Banksia aemula

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Banksia aemula
Banksia aemula on Lake Munmorah

Banksia aemula on Lake Munmorah

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Silver tree-like (Proteales)
Family : Silver tree family (Proteaceae)
Subfamily : Grevilleoideae
Genre : Banksien ( Banksia )
Type : Banksia aemula
Scientific name
Banksia aemula
R.Br.

Banksia aemula (English name "wallum banksia") is a species ofthe silver tree family (Proteaceae).

This shrub or tree has lignified tubers ( lignotubers ) underground , from which it can sprout again after bush fires. A rough, brown bark covers the trunk, the serrated leaves are shiny green. In autumn the light yellow flowers appear , which are grouped in large inflorescences . As the flowers fade, the inflorescences turn gray and large, gray follicles form . The inflorescences are visited by many different mammals, birds, and insects, which cause pollination; Honeyeater (Meliphagidae) are particularly noticeable visitors.

Banksia aemula occurs on the Australian east coast from Bundaberg in the north to Sydney in the south. The plants grow on deep sandy soils in a coastal heathland , which is known as " wallum ". Occasionally they are used as an ornamental plant, but less often than Banksia serrata .

The botanist Robert Brown , who wrote the first description in the 19th century , named the species aemula , "similar", which indicates the similarity to the closely related Banksia serrata . No varieties are recognized within the species . For a while , the name Banksia serratifolia , coined by Richard Anthony Salisbury , was also used.

description

Banksia aemula , withered inflorescence with the large follicles

Banksia aemula usually grows as a shrub or small tree with an irregular crown and a height of up to 8 m, but often remains smaller. The plant can sprout again from lignified tubers after bush fires. The trunk is covered with a thick, orange-brown, wrinkled and warty bark. The bark of young branches is hairy and bald with time. The growth of the new shoots takes place in spring and summer.

The glossy green leaves are obovate to oblong with a length of 3 to 22 cm and a width of 1 to 2 cm. The sheet ends straight cut, the edges are sawn but not curled.

Flowering time is in autumn and extends from March to June. The light yellow to greenish-yellow inflorescences are at the end of the branches and tower above the foliage. The length of the inflorescence is 4 to 20 cm, the diameter 8 to 9 cm. 800 to 1700 individual small flowers are arranged on the woody inflorescence axis. The flowers of an inflorescence open from bottom to top within one to two weeks; the pollen is applied from the stamens to a white, conical section of the stylus . Each flower head produces nectar for about seven days after it has opened. The inflorescences turn gray after blooming, up to 25 gray, finely hairy follicles are formed. These can get quite large and measure 3 to 4.5 cm in length, 2 to 3.5 cm in height and 2 to 3.5 cm in width. They either open after a fire or without this trigger. The seeds are oval, 4 to 4.7 cm in length, they consist of a wedge-shaped body (1 to 1.5 cm long and 1.1 to 1.6 cm wide) and a curved wing (2 to 3.2 cm wide).

Banksia aemula is very similar to Banksia serrata , which can be distinguished by a gray, non-orange-brown trunk and more than 2 cm wide leaves. The inflorescences of Banksia serrata are dull gray-yellow in color, the part of the style with pollen is longer (2 to 3 mm) and spindle-shaped to cylindrical. After all, the follicles are smaller.

Distribution and locations

Distribution area of Banksia aemula

The localities of Banksia aemula are on the east coast of Australia, in the north, the area extends to about 70 kilometers north of Bundaberg in central Queensland , south to Sydney . More precisely, the southernmost deposit is at La Perouse on the north side of Botany Bay . The range also includes Fraser , Moreton, and North Stradbroke Island . Almost all populations grow only a few kilometers from the coast, with the exception of one near Agnes Banks in western Sydney, two near Grafton and another about 30 km southwest of Bundaberg.

