Bertelsmann Transformation Index

The Bertelsmann Transformation Index ( BTI ) is a measure of the level of development and governance of political and economic transformation processes in developing and transition countries around the world. The BTI has been published biennially by the Bertelsmann Foundation since 2006 , most recently in 2018 for 129 countries. The index measures and compares the quality of government action in a ranking list using self-collected data and analyzes successes and setbacks on the way to democracy based on the rule of law and a market economy accompanied by social policy . For this purpose, the “status index” is calculated on the general level of development with regard to democratic and market-based characteristics, as well as the “management index” for the political management of decision-makers.

Status and management index

The status index is made up of the research dimensions political and economic transformation. Political transformation includes essential features of a democratic state order. This includes participation rights , the rule of law , the stability of democratic institutions and the political and social integration of institutions, but also statehood as a basic condition for the functioning of a democracy. In addition to the classic market economy features such as economic performance, market and competitive order , currency and price stability and the protection of private property , economic transformation also takes into account social components such as the socio-economic level of development, the social order and ecological and educational sustainability .

The management index assesses the extent to which political decision-makers can control and promote the transformation process. It is made up of the criteria of controllability, resource efficiency, consensus building and international cooperation. When calculating the management index, the level of difficulty is taken into account, such as structural obstacles, civil society traditions and the intensity of the conflict.

Calculation methodology

The status and management index are modularly made up of research dimensions (2nd level), criteria (3rd level) and indicators (4th level). All values ​​for indicators are assigned on an ordinal scale of natural numbers from 1 (lowest value ) to 10 (complete value). The indicators, criteria and study dimensions are aggregated to the next higher level by averaging. The status and management index are not aggregated to form a single overall value .

In the scientific assessment of the BTI, its relevance to democracy theory, the breadth and qualifications of the country experts, the documentation of the sources, extensive reliability tests, the publication of all disaggregated data and the applicability of the aggregation rule are positively emphasized. Redundancy and insufficient selectivity of the indicators, a normatively charged concept logic and the lack of theoretical justification for the measurement levels are critically assessed.

Status index				Management index
Political Transformation		Economic transformation		Transformation management
	Statehood		Socio-economic development level		Level of difficulty
1.1	State monopoly of force	6.1	Socio-economic barriers	13.1	Structural barriers
1.2	State identity		Market and competition order	13.2	Civil society traditions
1.3	No influence of religious dogmas	7.1	Basics of free market competition	13.3	Conflict intensity
1.4	Basic administrative structures	7.2	Antimonopoly policy	13.4	BNP pc PPP
	Political participation	7.3	Liberalization of foreign trade	13.5	UN Education Index
2.1	Free and fair elections	7.4	Banking system	13.6	BTI Statehood & Rule of Law
2.2	Effective governance		Currency and price stability		Creative ability
2.3	Freedom of association and assembly	8.1	Anti-inflation and exchange rate policy	14.1	prioritization
2.4	Freedom of the press and expression	8.2	Macro-economic stability	14.2	implementation
	Rule of law		Private property	14.3	Ability to learn
3.1	Separation of powers	9.1	Property rights		Resource efficiency
3.2	Independence of the judiciary	9.2	Private sector	15.1	Efficient use of resources
3.3	Punishment of abuse of office		Social order	15.2	Policy coordination
3.4	Civil rights	10.1	Social security systems	15.3	Anti-corruption policy
	Stability of democratic institutions	10.2	equal opportunity		Consensus building
4.1	Efficiency of democratic institutions		Economic strength	16.1	Target consensus
4.2	Acceptance of democratic institutions	11.1	Performance	16.2	Anti-Democratic Actors
	Political and social integration		sustainability	16.3	conflict management
5.1	Party system	12.1	Environmental policy	16.4	Civil society participation
5.2	Interest Groups	12.2	Education policy / research and development	16.5	reconciliation
5.3	Approval of democracy				International cooperation
5.4	Social capital			17.1	Use of international support
				17.2	credibility
				17.3	Regional cooperation

Country selection

All developing and transition countries with more than two million inhabitants are examined. Developing and transition countries are those countries that are not considered to be democratic and market-based. In the absence of a specifically applicable definition of the consolidation limit, OECD membership prior to 1989 is used as a consolidation criterion.

