Artillery School (Hanover)

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The artillery school in Hanover was a school for artillery set up by the Hanoverian army in 1782 and is considered the forerunner of the ( Prussian ) United Artillery and Engineering School . The location of the artillery school, which with its library quickly rose to become the most important military educational institution in the Electorate of Hanover , was the pavilion at Calenberger Tor .

history

1766 to 1803

City map Hanover 1834; on the westernmost Ravelin in the extension of Calenberger Straße the " military school ;"
Verlag Hahn'sche Hofbuchhandlung

As early as 1766, just a few years after the Seven Years' War , Colonel von Estorff set up " a first officer school for the officers of the 8th Cavalry Regiment, Dragoons , at which the future Prussian General Scharnhorst also taught from 1778 ". In 1782 General von Trew received approval for an artillery school, which began teaching in September of that year.

At his own request, Scharnhorst , who had previously been appointed artillery lieutenant in the Estorff Dragoon Regiment (Garrison Northeim ), was appointed to the Hanover Military School after King George III. of Great Britain and Ireland "under May 17, 1782 the establishment and establishment of an artillery school in Hanover" had ordered, which should be financially assigned to the artillery regiment. The legacy of Lieutenant General Anton Ulrich Braun , "who bequeathed his private collection of scientific and military-scientific literature to the [Hanoverian] officer corps ", provided the basis for his own artillery library. In 1782 Scharnhorst became head librarian at the newly founded artillery school. Scharnhorst, who later became the reformer of the Prussian army, was a second teacher at the artillery school until 1801.

After Major General Georg Josua du Plat, through the negative experiences in the Seven Years' War, had called for the establishment of an engineering school in several memoranda since 1763 , the positive experience with the newly founded artillery school and another "memorandum [du Plats] brought the commanding general von der Cover of January 10, 1783 ”finally the breakthrough: 1784 - Scharnhorst was promoted to lieutenant - an engineering school reserved for officers was attached to the artillery school (until 1831).

In 1789, the relationship between the two military schools was reorganized by a royal rescript : A newly created, joint directorate now oversees the military education system, and Wilhelm von Freytag and Ernst Franz Carl von Hake were appointed directors. In the 1790s the Artillery School von Trew and the Engineering School were under Colonel Friedrich Christoph Kunze . "Hake's war council belonged to the management of both institutions, reported and submitted the bill together with the respective directors on the same day." A donation note in the artillery library also indicates that Hakes was also a library.

Around 100 years after Knigge's writing: gunners with Prussian spiked bonnets ;
Postcard 406 from Karl F. Wunder , around 1898

Adolph Freiherr von Knigge wrote about the artillery school in his letters published in 1792 , written on a trip from Lorraine to Lower Saxony :

"... beautiful people ... dressed very favorably ... The corps of officers [consists] of educated, skilful, fine, decent and modest men and youths ... At these [two] military schools I have to name Captain Scharnhorst, whom I consider thoroughly I value knowledge, his noble modesty and his gentle character. "

The Napoleonic Wars Scharnhorst took part in 1793/94 as adjutant of General von Hammerstein . In 1801, Hanover was occupied from April to October by Prussian troops , who thus forestalled a French occupation. On May 19 of the same year, Scharnhorst changed from the Hanoverian service to the Prussian one and left the artillery school in Hanover. However, he remained a member of the Calenberg-Grubenhagen landscape and "apparently never let his ties to H [annover] be completely severed." In 1803, the Hanoverian army was completely disbanded - parts of it fought in the King's German Legion - and began for the city of Hanover almost ten years of foreign rule, during which there was no teaching at either the artillery or the affiliated engineering school.

Artillery and Engineering School from 1814 to 1834

Even before the Battle of Waterloo , the Royal Hanoverian Army was re-established in 1813 and in 1814 "teaching in the newly established artillery and engineering school was resumed".