Banksia aemula usually grows on deep sandy soils, either on dunes or in rather flat areas that can be temporarily wet. On the coastal dunes in southern Queensland, it replaces Banksia serrata , which occupies the same niche further south. The flat, sandy places, overgrown with open forest or heather, are called " wallum ". In some of these areas, Banksia aemula develops into a small tree and grows together with small- stature Corymbia gummifera . In Queensland, Banksia aemula is found together with Banksia robur , which populates more humid depressions, while Banksia aemula grows on slopes and knolls. It can also be found together with Banksia oblongifolia . In the Great Sandy National Park, it towers over, together with Melaleuca quinquenervia and Eucalyptus umbra , the otherwise only 0.5 to 2 m high vegetation consisting of the grasses and bushes Xanthorrhoea fulva , Empodisma minus , Petrophile shirleyae , as well as Hakea and Leptospermum species. In the central coastal section of New South Wales, Banksia aemula remains a 1 to 2 m high shrub and thus forms the top layer of the Banksia aemula heather, which grows on heavily washed-out, white Pleistocene sands. This vegetation can be found at Wybung Head in the Munmorah State Conservation Area and near Myall Lakes . Other plant species that grow there are Ricinocarpos pinifolius , Brachyloma daphnoides , Dillwynia glaberrima , Dillwynia retorta , Allocasuarina distyla , Bossiaea ensata , Aotus ericoides , Phyllota phylicoides and Empodisma minus . Much of this vegetation around Redhead was destroyed by sand mining . On more nutrient-rich, yellow sandy soils, this plant community (and Banksia aemula ) is replaced by a taller heather with Banksia serrata and Banksia oblongifolia .

On the southern border of its range, Banksia aemula forms part of the "Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub" (Banksia bushland of the eastern suburbs of Sydney), which is designated as an endangered ecological unit. This plant community grows on younger sands that are still influenced by wind movements than the heaths further north.

The Agnes Banks woodland in western Sydney is another threatened ecosystem. There Banksia aemula grows in the understory, together with Banksia oblongifolia , Conospermum taxifolium , Ricinocarpus pinifolius , Dillwynia sericea and Persoonia nutans , while Eucalyptus sclerophylla , Angophora bakeri and Banksia serrata form the canopy.

On North Stradbroke Island, Banksia aemula is one of three species that make up the canopy. The 12 to 15 m high forest is dominated by Eucalyptus signata , furthermore Eucalyptus umbra occurs. This forest grows on an approximately 100 m high elevation, an old sand dune. The bracken Pteridium esculentum dominates the undergrowth. Other tall shrubs there are Persoonia cornifolia and Acacia concurrens . Individual specimens of Banksia aemula reach heights of 8.3 to 12.1 m with a maximum diameter of 44 cm at chest height .

ecology

Like all Banksia species and most silver tree plants, Banksia aemula has proteoid roots , roots with a dense network of short side roots that are located in the soil directly under the humus layer . These roots are able to take up nutrients in particularly nutrient-poor soils, such as the phosphorus- poor soils of Australia. A study of six species of the plant community called “wallum”, including Banksia aemula , found that all of them are adapted to very low phosphorus concentrations. This goes so far that increased phosphorus values ​​have a toxic effect on the plant. There is evidence that they use potassium very efficiently and that calcium in higher concentrations is not tolerated either. A field study on North Stradbroke Island found increased root growth in autumn (April), otherwise the root growth was more even than that of other plants examined there, probably because the deeper roots of Banksia aemula reached the groundwater.

A 1998 Bundjalung National Park carried out in northern New South Wales study found that the inflorescences of Banksia aemula of various small mammals are visited, including marsupials such as the Yellow-Footed Antechinus ( Antechinus flavipes ) and rodents as Rattus tunneyi , Rattus lutreolus , Melomys burtoni and even the house mouse ( Mus musculus ). These animals carried pollen on a similar scale as nectar-eating birds and were effective pollinators of the flowers. Gray-headed flying foxes ( Pteropus poliocephalus ) have also been observed as flower visitors, with their head and stomach touching the scar while eating . Birds that feed on the flowers of Banksia aemula include the rainbow lorikeet ( Trichoglossus haematodus ), Myzomela sanguinolenta , and the golden-eared honeyeater ( Meliphaga lewinii ). The mapping project "The Banksia Atlas" others were Honigfresser observed, including the New Holland honeyeater ( Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ) Lichmera indistincta , Phylidonyris nigra , Gliciphila melanops , Manorina melanocephala , Anthochaera chrysoptera and noisy friarbird ( Philemon corniculatus ). The field study in Bundjalung National Park showed that Lichmera indistincta carried significantly more pollen from Banksia aemula than other bird species examined, such as Phylidonyris nigra , Lichenostomus chrysops and Zosterops lateralis . Ants and bees, including the honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) introduced to Australia , have also been observed on the flowers.

