble. But there are also machines with an additional large oval window behind the rear side door, which is probably used to observe parachute jumps.
Behind the cockpit and behind the landing gear, the C-27J has doors on both sides. The front left door has dimensions of 700 mm × 1520 mm and folds out as an entry staircase, while the right door is used as an emergency exit and is only 535 mm × 915 mm in size. The rear doors are used for parachutists to jump, are opened inwards and are each 910 mm × 1920 mm in size. There are also three emergency exit hatches on the top of the fuselage. One is assigned to the cockpit and is 490 mm × 615 mm in size, the other two are at the level of the leading edge and trailing edge of the wing and are 545 mm × 915 mm in size.
The manufacturer optionally offers the installations for air refueling. There is a boom on the upper left side of the cockpit that can latch into the probe of a tanker aircraft.
The cabin is 2.45 m wide, 2.6 m high and 11.43 m long including the loading ramp. Not counting the loading ramp, the cargo hold of the C-27J has a floor area of 23.23 m² and a loading volume of 69.5 m³. The access via the stern ramp has a headroom of 2.25 m.
Cockpit and avionics
Even from the outside it is noticeable that the cockpit has a total of 16 windows. Inside it can be seen that it is designed for two pilots and that the requirements of JAR 25 have been observed in the ergonomic design .
In order to reduce the workload for the pilots, the aircraft has a flight management system, a flight director system, IFF transponders, TCAS-II and GCAS. In addition to various other screen displays, five multifunctional color screens are installed, to which the manufacturer can add a head-up display at the customer's request . All cockpit displays are designed so that they can be used in conjunction with night vision devices.
Data is exchanged via a digital MIL-STD-1553B bus and the digital technology is already set up for the technology of the future Future Air Navigation System (FANS). Overall, about 2/3 of the flight software match that of the C-130J.
Navigation is provided by a GPS / INS system, two TACANs (DME), two VOR / ILS / MB, a low-frequency ADF, a dual radar altimeter and two Distributed Air Data Systems (DADS).
The surrounding airspace and the ground are monitored by a Northrop-Grumman-AN / APN-241 digital mapping radar with color displays. The device also serves as a weather and air target detection radar and for detecting wind shear . A so-called beacon mode is used to identify jump and drop zones.
Two ARC-21o VHF / UHF radios, two HF radios, a VHF / UHF beacon finder and a Digital Audio Inter-Communications (ICS) are available for communication.
Wings
The C-27J is designed as a shoulder wing aircraft with two engines mounted under the wings . The wingspan of the wings is 28.7 m. At a stretch of 10, the area is 82 square meters. The supplier for the middle section of the wings is the Czech company Aero.
Tail units
The tail unit of the C-27J is conventionally designed, with the horizontal tail unit having a span of 12.4 m. The rudder unit rises six meters above the top edge of the cabin.
Engines
The C-27J's two engines are digitally controlled by a full-authority digital engine control (FADEC) system. The Rolls-Royce AE-2100-D2 turboprop engines achieve an output of 4637 SHP (shaft hp). Together with the six-bladed Dowty R 391 propellers, this results in a low noise level and a low IR signature of the aircraft. In contrast to the JCA competitor C-295, the engines can be restarted up to three times.
The engines are mounted under the wings at a distance of 4.75 m to the aircraft center axis, so that a distance of 1.04 m remains between the 4.11 m diameter propeller blades and the fuselage.
The C-27J has three generators, three AC generators and three rectifiers. An APU with 150 SHP also enables complete independence from external power sources. The APU can be launched up to an altitude of 22,000 ft .
The hydraulics are designed redundantly in two circuits.
landing gear
The nose landing gear has two tires and is 3.6 m behind the aircraft nose. The center of the main landing gear, which consists of two rows of two tires arranged one behind the other, is 6.4 m further back from the nose landing gear. The track width of the main landing gear is 3.7 m.
The height of the chassis can be changed by 50 cm (20 ″) in order to adapt the loading ramp to the height of, for example, truck flatbeds.
Lowering the main landing gear results in an inclined position of the loading floor by 4.3 °, so that, in conjunction with the lowered loading ramp and two drive-on plates, vehicles can easily be driven in and out.
Self defense
The transport aircraft is equipped with a DASS (Defensive Aids Sub System) or defense auxiliary system from Selex Communications .