In exceptional cases, countries with fewer than two million inhabitants ( Bahrain , Bhutan , Estonia , Kosovo , Mauritius and Montenegro ) are also examined. Since South Sudan was included in the BTI in 2014, the study includes 129 countries.

Survey procedure

BTI survey procedure

The reports and evaluations of each study, in which around 250 country experts are involved, are based on a multi-stage survey and test procedure. The aim of the procedure is to achieve results that are as objective and comparable as possible. Two reviewers per country - usually an international and a local expert - prepare and review qualitative country analyzes using 49 standardized questions and translate the answers independently of one another into quantitative assessments. On this basis, seven regional coordinators standardize the results intra- and interregional. A scientific advisory board of transformation experts controls and discusses the results and approves the final values.

The prototype of the BTI was published in 2003 and then methodologically revised. Since then, no more fundamental methodological changes have taken place, so that comparable time series can be formed since 2006.

Results

The study regularly refers to a close empirical and functional connection between democracy based on the rule of law and a market economy supported by social policy, which is justified by a high correlation of the corresponding BTI values. According to this, the group of democracies is superior to the autocracies in terms of economic development, resource efficiency, consensus building and international cooperation. However, no automatic development or a universally applicable optimal sequence of reforms can be derived from this context.

Since the mid-2000s, the BTI has noted a gradual decline in the quality of political participation rights and constitutional features in democracies. In particular in the relatively advanced countries of East-Central and Southeastern Europe and Latin America , the quality of elections , freedom of opinion and press , separation of powers and civil rights have been more severely restricted. The study's authors also conclude that globally, prosperity has tended to increase and absolute poverty has decreased, while inequality and social exclusion have increased. This leads to an increase in protests worldwide.

The update of the study published in early 2016 states that the number of “hard” dictatorships has increased by 7 to 40 and that authoritarian tendencies can also be observed in established democracies such as Hungary and Poland . She also sees an increased influence of religious elements e.g. B. in Turkey , Nigeria , Saudi Arabia and Iran . While the Millennium Development Goals reported a significant reduction in absolute poverty, the Bertelsmann Transformation Index states that in 2015 more countries were exposed to extreme poverty than in 2006.

List of countries by their BTI

The following list shows the Transformation Index (BTI) of the recorded 129 countries with the three sub- indices on political and economic transformation and political management , published in 2018:

rank	Country 2018	BTI	Political Transform.	Economic transformation	Management index
1	Estonia	9.52	9.75	9.29	7.44
1	Czech Republic	9.52	9.40	9.64	7.03
3	Taiwan	9.42	9.55	9.29	7.33
4th	Lithuania	9.24	9.45	9.04	7.18
5	Uruguay	9.19	9.95	8.43	7.36
6th	Slovenia	9.18	9.25	9.11	6.78
7th	Chile	8.87	9.20	8.54	7.33
8th	Latvia	8.86	8.75	8.61	7.00
9	Slovakia	8.59	8.60	8.57	6.70
10	Poland	8.58	8.55	8.61	6.25
11	South Korea	8.55	8.45	8.64	6.51
12	Costa Rica	8.49	9.05	7.93	6.85
13	Mauritius	8.25	8.50	8.00	6.64
14th	Croatia	8.07	8.35	7.79	6.07
15th	Romania	8.06	8.15	7.96	5.89
16	Botswana	7.89	8.20	7.57	7.09
17th	Bulgaria	7.80	8.10	7.50	5.98
18th	Hungary	7.43	7.15	7.71	4.44
19th	Serbia	7.40	7.70	7.11	6.06
20th	Montenegro	7.35	7.55	7.07	6.49
21st	Jamaica	7.31	8.30	6.32	5.86
22nd	Brazil	7.29	7.65	6.93	5.95
23	Argentina	7.27	8.00	6.54	6.00
24	Singapore	7.15	5.42	8.89	5.95
25th	Panama	7.11	7.30	6.93	5.72
26th	India	6.96	7.60	6.32	6.02
26th	South Africa	6.96	7.60	6.32	5.96
28	El Salvador	6.88	7.30	6.46	6.57
29	Peru	6.85	6.60	7.11	5.81
30th	Albania	6.83	7.05	6.61	6.02
31	North Macedonia	6.76	6.45	7.07	5.24
32	Ghana	6.75	7.90	5.61	6.18
33	Sri Lanka	6.61	6.55	6.68	5.60
34	Colombia	6.59	6.75	6.43	6.14
34	Mongolia	6.59	7.40	5.79	5.96
36	Ukraine	6.54	6.90	6.18	5.41
37	Namibia	6.50	7.50	5.50	5.49
38	Philippines	6.47	6.30	6.64	4.90
39	Bolivia	6.46	7.20	5.71	5.66
40	Dominican Republic	6.44	6.95	5.93	5.57
41	Benin	6.43	7.85	5.00	5.86
42	Georgia	6.42	6.80	6.04	5.87
43	Bosnia and Herzegovina	6.28	6.10	6.46	4.09
44	Tunisia	6.27	6.50	6.04	5.33
45	Bhutan	6.25	6.57	5.93	6.50
45	Indonesia	6.25	6.50	6.00	5.45
47	Paraguay	6.24	6.45	6.04	6.04
48	Mexico	6.23	6.10	6.36	5.17
49	Kosovo	6.21	6.45	5.96	5.17
50	Senegal	6.18	7.10	5.25	6.70
51	Turkey	6.17	5.55	6.79	4.72
52	United Arab Emirates	6.07	4.00	8.14	5.55
53	Malaysia	6.00	4.78	7.21	5.20
54	Moldova	5.96	6.20	5.71	5.15
55	Kyrgyzstan	5.90	6.15	5.64	4.73
56	Qatar	5.88	3.73	8.04	5.40
57	Kenya	5.80	6.25	5.36	4.92
58	Ecuador	5.72	5.90	5.54	4.99
59	Uganda	5.66	5.43	5.89	5.31
60	Kuwait	5.61	4.50	6.71	4.37
61	Armenia	5.58	5.12	6.04	4.25
61	Papua New Guinea	5.58	6.30	4.86	4.78
63	Liberia	5.56	6.55	4.57	5.84
64	Honduras	5.51	5.80	5.21	4.98
64	Tanzania	5.51	6.10	4.93	5.07
rank	Country 2018	BTI	Political Transformation	Economic transformation	Management index
66	Malawi	5.49	6.45	4.54	5.61
67	Burkina Faso	5.45	6.40	4.50	5.20
67	Zambia	5.45	6.00	4.89	5.06
69	Ivory Coast	5.38	5.80	4.96	5.54
70	Russia	5.31	4.55	6.07	3.52
71	Guinea	5.28	6.05	4.50	5.82
72	Jordan	5.22	4.37	6.07	4.84
73	Lesotho	5.19	5.60	4.79	3.59
74	Lebanon	5.15	4.87	5.43	3.60
74	Sierra Leone	5.15	6.55	4.14	4.93
76	Mali	5.14	5.95	4.32	5.17
76	Nicaragua	5.14	4.92	5.36	4.22
78	Niger	5.13	6.30	3.96	5.87
79	Bangladesh	5.11	4.62	5.61	4.27
80	Guatemala	5.08	5.05	5.11	4.52
81	People's Republic of China	5.02	3.28	6.75	4.79
82	Madagascar	5.01	5.35	4.68	5.12
83	Algeria	4.98	4.75	5.21	4.55
84	Togo	4.89	5.07	4.71	5.10
85	Rwanda	4.80	3.88	5.71	5.20
86	Belarus	4.72	4.33	5.11	3.52
87	Thailand	4.71	3.25	6.18	3.89
88	Kazakhstan	4.70	3.80	5.61	4.41
89	Bahrain	4.62	3.23	6.00	3.52
90	Morocco	4.61	3.80	5.43	4.28
91	Nigeria	4.60	5.35	3.86	4.59
92	Nepal	4.52	4.90	4.14	3.74
93	Oman	4.43	3.00	5.86	3.54
94	Vietnam	4.41	3.35	5.46	4.51
95	Mozambique	4.31	4.48	4.14	4.25
96	Egypt	4.28	3.70	4.86	3.96
97	Saudi Arabia	4.27	2.57	5.96	3.80
98	Cameroon	4.23	3.92	4.54	3.46
99	Mauritania	4.22	4.22	4.21	4.06
100	Azerbaijan	4.13	3.43	4.82	3.86
101	Cuba	4.02	3.58	4.46	3.93
102	Pakistan	4.01	3.70	4.32	3.51
103	Cambodia	4.00	3.57	4.43	3.23
104	Burundi	3.97	3.80	4.14	3.60
105	Angola	3.94	4.20	3.68	3.60
106	Laos	3.85	2.92	4.79	3.89
107	Iraq	3.75	3.60	3.89	4.43
108	Uzbekistan	3.73	3.17	4.29	2.55
109	Haiti	3.50	4.10	2.89	3.39
110	Venezuela	3.47	3.80	3.14	1.86
111	Republic of the Congo	3.38	3.25	3.50	3.00
111	Myanmar	3.38	3.50	3.25	3.97
113	Ethiopia	3.33	3.02	3.64	3.65
113	Zimbabwe	3.33	3.83	2.82	2.37
115	Tajikistan	3.31	2.98	3.64	3.31
115	Chad	3.31	3.45	3.18	2.84
117	Central African Republic	3.28	3.60	2.96	4.10
118	Iran	3.15	2.92	3.39	2.85
119	Turkmenistan	3.14	2.85	3.43	2.51
120	Democratic Republic of Congo	3.13	3.47	2.79	2.47
121	Afghanistan	2.95	3.02	2.89	4.02
122	Libya	2.60	2.57	2.64	2.29
123	Sudan	2.28	2.23	2.32	1.97
124	South Sudan	2.27	2.62	1.93	2.30
125	North Korea	2.16	2.60	1.71	1.30
126	Eritrea	1.84	2.12	1.57	1.13
127	Yemen	1.72	1.80	1.64	1.70
128	Syria	1.57	1.75	1.39	1.13
129	Somalia	1.34	1.43	1.25	2.25
rank	Country 2018	BTI	Political Transformation	Economic transformation	Management - index

