Aloys Martin

Aloys Martin (born November 23, 1818 in Bamberg , † July 15, 1891 in Munich ) was a German anesthetist and forensic pathologist .

Life

After attending elementary and Latin school and grammar school, which he graduated with the grade “excellent worthy”, as well as the royal high school in his hometown, he moved to the University of Munich in autumn 1840 . There he devoted himself to the study of natural sciences , in particular botany , in order to later undertake scientific research trips, and became the favorite student of Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius , whom he helped with the organization and determination of his tropical plant collection, and of Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini , whose children he taught Latin, Greek and literature. Zuccarini recommended him to study medicine for pecuniary advantage , which he completed in 1843. In the same year he got a job as an assistant doctor at the Medical Polyclinic Munich , newly founded by Karl Schneemann (1812-1850) , which he held until 1854 with a few interruptions.

Parallel to his clinical work, Martin dealt with organic and pathological chemistry , as well as experimental pharmacology through which his 1845 doctoral thesis recognized via said of him, "Urokyanin" Harnfarbstoff resulted. In the summer of 1845 he passed the Bavarian state examination and went to Vienna on a scholarship at the beginning of 1846 and to Paris towards the end of the same year . There he was made an extraordinary member of the Association of German Doctors in Paris (Societas Medicorum Germanicorum Parisiensis) and also began his correspondence for political newspapers.

In the summer of 1847 he returned to Munich and qualified as a private lecturer in pathology and therapy on sulfur ether. In 1848 he was sent to Northern Germany as royal commissioner for several months, where he visited the cholera hospitals in Magdeburg, Stettin, Braunschweig, Hamburg and Berlin to scientifically investigate and observe cholera . Subsequently he was secretary of the "Royal Commission for the Scientific Investigation of Indian Cholera". During the cholera epidemic in Munich in 1854 he was a police doctor for two months and wrote the “main report on the cholera epidemic in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1854” (1857).

From May 1849 he read at the University of Munich about pharmacology, drug prescription theory and pathology and was, in addition to his work as a general practitioner in his private practice, doctor for the poor until 1858 . Several applications for physics positions that had become vacant were rejected. It was not until 1857 that he was appointed adjunct of both city physicists in Munich, in 1859 he was finally appointed court doctor at the District Court of Munich on the right of the Isar , in 1862 as the City Court doctor in Munich and in 1865 as the District Court doctor in Munich on the left of the Isar . His applications for appointment as associate professor were also rejected several times by the State Ministry of the Interior for Church and School Affairs . Only after Karl von Pfeufer was appointed from Heidelberg to Munich, Martin was made an honorary professor in 1860 and an associate professor in 1876. His lectures expanded to include pharmacognosy and pharmacy , state medicine , police and forensic medicine. More rarely he also read lectures on pathology, pediatrics , dermatology and balneology . During 1861, 1865, 1869 and 1873 he was a member of the Royal Commission for the Conduct of the State Medical Examination.

Aloys Martin was married three times. In 1848 he married Barbara Louise Bauer (1822–1867) from Bamberg, the daughter of a chief customs inspector. He had five children with her. His second marriage, in 1869 with Hildegard Katharina Louise Schubärth (* 1843) from Augsburg , daughter of Major General Schubärth, and his third marriage, in 1890 with Maria Johanna Szuhany (1863–1913) from Allmannsweier , remained childless. Martin retired in 1889 and died of a stroke on July 15, 1891 .

Achievements and honors

During his time in Paris in 1846/47, the American Charles Thomas Jackson presented the anesthetic effects of sulfur ether to the French Academy of Sciences . Martin carried this message and its reception in France and England to Germany and dealt with its practical and scientific consequences. A year later he worked with Ludwig Binswanger on the use of chloroform . Csaba Nikolaus Nemes therefore describes Aloys Martin as a “pioneer of surgical anesthesia in Germany” and Jürgen Plotz as a “pioneer of anesthesia”.

His later scientific work is mainly as a university professor and as the founder and editor of the "Bavarian Medical Intelligence Journal " , which was later renamed " Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift ". In addition, he worked as a member of the “Poor Care Council” of the Poor Institute and as a co-founder of the “Association for the establishment and promotion of Fröbelsch Kindergartens” and the “Association for voluntary poor care”.

