Klingenstein Castle (Styria)

Klingenstein
View from the south of the castle hill with the ruins
Alternative name (s):	Salla, Salla / Klingenstein
Creation time :	probably after 1420
Castle type :	Hilltop castle
Conservation status:	ruin
Construction:	irregular quarry stone masonry made of marble
Place:	Maria Lankowitz
Geographical location:	47 ° 6 '22 "  N , 14 ° 57' 39"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 6 '22 "  N , 14 ° 57' 39"  E
Height:	1040  m above sea level A.

The ruins of Klingenstein Castle , also known as Salla Castle and sometimes under the double name "Burg Klingenstein / Salla" in literature, are located west of the village of Salla in the market town of Maria Lankowitz in western Styria . The castle, first named Klingenstein in 1834 , was built to protect the trade route from Voitsberg over the Gaberl into the upper Murtal . Its history can only be partially reconstructed due to the lack of written sources. Through structural details such as the masonryand the design of the loopholes, an erection in the second half of the 15th century seems likely, which is quite late compared to other Austrian castles. The Counts of Montfort , who at that time ruled the nearby village of Salla, are considered as builders . From the 16th century at the latest, the castle was owned by the noble Saurau family and subsequently also by the Glojach family . The castle was probably destroyed by fire in the 16th century and was never rebuilt. From 1982/1983 the ruin was rebuilt by the former mayor of the former municipality of Salla, although some of these structures were new buildings and are quite controversial among researchers. So far, three archaeological excavations have taken place, but they did not encompass the entire castle area.

The castle was probably built in a construction phase from locally occurring marble and consists of the core castle and the forework to the west of it. The original design of the castle and the functions of the individual buildings can only be guessed at due to the lack of scientific research.

Location

Location of Klingenstein Castle

The castle is located in the northwestern part of the market town of Maria Lankowitz , in the western part of the cadastral municipality of Salla . It is located around 900 meters west-southwest of the village of Salla on a narrow, wooded mountain ridge that is steep to the north, east and south and, above all, rocky sloping to the south. This is the last offshoot of a ridge that branches off from the Ofnerkogel , a summit in the ridge of the Stubalpe , in a south-easterly direction and kinks to the east, which rises around 150 meters above the valley of the Sallabach . The castle plateau is located at an altitude of about 1040  m above sea level. A. In the south it is bordered by the Sallabach and in the north and east by the Lederwinkelbach .

In the past, the castle was probably accessed from the west via a connection to the hinterland, which was protected by a ditch carved into the rock. Today's approach is a forest path that branches off from Gaberl Strasse (B 77) in the curve known as the “Schlosskehre” or “Schlosszeile” . However, it is unclear whether the old trade route over the Gaberl followed a similar course to the modern route in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period . Presumably there was another, more direct access that led from the village of Salla over the northern slope of the castle hill. The historian Robert Baravalle located a path on the eastern slope without going into its exact course. However, the location of the Vorwerk to the west of the main castle suggests that access to the last section was definitely from the west.

The Hofbauer farm, mentioned in 1659, and the Gregorbauer farm, whose origins are believed to be in the Middle Ages, could go back to the castle's former farm buildings.

history

Unclear early history and construction time

Above all, there are hardly any sources about the origins and early history of the castle, so that many historians have made a wide variety of assumptions. The area in which the later castle was built came from a donation from Emperor Otto III. to the Eppensteiner . The area was then settled in the 11th or 12th century. The village of Salla probably originated in the 12th century at the latest and was first mentioned in a document in 1213. Robert Baravalle assumed that the Eppensteiners handed over the area to their servants, the Lords of Wildon , and that it finally came from them to the Lords of Walsee . The historian Herwig Ebner , on the other hand, took the view that the later castle site was part of a foundation documented in 1103 by the Eppensteiners to the St. Lambrecht monastery . Due to the lack of historical sources, it cannot be proven whether either of the two assumptions is true.

Both Baravalle and Ebner saw the remains of an early castle from the 13th century in the parts of the wall to the west of the inner castle. Such a system cannot be found in any historical source and could not be proven by archaeological excavations. The historian Anton Mell located the construction of the castle in the late Middle Ages and saw the Stadecker or the Counts of Montfort as the most likely builders. He also considered building by the Saurau , who owned the castle in the early modern period, to be possible, but rather improbable. A precise chronological classification of the castle construction turns out to be difficult due to the lack of sources. The preserved loopholes , which with two exceptions were clearly designed for firearms, are a decisive indication of the construction time . In addition, there are no traces that indicate a subsequent change in the shape of the notches. Since firearms did not appear in Central Europe until the 1420s and 1430s, it can be concluded that the castle was built at this time at the earliest, if not later, which would be a relatively late castle building for Austrian standards. If the loopholes actually come from the construction period, then the Counts of Montfort come into question as the most likely builders, as they inherited the area around Salla from the Stadeckern at the beginning of the 15th century. A Montfort land register from around 1420 lists possessions near Salla and also mentions that the counts held the lower jurisdiction in this area, but does not name any fortifications or castles.

