Breite Strasse (Berlin-Mitte)
| wide street | |
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| Look at the width of road from the Gertraudenstraße from | |
| Basic data | |
| place | Berlin |
| District | center |
| Created | in the 13th century |
| Newly designed | 2007/2008 |
| Hist. Names | Große Straße (in what was then the city of Kölln ) |
| Connecting roads |
Fischerinsel (southeast) , Schlossplatz (northwest) |
| Cross streets |
Rathausstrasse , Neumannsgasse , Scharrenstrasse , Gertraudenstrasse , Mühlendamm |
| Places | Palace Square |
| Buildings | see: Selected structures |
| use | |
| User groups | Road traffic |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 320 meters |
The Breite Straße is a 320 meter long street in the Berlin district of Mitte of the district of the same name . It belongs to the historic district of Alt-Kölln and has been named after the 17th century.
Location and course
The Breite Straße extends from the intersection with Gertraudenstraße and Mühlendamm (formerly Köllnischer Fischmarkt) to Schlossplatz . The house numbers run in the shape of a horseshoe from house no.1 on Schloßplatz to the Köllnischer Fischmarkt and back to house no.37.
Explanation of the name
As the widest street in the densely built-up district of Kölln at the time , it was called Große Straße in the Middle Ages . The street was then an average of 30 meters wide (around 40 meters at the widest point on Schlossplatz). In the 17th century it was named Breite Straße. The explanation of the street name from the sheer width of the street does not go far enough. The particular breadth was explained by the circumstances of long-distance trade with considerable road traffic. The aspect of the market-like street should also be included. Breite Strasse, Burgstrasse and Ritterstrasse, Steinweg etc. are typical names in the cities of northeast Germany and allow conclusions to be drawn about the social status of those who live there.
history
Middle Ages to the 19th century
The Breite Strasse (originally Grosse Strasse dating back to the 17th century ) is one of the oldest settlement centers in Kölln. It existed by 1200 at the latest; However, settlement activities were already emerging in the 1170s. It is not only one of the oldest streets in Kölln, but also the most important. It is controversial when, why and by whom it was created. According to the prevailing opinion published so far , Berlin and Kölln were built on both sides of the Mühlendamm with the Nikolai and Petrikirche and the associated markets Molkenmarkt and Petriplatz at their center. After that, the Große Straße was initially just a dead-end continuation, starting from the Köllnischer Fischmarkt. It only reached its existing length by expanding Kölln to the Long Bridge (also: New Bridge and City Hall Bridge ), parallel to the expansion of old Berlin to include the Marienviertel around 1240.
The ongoing archaeological investigations since 1996, especially in the area of the former Dominican monastery , also make it conceivable that the first Spree crossing could not have been on the Mühlendamm but on the Rathausbrücke and that the full length of Breite Straße was immediately expanded parallel to the bank of the Spree. The long-distance retail stores built there (with the merchants' apartments on the upper floor) had the great advantage of enabling easy transshipment from ship to road traffic (right of residence ).
After the construction of the Berlin City Palace , whose later Portal II in the south facade was oriented towards Breiten Straße, the electoral court preferred to purchase land along this street for the construction of burglehn and free houses for court officials and servants. The street developed into one of the most prestigious addresses in the city. A memorial plaque (no. 11, previously: no. 20) commemorates the founding of Julius Springer's publishing house ; the first seat of the Vossische Zeitung was also here. Prominent residents were Karl Friedrich Schinkel , Andreas Schlueter , Michael Mathias Smids and the rich tobacco dealer Wilhelm Ermeler .
In 1830, the hostel for the tailors' journeyman in the street was the starting point of the so-called tailoring revolution . In 1848, participants in the March Revolution fighting the royal military erected one of the largest barricades on this street . In the 19th century, the street scene changed from an elegant residential street to a lively commercial street.
From the 20th century
In the November Revolution of 1918/1919, Breite Strasse was again the scene of fighting. The Revolutionary Committee of the People's Naval Division, from which some fighters fell in defense, had holed up in the stables . A bronze plaque on the stables refers to these events.