- Passive action
These include several Elettronica AR3-C radar warning receiver antennas (RWR), Selex / EADS-MILDS-II (AAR-60) sensors for detecting the exhaust jet of approaching missiles (MWR) as well as Selex sensors for warning against laser radiation. The variants for the USAF are equipped with American systems such as AN / APR-39 (V) 2 RWR and AN / AAR-47A (V) 2 MWR.
- Active measures
As soon as the DASS detects an attack with guided missiles, either chaff cartridges or heat flares are automatically ejected from the 14 MES ECDS-2 (V28) decoys (capacity 30 decoys) . Guided missiles with IR sensors are also neutralized by the DASS with the Elbit ELT-572 C-MUSIC DIRCM ball system using a fiber laser beam. Furthermore, electronic countermeasures can be triggered in which a radar jammer is pulled behind the machine on a cable and the approaching missile appears to be a larger target. The American versions are equipped with the BAE AN / ALE-47 (V) flare launchers.
Payload
| Passenger transport |
|
| MEDEVAC | 36 stretchers + 6 paramedics |
| Material handling | up to 11.5 t |
| Material discharge at low speed | up to 9 t |
| LAPES pallets | up to 5 t |
| Possible load variants |
|
| SAR | Navigation and rescue equipment (permanently installed or on a pallet) |
| monitoring |
|
| Fire fighting |
Manufacturer
The main contractor with responsible management for the joint venture is the American company
- L-3 Communications
- L-3 Comm Integrated Systems is installing specific US military equipment in aircraft in Waco, Texas
- Vertex is responsible for maintenance and repairs
- Communications Systems-West provides the elements for tactical data communication
- Alenia
- Alenia Aeronautica is the aircraft developer and manufacturer in Italy
- Alenia North America as their US representative
- Global Military Aircraft Systems (GMAS) as a joint venture between Alenia and L-3
- Honeywell Space & Aviation is responsible for the open system architecture and the avionic systems (also used in the C-130J). Also for FMS and CNS / ATM
- Rolls Royce
- Rolls-Royce North America is supplying the engines and the FADEC control system
- Dowty, a subsidiary of General Electric, designed and manufactured the propellers.
The price of the machine is estimated at $ 20 to 27.5 million.
variants
C-27J "Spartan"
This basic variant was introduced for the US Army as a combat zone transporter.
Air Force Combat Rescue Tanker
On November 14, 2005, GMAS announced that it would introduce the US Air Force's C-27J as a tanker for Combat Search and Rescue missions. The CEO of Alenia North America, Giuseppe Giordo, said that the C-27J offers both the ability to carry out operations at Forward Area Refueling Points (FARP) and to move material independently on unprepared terrain . Above all, the machine would be able to supply CSAR helicopters and planes with fuel both on the ground and in the air and to drop rescue teams with their equipment from the air or to set them down on unpaved terrain. After the USAF decided to put the C-27J out of service in 2012 due to budget cuts, the CSAR variant of the Hercules II, the HC-130J "Combat King II", was ordered instead of the C-27 .
AC-27J "Stinger II"
In July 2008, Aviation Week announced that the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) is allocating $ 32 million to convert a C-27J into an AC-XX gunship. Weapons that have already been tried and tested should be used. The reason for this program was the obsolescence of the available AC-130s in connection with the immediate availability of the modern C-27J. Further aircraft would be tested from 2010.
On September 9, 2008, AFSOC Commander Lt. Gene. Donald Wurster, saying that there was a need for 16 Stinger II.
A spokesman for L3 Communications was quoted as saying that the firearms had calibers between 25 and 40 millimeters. This means that there is no 105 mm howitzer on board like the AC-130, but the aircraft can take off from smaller airfields and, due to its smaller design, would be more difficult to spot for observers on the ground. The Stinger II is cheaper than an AC-130 and requires less maintenance.
On May 13, 2009, Admiral Steve Stanley said they would do without the Stinger II and instead use the MC-130W as a platform for close air support weapon systems. Two days later it was announced that the budget for 2010 does not allow the procurement of 16 Stinger II and that the MC-130W "Combat Spear" with roll-on / roll-off weapons is being used instead .
EC-27 "Jedi"
The Italian Air Force ordered an EKF set for their C-27J fleet in 2010. The program was named JEDI (jamming and electronic defense instrumentation). The EKF skills should be comparable to the Lockheed EC-130H “Compass Call”. This includes jamming radio traffic as well as radio signals from remote detonators, such as those used in improvised explosive devices (IED).