After a fire, Banksia aemula emerges from the woody tuber or from adventitious buds . For Banksia aemula heathland management in southeast Queensland, a fire interval of seven to 20 years is recommended. A frequency of ten to 15 years is recommended for the areas of the "Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub", otherwise the bushes will be displaced by the taller Leptospermum laevigatum . Tests on seed germination and the development of young plants have shown that phosphorus is harmful to the seedlings. If the concentration increases to twice the value normally present in the soil, growth stagnates, if it increases to four times, the seedlings die. This effect can be weakened by giving potassium and magnesium, but too high potassium values ​​are in turn harmful to growth. Compared to other plant species, young Banksia aemula plants grow quite slowly in the first 21 weeks. The reasons for this are unclear, this behavior could offer benefits in the nutrient and water poor environment. The seeds survive a temperature of 100 ° C, at 150 ° C they die.

In an examination of the vegetation of defined sand dunes around the Myall Lakes, Banksia aemula grew on the hilltops (dry heather) and Banksia oblongifolia in the more humid areas. Their areas did not overlap. The Banksia aemula seedlings developed long roots there in search of water. It has been shown experimentally that the young plants can also grow in the more humid areas; why the species does not occur there is still unclear. The two species do not seem to have any negative effects on each other, as is known from comparable constellations in western Australia. A field study on rejuvenation with seedlings carried out in Broadwater National Park and the Dirrawong Reserve on the north coast of New South Wales showed that Banksia aemula produces few seedlings, but that they have a high survival rate, especially in rather dry locations. In the Crowdy Bay National Park , it was possible to observe on planted seeds that the young plants had reached the groundwater with their roots six months after germination. Germination can occur shortly after a forest fire, but this is not mandatory. The winged seeds of Banksia aemula are not all released from the follicles at the same time, but over a certain period of time. They germinate quickly and rarely show damage from herbivores.

Systematics and botanical history

Inflorescence just before opening.

Banksia aemula was called "wallum" by the Kabi who settled on the Sunshine Coast , the basis for today's name "wallum banksia" for the plant and for the vegetation in which it occurs. "Banyalla" is another Aboriginal name for this species.

Banksia aemula was collected near Port Jackson by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown in June 1801 , the first description he published in 1810 in his work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen . The name aemula , from the Latin word for "similar", refers to the similarity to Banksia serrata . Brown also collected a larger, tree-shaped specimen from Sandy Cape, which he named Banksia elatior .

Richard Anthony Salisbury published the name Banksia serratifolia as early as 1796 . Subsequent botanists such as Otto Kuntze and Karel Domin used this name until Alex George determined in a revision of the genus in 1981 that it was a non- usable noun dubium . Since Salisbury's description was based only on leaves, it was not sufficient to identify the plant, it could also be a young plant of Banksia paludosa . In fact, Robert Brown was already unsure whether his Banksia aemula was identical to Salisbury's Banksia serratifolia . In Joseph Knight's work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae from 1809 there is a Banksia serraefolia , which is probably Banksia serrata . Where Salisbury got its material from is unclear, but John White had sent plants to James Edward Smith that are kept at the Linnean Society ; Parts of it are called Banksia serratifolia Salisb. , Parts as Banksia aemula R.Br. marked.

In Brown's taxonomic treatment of the genus Banksia , he classified Banksia aemula and Banksia elatior in the subgenus Banksia verae , the "True Banksia", whose inflorescence has the typical elongated shape. Banksia verae was renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847 , and in Carl Meissner's treatment of the genus from 1856 it is a section . Meissner further subdivided Eubanksia into four series , Banksia aemula being in the Quercinae series because of the serrated leaves. George Bentham , who treated the genus Banksia in his Flora Australiensis , replaced Meissner's series with four sections. He placed Banksia aemula in the Orthostylis section , which included 18 species, some of which were quite different.

Bloomed inflorescence, all flowers are open.

Otto Kuntze questioned the generic name Banksia in 1891 , since Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster had already used this name in 1775 to name a genus (today Pimelea ). Kuntze suggested Sirmuellera as an alternative and published Sirmuellera serratifolia as a species name for Banksia aemula . The proposal could not get through, Banksia L.f. was established as the nomen conservandum .