The training of the NCOs and NCO candidates lasted only one year and "comprised the subjects of mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), artillery and mechanics as well as drawing, supplemented by practical exercises." Separately from this, the officer candidates were trained in the second and third grades as well as those officers who who had not yet acquired sufficient qualifications for their profession. The focus of the second, one-year class was again on mathematics with the subdivisions algebra, arithmetic, geo- and trigonometry. It was not until the third grade, which lasted two years, that “the so-called applied sciences were taught, that is artillery, mechanics (especially ballistics), tactics, fortification and major field operations”.

While the theoretical instruction of the cadets and officers took place in the lecture hall in the winter half-years, all the students were given thorough practical instruction in the summer half-years. According to the understanding at the time, the trainees were given very demanding practical training in “gun knowledge, the use of guns, estimating distances, surveying the terrain and solving specific military problems”. Unlike in comparable contemporary military institutions, however, the officer students and officers in Hanover were "trained beyond the functions associated with their rank." This expanded training was supported by the instruction of von Scharnhorst, who also made the students independent during his lessons Guided decisions.

Other teachers at the artillery school in Hanover were the former employees of Carl Friedrich Gauß , staff captain Georg Wilhelm Müller (1785-1835) and the lieutenant Johann Georg Friedrich Hartmann (1796-1834). After teaching at the Artillery School in 1831, Hartmann moved to the newly founded Higher Trade School , later the Technical University of Hanover , where he taught practical geometry and practical drawing.

The Marieninsel

From 1843 the Marieninsel was set up on the grounds of the artillery school , a restoration with a park, bowling alley and open-air theater.

After the battle of Langensalza in the German War and the end of the Kingdom of Hanover , the last buildings of the artillery school on the artillery yard were demolished from 1866 onwards.

Personalities

Directorate

Teacher

  • Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst, senior librarian and second teacher
  • 1800–1803: Christianzug , full teacher
  • Staff captain Georg Wilhelm Müller (1785–1835)
  • 1821–1831: Lieutenant Johann Georg Friedrich Hartmann (1796–1834), from 1831 "Teacher for practical geometry and geometric drawing at the Higher Trade School, ... part-time teacher of mathematical geography at the General Staff Academy "

student

Received books

As archival of Archivschule have a total of 731 titles (not magazines) in the holdings of the library from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library received, mostly with a bookplate archive school.