Publications

The study results are published in the form of country and regional reports as well as a series of books in English and partly in German. Initiated and financed by foreign think tanks , BTI course content has also been published in other languages: in 2009 in Arabic by the Gulf Research Center , in 2010 in Russian by the Moscow Center for Post-Industrial Studies and in 2014 in Spanish by the Argentinian Centro para la Apertura y el Desarrollo de America Latina . The BTI Atlas, a graphics application, offers individual visual access to the results and reports of all editions since 2006.

use

The Bertelsmann Transformation Index is used both by governments around the world to assess partner countries and by international organizations to produce their own analyzes. The Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International and the Ibrahim Index of African Governance is based in part on BTI results.

The sister project Sustainable Governance Indicators , which is methodologically modeled on the BTI, examines the reform capability and sustainability of advanced democracies and market economies. The study covers all OECD and EU member states , including the OECD core countries not included in the BTI.

criticism

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

0 source review? - Chiananda ( discussion ) 22:59, Feb. 2, 2020 (CET)

From a political science perspective, one thing about the Bertelsmann Transformation Index is that it offsets democratic and economic developments and thus implies that these are inevitably linked to one another. However, economic development without democratic transformation can also be empirically observed, as is happening in the People's Republic of China , for example . Furthermore, when assessing transformation management , the BTI assumes that only the respective government of a country can influence the transformation process. In doing so, it ignores the fact that social actors - for example trade unions - can initiate and influence transformation processes to a large extent and, in this sense, can also "manage" them. An example of this is the system transformation in Poland under the influence of the Catholic Church and the Solidarność trade union at the end of the 1980s.

See also

• Democracy measurement
• Development policy
• Freedom Indices (Worldwide)

United Nations (UN) indices :

• Multidimensional Poverty Index (Developing Countries)
• 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• World Social Capital Monitor (social goods & social capital)
• World Happiness Report (World Happiness Report)

literature

• Bertelsmann Foundation (Ed.):
  • Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2003 - On the way to market-based democracy. Gütersloh 2004, ISBN 978-3-89204-728-5 .
  • Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006 - On the way to market-based democracy. Gütersloh 2005, ISBN 978-3-89204-855-8 .
  • Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2008 - Political Design in International Comparison. Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-89204-967-8 .
  • Transformation Index BTI 2010 - Political Design in International Comparison. Gütersloh 2009, ISBN 978-3-86793-050-5 .
  • Transformation Index BTI 2012 - Political Design in International Comparison. Gütersloh 2012, ISBN 978-3-86793-343-8 .
  • Transformation Index BTI 2014 - Political Management in International Comparison, Gütersloh 2014. ISBN 978-3-86793-520-3 .