HC-27J "Spartan"
The US Coast Guard calls their Spartan the HC-27J. You get special mission systems.
MC-27J "Pretorian"
Alenia developed a multi-purpose variant of the C-27 at its own initiative. This should serve in the areas of leadership, control and as flying artillery (gunship). For this purpose, like the MC-27J, it is to be adapted with Hellfire, precision ammunition and a 30 mm automatic cannon. The armament should be able to be expanded or added quickly. It should also be able to carry out reconnaissance with sensors. The Italian Air Force plans to receive three in 2016.
Military users
- Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF): 10 C-27J. The machines are intended to replace the DHC-4 and C-130H . The first aircraft destined for the Australian Air Force made its maiden flight on December 19, 2013. The delivery took place from June 2015 to April 2018. The operator is the 35th Squadron in Richmond .
- Bulgarian Air Force : 3 C-27J. Five were ordered with three more options. Due to financial problems, the order was reduced to the three units delivered by 2011.
- Greek Air Force : 8 C-27J. In 2003 a total of twelve C-27Js were ordered for the 354th Tactical Airlift Squadron in Elefsis near Athens. By May 2007 there were already five machines in Greece. From August 2007 to mid-2008, the last four aircraft that were equipped with an IFRRS (In Flight Refueling Receiver System) were accepted. Greece has an option to buy three more machines.
- Aeronautica Militare (Italiana) (AMI): 12 C-27J. As of October 2006, the Italian Air Force received a total of twelve Italian-made aircraft to replace the G.222s already in service with the 46th Air Brigade ( 46ª Brigata Aerea ) stationed at Pisa Airport . The delivery took place from January 2007 to the end of 2008. The machines have two head-up displays, a self-protection system and an air refueling device. Alenia also delivered a flight simulator in 2009. Logistic support has been agreed until 2012. From September 2008 to January 2009, C-27J were also used in Afghanistan.
- Kenyan Air Force : 3 C-27J. Kenya ordered three C-27Js for its armed forces in 2017. The first two machines were delivered in January 2020.
- Lithuanian Air Force : 3 C-27J. Lithuania ordered three C-27Js for its armed forces in June 2006. The machines were delivered in December 2006, December 2008 and October 2009. The C-27J are to be used for troop and material transport as well as for NATO-controlled operations.
- Royal Moroccan Air Force : 4 C-27J. In 2008, Morocco became the first country outside NATO to order four aircraft with a total value of 130 million euros.
- Fuerza Aérea Mexicana (FAM): 4 C-27J. Mexico announced at the beginning of July 2011 that it would purchase four copies with delivery in 2011/2012 at short notice.
- Fuerza Aérea del Perú (FAP): 5 C-27J (up to 12 planned), delivery since March 2015 for use with the Escuadrón Aéreo 844 transport relay in Lima-Callao .
- Philippines Air Force (PAF): 3 C-27J, order announced September 2012
- Romanian Air Force : 7 C-27J. On December 7, 2007, Romania ordered seven C-27Js, the first machine was delivered in July 2009, the other machines will be added until 2012. The station is at the Otopeni Air Force Base near Bucharest. The aircraft are operated by the 902nd Transport and Reconnaissance Squadron. After the last An-24 was retired in 2007, the C-27J will probably replace the four remaining An-26s . The squadron also operates an An-30 photo reconnaissance aircraft ( NATO code name : "Clank"). The C-27J also add to the existing capacities of the 901st Squadron, which operates a C-130H and four C-130Bs that are due for upgrade. According to the manufacturer, the C-27J was the only machine in the selection process that was able to meet the requirements of the Romanian armed forces with regard to the presence of an APU, climbing performance and self-defense capabilities.
- Zambian Air Force : 2 C-27J, ordered in October 2014 for delivery in 2016/2017, delivery in 2017/2018.
- Vzdušné Sily Ozbrojených Síl Slovenskej Republiky : 2 C-27J, ordered in September 2015, delivery in early 2018. After the crash of an An-24 in 2006, 42 people died and the armed forces only had two An-26 transport machines stood, new aircraft should be procured. A tender was issued in August 2008. Competitors were the C-130J-30, the C-295 and the C-17 Globemaster III.
- Force Aérienne Tchadienne (FAT): 2 C-27J, delivery from spring 2014.