After the destruction in the Second World War , around two thirds of the buildings on Breite Strasse were deemed to be rebuildable and one third as destroyed. Nevertheless, in connection with the redesign of the Breiten Strasse as an approach path to the newly created demonstration square - the Marx-Engels-Platz - on the site of the dismantled Berlin Palace and the construction of the State Council building, the western street development was completely demolished in the 1960s.
The street was widened to around 50 meters in 1962. Six listed, only partially damaged or already restored baroque houses from the 18th century fell victim to the demolition . The best-known was the Ermelerhaus (at that time No. 11), the replica of which was built using salvaged parts and opened as a restaurant on the Märkischer Ufer in 1969. After 1971, house number 28 on the east side, a listed building because of its baroque staircase, disappeared. Until the end of 1965, the “Schlossklause” restaurant was located there. The cleared area served as a parking lot from the 1970s to the end of the 1990s.
After the demolitions, the building for the Chancellery of the State Council was erected on the west side of the street and the GDR's Ministry of Construction to the south of Neumannsgasse. The city library was rebuilt on the east side . Since the Mühlendamm-Gertraudenstrasse street was part of the protocol route of the GDR government and the Central Committee of the SED, pedestrians from Breite Strasse could only reach the Fischerinsel high-rise district, which was completed in 1970, through a pedestrian tunnel .
In 1999 the Haus der Wirtschaft, designed by the architects Schweger & Partner on the corner of Breiten Strasse and Mühlendamm, was completed. The Breite Straße is part of the capital development area of Berlin - parliament and government district . The publicly available space is to be “ qualified through a mix of uses and reurbanization ”. For the new development, the Berlin Senate drew up the development plan I-218 in 2009, which was confirmed by the House of Representatives in summer 2011 .
In anticipation of the development plan, the roadway on Breiten Straße was reduced from the 24 meters of the GDR era to the average historical width of 14 meters in the years 2007–2009 , which means that the street width again corresponds to the historical width of around 26 to 28 meters. However, the street layout has been dead straight since then. Before the re-planning in GDR times, Breite Straße had a slight curve for more than 700 years, so that when entering the street from Gertraudenstraße, the palace portal II and the Neptune fountain, which was built in 1891, were not visible. From 2012 to 2013 archaeological excavations took place south of Neumannsgasse.
The hotel "capri" has stood at the confluence of Breiten Strasse and Gertraudenstrasse since 2017 - for example, at the site of the former Cologne town hall . Between Neumannsgasse and Scharrenstrasse, the Senate is planning several residential buildings together with the Mitte housing association .
Buildings and Memories
- Breite Straße 1. The building on the west side, erected in the 1960s using prefabricated panels, the chancellery wing of the State Council building, is now used by the administration of the private ESMT university .
- Breite Straße 12. The GDR's Ministry of Building, established in the 1960s, had the 6 m × 15 m mural - created by Walter Womacka in 1968 in enamel on 360 copper plates - as the only adornment - Man as the measure of all things . When the building was demolished, the mural was recovered and is now hanging on the gable of the house at Sperlingsgasse 1.
- Breite Strasse 15. Rudolph Hertzog's department store was established between Brüderstrasse and Breiten Strasse . The General Housing Gazette for Berlin, Charlottenburg and the surrounding area for the year 1850 shows that in the 19th century the Berlin commercial hall with a permanent industrial exhibition was located at Breite Straße 15 . Here, “the most excellent achievements of Berlin's industry could always be seen by the public.” The hall probably fell victim to the building boom at the beginning of the 20th century, because in 1943 the Rudolf Hertzog department store with the address Breite Straße 12-19 specified.
- Breite Strasse 20–29. The German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DIHK), the Federation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) and the Federal Association of German Industry (BDI) have their headquarters in the House of German Business , which was built in 1999. During the archaeological preparation of this new building, the oldest trace of early German settlement to date was found Found for the twin city: a wooden beam dendroadated to "around 1170" , but in a second use. The site, a wood-paneled cellar, belonged to a street level around / after 1200.