In Alex George's monograph The genus Banksia from 1981, he presented a new taxonomic concept of the genus. Endlicher's Eubanksia became the subgenus Banksia , which was divided into three sections. He placed Banksia aemula in the Banksia section and there again in the Banksia series . He named Banksia serrata and Banksia ornata as closest relatives , these three being related to species from western Australia. Since in Brown's first description all herbarium specimens are named collectively as type specimen , George selected one of them as the lectotype .

In 1996 Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a revision of the genre based on cladistic analyzes. They placed Banksia aemula within the Banksia series in a sub-series Banksia , as the sister taxon of Banksia serrata (with which it shares the shape of the cotyledons) and with Banksia ornata as the closest relative of these two species. In the Flora of Australia , Alex George edited the entry Banksia in 1999 , his classification places Banksia aemula in the series Banksia , next to edited, next to Banksia serrata and Banksia ornata , this series in George includes the species Banksia baxteri , Banksia speciosa , Banksia menziesii , Banksia candolleana and Banksia sceptrum .

A genetic study by Austin Mast in 2002 confirmed the relationships between the three species Banksia aemula , Banksia serrata and Banksia ornata . Their closest relatives are not those of the Banksia series , but the sister taxon of the three consists of a large group around the Prostratae , Ochraceae and Tetragonae series .

use

Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , drawn by William J. Hooker , 1826

Banksia aemula was one of the first Banksia species to be cultivated in England as early as 1788. Illustrations have appeared in both Curtis's Botanical Magazine and The Botanical Register . The glossy green leaves, showy inflorescences, large fruits, and wrinkled bark make it an attractive ornamental plant, but it is not grown as widely as Banksia serrata . The flowers attract insects and birds. Banksia aemula has shown itself to be resistant to fungal diseases caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi . In cultivation it prefers a well-drained, slightly acidic ( pH 5.5–6.5) soil, preferably sandy, and a sunny position. Watering should be carried out in dry periods. The slow-growing plants need four to six years from sowing to first flowering. Banksia aemula can be used as a base for grafting with Banksia speciosa .

The reddish wood is used in furniture construction.