United States ( United States Armed Forces )
- In June 2007, the US Air Force and the US Army initially ordered 78 machines as part of their JCA ( Joint Cargo Aircraft ) program . In the medium term, 145 C-27Js were planned, 70 of them for the United States Air Force (USAF) and 75 for the United States Army , and within ten years a total of 207 aircraft worth around 6 billion US dollars should be in service. The first production aircraft for the Army made its maiden flight on June 16, 2008 and was delivered later that year. The USAF later took over the entire program, which has now been reduced to just 38 copies, with the majority of the first deliveries going to the Air National Guard (ANG). However, in early 2012 it was announced that the program would be canceled and all 21 aircraft already active were decommissioned by 2013. The machines were taken over by other US authorities and continued to be used.
- United States Air Force (USAF) : 21 , all out of service
- United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM): 7 C-27J "Spartan" taken over from the USAF.
- United States Coast Guard (USCG): 14 C-27J "Spartan" (USCG designation HC-27J) taken from the USAF, in use since November 2014.
Technical specifications
| Parameter | Data from the C-27J Spartan |
|---|---|
| Type | medium military multipurpose transporter |
| crew | two pilots and a loadmaster |
| length | 22.70 m |
| height | 9.64 m |
| span | 28.70 m |
| Wing area | 82 m² |
| Wing extension | 10.05 |
| Wing loading (empty weight) | 201 kg / m² |
| Wing loading (maximum take-off weight | MTOW) | 388 kg / m² |
| Empty mass | 16,500 kg |
| Max. Payload | 8,500 (for tactical use) 11,500 kg (normal) |
| Fuel capacity | 12,320 l |
| Max. Takeoff mass | 30,500 kg |
| Max. Landing mass | 27,500 kg (3.05 m / s sink rate) |
| necessary runway length | 580 m |
| necessary runway length | 340 m |
| Top speed |
|
| Marching speed | approx. 500 km / h |
| Service ceiling | 9144 m |
| Service ceiling with one engine | 4420 m |
| Max. Climb performance | approx. 10 m / s |
| Range |
|
| Engines | two Rolls-Royce AE 2100-D2 with 4637 SHP |
| APU | 150 SHP , can be launched up to 22,000 ft |
| propeller | two six-bladed Dowty R-391s 4.11 m in diameter |
Picture gallery
operator
cockpit
Hold
Looping
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See also
- Fiat G.222
- Antonov An-26 "Curl"
- Antonov An-32 "Cline"
- Antonov An-12 "Cub" / Shaanxi Y-8
- ATR 72
- EADS (CASA) CN-235
- EADS (CASA) C-295
- De Havilland Canada DHC-4 "Caribou"
- Ilyushin Il-112
- Transall C-160
- Lockheed-Martin C-130J "Super Hercules"
Web links
- Type certification of the C-27J - EASA-TCDS-A.407 (PDF; 257 kB)
- Profile of the C-27 on globalsecurity.org (English)
- Profile of the C-27J on fliegerweb.com with video about the development history
Individual evidence
- ↑ Craig Hoyle: Slovakia to operate C-27J Spartans from 2016. In: flightglobal.com. November 3, 2014, accessed November 17, 2016.
- ↑ Gerald Frawley: LMATTS C-27J Spartan. In: The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003. Aerospace Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-875671-55-2 .
- ^ LM To Join JCA Competition With Four-Engine Offering. In: aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 ; accessed on October 14, 2010 (English).
- ^ C-27J team. In: c-27j.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007 ; accessed on November 17, 2016 (English).
- ↑ Stephen Trimble: First C27J for JCA contract makes first flight. In: flightglobal.com. June 17, 2008, accessed January 15, 2010.
- ↑ C-27J successfully completes Army, Air Force early user survey. In: Aerotech News and Review. December 1, 2006.
- ^ C-27J tapped for Joint Cargo Aircraft. In: airforcetimes.com. Retrieved October 14, 2010 .
- ^ New Cargo Planes To Be Built in Cecil Field. (No longer available online.) In: firstcoastnews.com. Formerly in the original ; accessed on October 14, 2010 (English). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ C-27J Spartan named as Joint Cargo Aircraft. ( Memento from March 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: af.mil. (English).
- ↑ Raytheon details dispute over $ 2B deal. In: iii.co.uk. Retrieved October 14, 2010 .
- ^ Roxanna Tiron: GAO denies protest over Joint Cargo Aircraft contract. In: TheHill.com , September 27, 2007, accessed September 28, 2007.
- ↑ Joint Cargo Aircraft delivery starts in a year. In: armytimes.com. Retrieved October 14, 2010 .