literature

References and comments

  1. ↑ a b c Klaus Mlynek , Waldemar R. Röhrbein (ed.): History of the City of Hanover , Volume 1 From the Beginnings to the Beginning of the 19th Century , pp. 199, 246, online via Google books
  2. ^ A b c Lars Ulrich Scholl: Engineering School 1786 to 1803. In: Engineers in early industrialization / State and private technicians in the Kingdom of Hanover and on the Ruhr (1815–1873) , at the same time dissertation from 1977 at the Technical University of Hanover, Faculty of Spirit - and social sciences, in the series studies on natural science, technology and economics in the nineteenth century , vol. 10, p. 52ff., online via Google books
  3. ↑ a b c d e Georg Ruppelt (Ed.): From the book collection to the library ... (see literature)
  4. ↑ Dietmar Schössler : Clausewitz - Engels - Mahan: Outline of a history of ideas of military thought , in the series Politics / Research and Science , Vol. 27, Berlin; Münster: Lit, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8258-0220-2 , p. 44, online
  5. ^ Karl Gustav von Berneck : A picture of Scharnhorst's life. In: Blätter for literary entertainment , year 1861, first volume, January to June (containing: No. 1–26.), Leipzig: FA Brockhaus , p. 112, online
  6. ^ Louis Heinrich Friedrich von Sichart: History of the royal Hanoverian army , fourth volume, fifth period, 1789 to 1803 , Hanover: Hahn'sche Hofbuchhandlung , 1871, p. 134ff., Online via Google books
  7. ↑ "60 of the original 489 books of the foundation have been preserved" according to Thomas Fuchs, Ulrich Kandolf: The Defense Area Library II and its predecessor institutions. In: The Military District Library II (Hanover) in the Lower Saxony State Library , p. 171, PDF document , online
  8. ↑ a b Iris Becker: Function and significance of military libraries in the 18th and 19th centuries. In: Jutta Nowosadtko, Matthias Rogg (ed.): "Mars and the Muses". The Interplay of Military, War and Art in the Early Modern Era , in the series Dominance and Social Systems in the Early Modern Era , Vol. 5, Berlin; Münster: Lit, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8258-9809-0 , p. 92; after: Joachim Kiefer: Military libraries in Hanover. In: Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter , New Series 17 (1963), p. 292, online via Google books
  9. ↑ a b c Heinz Stübig: Gerhard von Scharnhorst ... (see literature)
  10. ↑ Deviating from this, a teaching activity from 1782 to only 1793 is listed, in: Klaus Mlynek: Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (eds.) U. a .: City Lexicon Hanover . From the beginning to the present. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9 . Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (eds.) A. a .: City Lexicon Hanover . From the beginning to the present. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9 , p. 537.
  11. ↑ a b c Heinz Stübig: Gerhard von Scharnhorst ... , p. 31f. (see literature)
  12. ↑ a b c Klaus Mlynek: Napoleonic Wars. In: Stadtlexikon Hannover , p. 459 f.
  13. ^ Klaus Mlynek: Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von. In: Stadtlexikon Hannover , p. 537
  14. ↑ Lars Ulrich Scholl: Artillery and Engineering School 1814 to 1834. In: Engineers in early industrialization ... , pp. 58f., Online
  15. ^ A b c Wolfgang Torge : History of Geodesy in Germany , Berlin; New York: de Gruyter, 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019056-4 , p. 134, online via Google books
  16. ^ Helmut Knocke : Marieninsel. In: Stadtlexikon Hannover , p. 425
  17. ^ Klaus Mlynek: German War 1866. In: Stadtlexikon Hannover , p. 130
  18. ^ Arnold Nöldeke : Military Academy and General Staff Academy . In: City of Hanover. The art monuments of the city of Hanover , part 1, monuments of the "old" city area of ​​Hanover, the art monuments of the province of Hanover vol. 1, no.2, part 1, Hanover, self-published by the provincial administration, Schulzes bookstore, 1932 (Neudruck Verlag Wenner, Osnabrück 1979 , ISBN 3-87898-151-1 ) The Art Monuments of the Province of Hanover , ed. by the Provincial Commission for Research and Conservation of the Monuments of the Province of Hanover, p. 392
  19. ↑ Johannes Kunisch : Gerhard von Scharnhorst / Private und Dienstliche Schriften , in the series of publications from the Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage , ed. from the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation , Vol. 52, Cologne; Weimar; Vienna: Böhlau, p. 7, online
  20. ↑ a b Harald Vennegeerts: Johann Georg Friedrich Hartmann ( memento from January 6, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), in: Professors at the GIH on the website of the Geodetic Institute Hannover of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover.
  21. ^ Georg Waitz:  Hartmann, Julius von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 688-691.
  22. ^ Karl Karmarsch : Georg Wilhelm Glünder. In: The polytechnic school in Hanover , second, very expanded edition, "With three sheets of images of the institution's building", Hanover: Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung , 1856, p. 154 and so on, online via Google books
  23. ^ Karl Karmarsch : Arnold Heinrich Deichmann. In: Die Polytechnische Schule zu Hannover , 2nd, very expanded edition, Hannover: Hahn'sche Hofbuchhandlung , 1856, p. 149 and others; online through google books
  24. ^ Dirk Böttcher : DEICHMANN, Ludewig Wilhelm Arnold Heinrich. In: Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon , p. 91f.

Coordinates: 52 ° 22 ′ 11.2 "  N , 9 ° 43 ′ 21.9"  E