- Breite Strasse 30/31. The building, erected between 1896 and 1901, was designed in a baroque style with four floors and a stone facade . During the GDR era it served as the administrative headquarters of the state insurance company . After reunification , this house went to Espresto AG, a full-service IT service provider.
- 32-34 Broad Street. The building of the Berlin City Library, erected in 1966, with the main portal, adorned with 117 variations of the letter “A” from Fritz Kühn's workshop, is, like the neighboring buildings, a listed building.
- Breite Straße 35. The Ribbeck House with the only late Renaissance gables in Berlin was preserved and is now used by the Berlin Central and State Library.
- Breite Straße 36. The Marstall , which was rebuilt after a fire in 1666–1670, is now the second location of the Hanns Eisler University of Music .
literature
- Institute for Monument Preservation (Ed.): The architectural and art monuments of the GDR. Capital Berlin-I . Henschelverlag, Berlin 1984, p. 27, 28, 37, 76-80, 81, 84, 86, 89, 91, 246 .
- Michael Hofmann, Frank Römer (ed.): From the barbed house to the house of the economy. Excavations in Alt-Cölln, Breite Str. 21–29 (= contributions to the preservation of monuments in Berlin, 14), Berlin 1999.
- Wolfgang Fritze: founding city Berlin. The beginnings of Berlin-Cölln as a research problem. Edited, edited and supplemented by an addendum by Winfried Schich. Berlin 2000.
- Laurenz Demps , Johann Friedrich Geist , Heidi Rausch-Ambach: From Mühlendamm to Schlossplatz. The Breite Strasse in Berlin-Mitte . Parthas Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-932529-72-3
Web links
- Wide street. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
Individual evidence
- ^ Artur Hoffmann: The typical street names in the Middle Ages and their relationship to cultural history. With special consideration of the Baltic Sea cities . Phil. Diss., Koenigsberg 1913.
- ↑ Press release Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, July 25, 2013
- ↑ Laurenz Demps (see list of literature ) p. 26 f., With illustration, p. 27.
- ↑ Ursula Reinert: Do you know ...? The Breite Strasse . In: Berliner Zeitung , around 1980 (no exact date has come down to us)
- ^ Map of the building damage in 1945 . Senate Department for Urban Development; to be reached via "Start" and "Historical Maps → Building Damage 1945"
- ↑ For the inventory of monuments after 1945 see Hans Müther: Berlins Bautradition. Small introduction . Verlag Das Neue Berlin, Berlin 1956, pp. 85–112: Register of historic Berlin urban development and architectural monuments in the Mitte district (with two plans), here pp. 93/94
- ↑ Demps (see list of literature), p. 116, with illustration from 1971, p. 117
- ↑ Dorothee Dubrau: Architekturführer Berlin-Mitte , Volume 1, Berlin 2009, ( ISBN 978-3-938666-07-4 ), p. 171
- ↑ Flyer for Gertraudenstrasse / Breite Strasse (PDF; 375 kB) Senate Department for Urban Development, accessed on January 17, 2011.
- ↑ Press release Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing from July 25, 2013, accessed on October 2, 2019
- ↑ Berliner Morgenpost, July 26, 2013, accessed October 1, 2019
- ↑ For this and the whereabouts of the mural see Manfred Schönfeld: Art for self-collectors . In: Kulturwerk des berufsverband bildender Künstler berlin GmbH (ed.): Kunststadt stadtkunst 58 (= information service of the Kulturwerk des bbk berlin 2011), p. 44, with illustration
- ↑ Business announcement No. 15 . In: General housing indicator for Berlin, Charlottenburg and surroundings , 1850, before part 1, p. 15.
- ↑ Breite Strasse . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1943, 4, p. 107.
- ↑ Web site EsPresto
Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 56.5 ″ N , 13 ° 24 ′ 12.5 ″ E