- ↑ Stephen Tremble: First C-27J for JCA contract makes first flight. In: Flightglobal.com , June 17, 2008 (English).
- ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Did You Know - The True Story of the C-27A. In: c27j.com. (PDF, English).
- ↑ Vláda potvrdila, že nakúpi Spartan. In: sme.sk , December 19, 2008, accessed on November 17, 2016 (Slovak).
- ↑ iss2. In: mesroma.it. Archived from the original on May 6, 2006 ; Retrieved November 17, 2016 (Italian).
- ↑ C-27J Spartan. In: air-attack.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2006 ; accessed on November 17, 2016 (English).
- ↑ GMAS to offer C-27J to US Air Force for combat rescue tanker. ( Memento of October 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Global Military Aircraft Systems, Huntsville, Alabama, USA, November 14, 2005, accessed on February 3, 2010 (PDF, English).
- ↑ AC-XX Gunship Lite AC-27J Baby Spooky. Defense Industry Daily, September 28, 2008, accessed February 1, 2010.
- ↑ Maiden flight for Australia's C-27J Spartan airlifter. ( Memento from December 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Flightglobal.com. December 18, 2013, accessed December 19, 2013
- ↑ RAAF receives 10th and final C-27J Spartan transport aircraft, Janes, April 18, 2018
- ↑ RAAF accepts first C-27J Spartan. ( Memento of July 3, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: janes.com. June 30, 2015 (English).
- ↑ Alenia Aeronautica: delivery of two C-27Js to the Hellenic Air Force (pdf, English) ( Memento from September 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Justin Wastnage: Italy takes delivery of first 12 C-27J Spartan developed by Alenia with Lockheed Martin. In: Flightglobal.com. October 26, 2006, accessed January 15, 2010.
- ↑ Alenia Aeronautica completes the deliveries of the C-27Js to the Italian Air Force with the 12th aircraft delivered. ( Memento of January 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Alenia Aeronautica, Press Department, May 27, 2009, accessed February 2, 2010
- ↑ Leonardo has delivered two C-27J Spartans to Kenya, Aerobuzz, February 10, 2020
- ↑ Alenia Aeronautica has delivered the last C-27J to the Lithuanian Air Force ( Memento of October 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Alenia Aeronautica, Press Department, October 22, 2009, accessed on February 2, 2010
- ↑ Alenia Aeronautica signs contract worth 130 million Euro to supply four C-27Js to Morocco ( Memento of February 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Alenia Aeronautica, Press Department, Rome, October 23, 2008, accessed on February 2, 2010
- ↑ Peru orders additional C-27J transports ( Memento from April 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: janes.com. Jane's Information Group , accessed January 19, 2015.
- ↑ Peru comprara otros dos Spartan y sera mayor operador en Latam, Infodefensa, November 17, 2018
- ^ David Donald: Romania Receives First C-27J. AIN online July 22, 2009, accessed February 15, 2015.
- ↑ Finmeccanica: Alenia Aeronautica sign with Romania a 217 million euro contract for seven C-27J. ( Memento of May 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Finmeccanica, Press Department, Rome, December 7, 2007, accessed on February 2, 2010
- ↑ Slovakia receives first Spartan airlifter ( Memento from November 3, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Janes, October 31, 2017, accessed on November 2, 2017
- ↑ Zambian C-27J Spartan buy confirmed ( Memento from December 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Janes, December 20, 2017, accessed on December 21, 2017
- ↑ Vláda potvrdila, že nakúpi Spartan , SMK, December 19, 2008
- ↑ Gareth Jennings: Chad to receive C-27J Spartan transport aircraft ( Memento from October 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) . In: IHS Janes. October 10, 2013, accessed on November 24, 2013 (English): "The Chad Air Force (Force Aérienne Tchadienne - FAT) is to enhance its fixed-wing medium transport capability with the arrival of two new Alenia Aermacchi C-27J Spartan aircraft , the company confirmed to IHS Jane's on October 11th. "
- ^ Jess Harvey: C-27 program cut explained, budget aligned with strategy. In: af.mil. Air Force Public Affairs Agency, March 30, 2012, archived from the original April 2, 2012 ; Retrieved on April 19, 2012 : "We are going to make more disciplined use of defense dollars"
Remarks
- ↑ Further information on the pallet system of the US armed forces can be found at Engl. Wikipedia 463L Master Pallet