Cultural history

The Australian children's book author May Gibbs is said to have used the big fruits of Banksia aemula as an inspiration for the villains, the "Big Bad Banksia Men", in her books.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Alex S. George: The genus Banksia Lf (Proteaceae) . In: Nuytsia . tape 3 , no. 3 , 1981, ISSN  0085-4417 , pp. 239-473 .
  2. ^ A b c d e f g Anne Taylor, Stephen Hopper: The Banksia Atlas . In: Australian Flora and Fauna Series . No. 8 . Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra 1988, ISBN 0-644-07124-9 , pp. 50-51 .
  3. ↑ a b Elizabeth Dalgleish: Effectiveness of invertebrate and vertebrate pollinators and the influence of pollen limitation and inflorescence position on follicle production of Banksia aemula (family Proteaceae) . In: Australian Journal of Botany . tape 47 , 1999, p. 553-562 , doi : 10.1071 / BT97070 .
  4. ^ BJ Copland, RJ Whelan: Seasonal variation in flowering intensity and pollination limitation of fruit set in four co-occurring Banksia species . In: Journal of Ecology . tape 77 , no. 2 , 1989, pp. 509-23 , doi : 10.2307 / 2260766 .
  5. ^ A b Brian Walters: Banksia aemula . Australian Native Plants Society. November 2007. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved June 4, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / asgap.org.au
  6. ↑ Gwen J. Harden, David W. Hardin, Dianne C. Godden: Proteaceae of New South Wales . UNSW Press, Sydney 2000, ISBN 0-86840-302-4 , pp. 167 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g John Wrigley, Murray Fagg: Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas . Angus & Robertson, Sydney 1991, ISBN 0-207-17277-3 , pp. 87 .
  8. ^ Alan Fairley, Philip Moore: Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide . 2nd Edition. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, NSW 2000, ISBN 0-7318-1031-7 , pp. 176 .
  9. ^ A b Abraham Isaac Salkin: Variation In Banksia in Eastern Australia: An Investigation Using Experimental Methods . Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 1979, pp. 18, 183 .
  10. ↑ Central Threatened Species Unit: Overview of the Wallum Sand Heaths . In: Threatened species, populations and ecological communities in NSW . Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales Government. September 1, 2005. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  11. ↑ David C. McFarland: Fire and the Vegetation Composition and Structure of Subtropical Heathlands in South-eastern Queensland . In: Australian Journal of Botany . tape 36 , 1988, pp. 533-546 , doi : 10.1071 / BT9880533 .
  12. ↑ Doug Benson: The vegetation of the Gosford and Lake Macquarie 1: 100,000 vegetation map sheet . In: Cunninghamia . tape 1 , no. 4 , 1986, pp. 467-489 ( gov.au [PDF]).
  13. ↑ Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub in the Sydney Basin Bioregion (PDF; 493 kB) National Parks and Wildlife Service, New South Wales Government. February 2004. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  14. ^ Central Threatened Species Unit: Agnes Banks Woodland in the Sydney Basin - profile . In: Threatened species, populations and ecological communities in NSW . Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales Government. September 1, 2005. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  15. ^ A b WE Westman, RW Rogers: Biomass and Structure of a Subtropical Eucalypt Forest, North Stradbroke Island . In: Australian Journal of Botany . tape 25 , 1977, pp. 171-191 , doi : 10.1071 / BT9770171 .
  16. ^ Byron B. Lamont: Why are hairy root clusters so abundant in the most nutrient-impoverished soils of Australia . In: Plant and Soil . tape 156 , no. 1 , 1993, p. 269-272 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00025034 .
  17. ↑ Grundon, NJ: Mineral nutrition of some Queensland heath plants . In: Journal of Ecology . tape 60 , no. 1 , 1972, p. 171-181 , doi : 10.2307 / 2258049 .
  18. ↑ Rogers, R. W; Westman, WE: Growth rhythms and productivity of a coastal subtropical eucalypt forest . In: Australian Journal of Ecology . tape 6 , 1981, pp. 85-98 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1442-9993.1981.tb01276.x .
  19. ↑ a b Damian J. Hackett, Ross L. Goldingay: Pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals in north-eastern New South Wales . In: Australian Journal of Botany . tape 49 , no. 5 , 2001, p. 637-644 , doi : 10.1071 / BT00004 .
  20. ↑ RD Barker, WJM Vestjens: The Food of Australian Birds . Melbourne University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-643-05006-X , pp. Vol. 1, p. 345, Vol. 2, p. 242, 458 .
  21. ↑ Watson, Penny: The role and use of fire for biodiversity conservation in Southeast Queensland: Fire management guidelines derived from ecological research (PDF; 226 kB) In: SEQ Fire and Biodiversity Consortium . National Heritage Trust, Australian Government. July 2001. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  22. ^ Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW (Ed.): Best practice guidelines: Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub . Sydney 2009, ISBN 978-1-74232-091-5 , pp. 9 ( gov.au [PDF]).
  23. ^ MY Siddiqi, PJ Myerscough, Roger C. Carolin: Studies in the ecology of coastal heath in New South Wales: IV. Seed survival, germination, seedling establishment and early growth in Banksia serratifolia Salisb., B. aspleniifolia Salisb. and B. ericifolia LF in relation to fire: temperature and nutritional effects . In: Australian Journal of Ecology . tape 1 , no. 3 , 1976, p. 175-183 .