Web links

• Official website.
• Transformation index: Data Atlas 2018.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Transformation Index BTI: About Us: Goals. In: BTI-project.de. 2020, accessed February 2, 2020.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Transformation Index: Method. In: BTI-project.org. 2018, accessed February 2, 2020.
3. ↑ Tarik Ahmia: obsolete model social market economy. In: taz.de . February 18, 2008, accessed February 2, 2020.
4. ↑ Sabine Donner, Hauke ​​Hartmann: Democracy well - government lousy . In: Frankfurter Rundschau . November 27, 2009, accessed February 2, 2020.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Thomas Müller, Susanne Pickel: How can democracy best be measured? On the conceptuality of democracy indices. In: Political quarterly. No. 3, 2007, pp. 529-531.
6. ↑ Jørgen Møller, Svend-Erik Skaaning: Post-communist regime types: Hierarchies across attributes and space. In: Communist and Post-Communist Studies. No. 43, 2010, p. 55 (English).
7. ↑ Regional report : Eastern and Southern Africa. ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: BTI-project.de. 2014, accessed February 2, 2020.
8. ↑ Stefan Kornelius: Why democracy is a difficult export good. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . July 6, 2013, accessed February 2, 2020.
9. ↑ Codebook BTI 2014: Codebook for Country Assessments. ( PDF ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )).
10. ↑ Florian Baumann: And the Winner is… ( Memento from September 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: E-politik.de . November 13, 2005, accessed February 2, 2020.
11. ↑ Questions: Does the BTI assume an inevitable connection between democratic and market-economy developments? ( Memento from August 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: BTI-project.de. 2014, accessed February 2, 2020.
12. ↑ Message: Bertelsmann study: Democracy is backsliding in Eastern Europe. In: The world . March 22, 2012, accessed February 2, 2020.
13. ↑ Ronen Steinke, Paul-Anton Krüger: Bertelsmann Transformation Index: Lichtblick Ivory Coast. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . January 22, 2014, accessed February 2, 2020.
14. ↑ BTI project press release: The worldwide revolts and citizen protests will continue. January 22, 2014 ( PDF ( Memento from September 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive )).
15. ^ Message (dpa): Bertelsmann study: More citizen protests and revolts worldwide. In: The world . January 22, 2014, accessed February 2, 2020.
16. ^ Jan Puhl, Christoph Sydow, Christoph Titz: Global inventory: The world is getting poorer. More radical. Undemocratic. In: Der Spiegel. February 28, 2016, accessed February 2, 2020.
17. ↑ Home. Retrieved March 23, 2018 . 
18. ↑ Country reports. ( Memento from August 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: BTI-project.de. 2014, accessed February 2, 2020.
19. ↑ Regional reports . ( Memento from August 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: BTI-project.de. 2014, accessed February 2, 2020.
20. ^ BTI Report. ( Memento from August 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: BTI-project.de. 2014, accessed February 2, 2020.
21. ↑ Compare Gulf Research Center (Ed.): Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2008. In: grc.net. May 7, 2009, accessed February 2, 2020.
22. ^ Announcement: Convenio con la Fundación Bertelsmann. In: Centro para la Apertura y el Desarrollo de América Latina. August 14, 2013, accessed February 2, 2020 (Spanish).
23. ^ Atlas. ( Memento from July 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: BTI-project.de. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
24. ↑ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development: How do you “measure” good governance? Retrieved August 31, 2014.
25. ^ Julius Court, Verena Fritz, E. Gyimah-Boadi: Measuring Governance: What Guidance for Aid Policy? Working paper. August 2007, pp. 1–3 and 12 (English; PDF ).
26. ^ Transparency International : Bertelsmann Foundation Transformation Index, Code: BF (TI). In: Corruption Perceptions Index 2013: Full Source Description. 2013, p. 4 (English; PDF ).
27. ^ Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG): Methodology. In: Ibrahim.Foundation/iiag. 2018, accessed on February 2, 2020 (English; the reference can be found in the fold-out lines under “IIAG data sources”).