Martin was a corresponding member of the Physikalisch-Medizinischen Sozietät Erlangen (Societas physico-medica Erlangensis) and the Association of Baden Doctors for the Promotion of State Medicine, as well as an honorary member of Pollichia and the Free German College for Science, Arts and General Education . He was awarded the Memorial for Civil Doctors in 1866 , the Cross of Merit for the years 1870/71 and in 1877 the Order of Merit of St. Michael IV Class. In 1871 he was appointed Medical Councilor and on January 14, 1878 he was accepted into the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina .

Works (selection)

• About urokyanine and some other dyes in human urine . Pathological-chemical inaugural treatise. Printed in the Dr. Franz Wild'schen Buchdruckerey, Munich 1845, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb11025028-2 .
• On the physiology and pharmacodynamics of etherism . One of the high medical faculties of the Ludwig Maximilians University per facultate legendi presented inaugural treatise. Printed and published by Georg Franz, Munich 1847, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10314738-3 .
• History of the discovery and expansion of etherism . In: Johann Andreas Buchner (Hrsg.): Repertorium für die Pharmacie . tape 96 , 3rd issue. Johann Leonhard Schrag, Nuremberg 1847, p. 351–387 , urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10288296-3 ( online ).
• Chloroform in its effects on man and animals . Based largely on his own experience, edited by Dr. Aloys Martin and Dr. Ludwig Binswanger . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1848, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10287622-5 .
• Philipp Franz von Walther's life and work . Special impression from v. Walther's and v. Ammon's Journal of Surgery and Ophthalmology. Vol. IX. Hft. V. Munich 1850, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10376363-1 .
• The brine from Neuhaus, near Neustadt on the Franconian Saale . Christian Kaiser, Munich 1856, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10384598-4 .
• Main report on the cholera epidemic in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1854 . Reimbursed by the Royal Commission for Scientific Research into Indian Cholera. Literary and artistic establishment of the JG Cotta'schen Buchhandlung, Munich 1857, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10376364-6 .
• The Hunyadi János Epsom salt source to oven . Their origins, chemical components, physiological and therapeutic effects and application methods. Theodor Ackermann, Munich 1872, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb11010874-8 .
• The civil-medicinal system in the Kingdom of Bavaria . 2 volumes. Published by Theodor Ackermann, Munich 1883.

literature

• Carl Prantl : Martin Aloys . In: History of the Ludwig Maximilians University in Ingolstadt, Landshut, Munich . To celebrate their 400th anniversary. tape 2 . Christian Kaiser, Munich 1872, p. 563 ( online ).
• Hermann von Lingg : Dr. Alois Martin . Obituary. In: Alfred Dove (Ed.): Allgemeine Zeitung . Year 1891, supplement number 184. JG Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachhaben, Stuttgart & Munich August 10, 1891, p. 6-8 ( online ).
• Wernich: Martin, Alois . In: Ernst Julius Gurlt , August Hirsch (ed.): Biographical lexicon of outstanding doctors of all times and peoples . 4th volume (Lindsley – Revillon). Urban & Schwarzenberg, Vienna and Leipzig 1886, p. 146 ( online ).
• Rainer Albert Müller : Martin, Aloys . In: Karl Bosl (ed.): Bosls Bavarian biography . 8000 personalities from 15 centuries. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 1983, ISBN 3-7917-0792-2 , p. 508 ( online ).
• Csaba Nikolaus Nemes: Alois Martin, pioneer of surgical anesthesia in Germany . In: Klaus Peter (ed.): The anesthesiologist . Journal for anesthesia, intensive care medicine, emergency and disaster medicine, pain therapy. tape 43 , no. 5 . Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1994, p. 330-331 .
• Michael Goerig, Csaba Nikolaus Nemes, A. Straimer: The Role of the “Societas Medicorum Germanicorum Parisiensis” for the spread of anesthesia in Europe . In: Jochen Schulte am Esch , Michael Goerig (Ed.): Proceedings 4th International Symposium on the History of Anesthesia . Dräger, Lübeck 1997, p. 235-246 (English).
• Jürgen Plotz: Aloys Martin (1818–1891), “pioneer of anesthesia” . Addenda to his life and work. In: Klaus Peter (ed.): The anesthesiologist . Journal for anesthesia, intensive care medicine, emergency and disaster medicine, pain therapy. tape 49 , no. 3 . Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 2000, p. 214-224 , doi : 10.1007 / s001010050818 .

Web links

• Aloys Martin in the German biography
• Works by and about Aloys Martin  in the German Digital Library
• Aloys Martin's entry as a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , accessed on January 22, 2017.