  24. ↑ Peter J. Myerscough, Peter J. Clarke, Nicholas J. Skelton: Plant coexistence in coastal heaths: Floristic patterns and species attributes . In: Australian Journal of Ecology . tape 20 , 1995, p. 482–493 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1442-9993.1995.tb00567.x ( edu.au [PDF; accessed June 7, 2010]). Plant coexistence in coastal heaths: Floristic patterns and species attributes ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.une.edu.au
  25. ↑ Peter J. Myerscough, Peter J. Clarke, Nicholas J. Skelton: Plant coexistence in coastal heaths: Habitat segregation in the post-fire environment . In: Australian Journal of Ecology . tape 21 , 1996, pp. 47–54 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1442-9993.1996.tb00584.x ( edu.au [PDF; accessed June 7, 2010]). Plant coexistence in coastal heaths: Habitat segregation in the post-fire environment ( Memento of the original from June 9, 2010 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.une.edu.au
  26. ↑ Peter J. Clarke, Peter J. Myerscough, Nicholas J. Skelton: Plant coexistence in coastal heaths: Between- and within-habitat effects of competition, disturbance and predation in the post-fire environment . In: Australian Journal of Ecology . tape 21 , 1996, pp. 55–63 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1442-9993.1996.tb00585.x ( edu.au [PDF; accessed June 7, 2010]). Plant coexistence in coastal heaths: Between- and within-habitat effects of competition, disturbance and predation in the post-fire environment ( Memento of the original dated June 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.une.edu.au
  27. ↑ Benwell, Andrew S .: Post-fire Seedling Recruitment in Coastal Heathland in Relation to Regeneration Strategy and Habitat . In: Australian Journal of Botany . tape 46 , 1998, pp. 75-101 , doi : 10.1071 / BT94046 .
  28. ^ SJ Griffith, C. Bale, P. Adam: The influence of fire and rainfall upon seedling recruitment in sand-mass (wallum) heathland of north-eastern New South Wales . In: Australian Journal of Botany . tape 52 , no. 1 , 2004, p. 93-118 , doi : 10.1071 / BT03108 .
  29. ^ Margaret Somerville: Wildflowering: The life and places of Kathleen McArthur . University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland 2004, ISBN 0-7022-3450-8 , pp. 11 .
  30. ^ Carl Meissner: Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, pars decima quarta . Ed .: AP de Candolle. Sumptibus Victoris Masson, Paris 1856, Proteaceae.
  31. ↑ George Bentham: Banksia . In: Flora Australiensis: A Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory . tape 5 : Myoporineae to Proteaceae. L. Reeve & Co., London 1870, p. 541-562 .
  32. ↑ Kevin Thiele, Pauline Y. Ladiges: A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) . In: Australian Systematic Botany . tape 9 , no. 5 , 1996, pp. 661-733 , doi : 10.1071 / SB9960661 .
  33. ↑ Alex S. George: Banksia . In: Annette Wilson (Ed.): Flora of Australia . tape 17 B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra . CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study, 1999, ISBN 0-643-06454-0 , pp. 175-251 .
  34. ↑ Austin R. Mast, Thomas J. Givnish: Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on their cpDNA phylogeny . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 89 , no. 8 , 2002, ISSN  0002-9122 , p. 1311-1323 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.89.8.1311 .
  35. ↑ a b c Kevin Collins, Kathy Collins, Alex S. George: Banksias . Bloomings Books, Melbourne, Victoria 2008, ISBN 978-1-876473-68-6 , pp. 100, 141-142 .
  36. ^ Birds Australia: Bird friendly spaces: Banksia aemula . In: Birds in Backyards . Birds Australia & Australian Museum. August 29, 2005. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  37. ↑ TA McCredie, KW Dixon, K. Sivasithamparam: Variability in the resistance of Banksia Lf species to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands . In: Australian Journal of Botany . tape 33 , no. 6 , 1985, pp. 629-637 , doi : 10.1071 / BT9850629 .
  38. ^ JJ Cho: Variability in Susceptibility of Some Banksia Species to Phytophthora cinnamomi and Their Distribution in Australia . In: Plant Disease . tape 67 , no. 8 , 1983, p. 869-871 , doi : 10.1094 / PD-67-869 .
  39. ↑ a b Alex S. George: The Banksia Book (Third Edition) . Kangaroo Press (in association with the Society for Growing Australian Plants), Kenthurst, New South Wales 1987, ISBN 0-86417-818-2 , pp. 94-95 .

Web links

Commons : Banksia aemula  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Banksia aemula R.Br. Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  • Banksia aemula R.Br. Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Center for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
Wikisource: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London / Volume 10 / On the Proteaceae of Jussieu / Banksia # Banksia_elatior  - sources and full texts (English)
Wikisource: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London / Volume 10 / On the Proteaceae of Jussieu / Banksia # Banksia_aemula  - Sources and full texts (English)
Wikisource: Curtis's Botanical Magazine / Volume LIII / 2671 Banksia Æmula  - Sources and full texts (English)
Wikisource: Flora Australiensis / Volume V / CIV. Proteaceae / 28. Banksia # Banksia aemula  - Sources and full texts (English)