From the 15th century, decay and subsequent owners

The defense construction was supposed to secure the so-called rice road, the crossing over the Gaberl , and possibly also ore deposits discovered in the vicinity, but was probably of little military value. It is not entirely clear who succeeded the Counts of Montfort in possession of the castle. In 1961, Baravalle assumed it would be handed over to the Gradner, while in more recent literature the von Herberstein men in particular are seen as successors. In the 16th century at the latest, however, the fortification came into the possession of the Lobming line of the Saurau family . The historian Anton Mell assumed that Klingenstein was already in the possession of Erasmus von Saurau, who died in 1532. However, it can only be confirmed with certainty that Gilg von Saurau, the son of Erasmus, was the owner from 1550. The castle remained in the possession of the Saurau family for a long time, for example it is named as Schloss Salla in documents from Ehrenreich von Saurau, who died in 1618 . Emerich von Saurau finally bequeathed it to his sister Christine, who was married to Ehrenreich von Rindscheit. When Christine's daughter Maria Magdalena Ruprecht von Glojach married, she brought the fortress into the marriage as a morning gift .

Since both were avowed Protestants , they had to leave Styria and sold their property in the Salle together with the castle, known as the desolate castle in the Khanach Valley in the parish of Salath , in 1629 to their aunt Benigna, the wife of Veit Sigmund von Herberstein. Another brief mention of the castle, which was presumably no longer inhabited at that time and left to decay, was made in 1638. In the archaeological excavations that have taken place so far, no finds have been made that can be clearly dated to a period after the 16th century. The finds made during these excavations, such as thick layers of charcoal and the signs of greater heat exposure on building stones, also allow the assumption that the castle was destroyed by fire in the course of the 16th century or later.

From the Herberstein family, Klingenstein and the surrounding forests came to Leonore Eusebia Countess Wagensperg in 1650, who linked it with her rule of Greißenegg . In the following period there are hardly any written sources mentioning the castle, and the ownership structure also remains unknown. On the maps of the Josephinische Landesaufnahme from 1787, the castle is referred to as the old Gschloss . One of the oldest known images of the castle is the depiction in the background of a picture of St. Barbara from the end of the 18th century in the parish church of Salla . There is also a pencil drawing from 1894 showing the ruins in detail. In 1834 the name Klingenstein was first mentioned as a name for the castle. Its exact origin is unclear, but the part of the name Klinge appears as early as 1586 as a name for a sawmaker on the Klingensag as a place name in the area around Salla.

19th century until today

It was not until the 19th century that the Grein family of stonemasons appeared as the new owners of the now ruin. The first detailed description of the castle ruins comes from the historian Anton Mell in 1925. It has been privately owned by the Petrasch family from Graz since the 20th century . From 1982/1983, the ruin was secured for 25 years by Hubert Stiefmann, who was mayor of the municipality of Salla from 1980 to 1995, and largely rebuilt, with this security and renovation work recently also taking the form of new buildings and therefore at Castle researchers are controversial.

A total of three smaller archaeological excavations have taken place on the castle grounds so far. The archaeologist Bernhard Hebert and the historian Ernst Reinhold Lasnik were in charge of all these excavations, some of which were carried out by untrained volunteers such as schoolchildren. The first excavation took place in 1993 as part of a school project and in five days the western building of the Vorwerk was exposed and its walls secured and renovated. In 1994 the Federal Monuments Office carried out a five-day excavation in the core of the castle, which was only partially excavated. This excavation in the core of the castle was continued for two days in 2000, and findings were made that indicate a possible fire in the castle. Because the excavations did not involve extensive excavation in layers , an exact separation of the finds is no longer possible despite the excavation diaries being kept .

In the summer of 2013, the municipality of Salla laid a power cable on the castle hill in order to be able to illuminate the ruin at night. There are plans to use the castle as a venue, for example for choir concerts.

description

Vorwerk

The foundation walls of the eastern building of the Vorwerk with the two areas or chambers formed by a wall tongue

Remains of walls can be found along the ridge to the west of the main castle, which presumably once connected the buildings of the Vorwerk.

On the ridge to the west of the actual core castle , to the north of the modern access road, over a length of about 100 meters, there are the remains of a vestibule with at least three buildings or towers, originally probably connected by walls. These were viewed by some historians such as Robert Baravalle and Herwig Ebner as the remains of an older castle building, but archaeological excavations have shown that the oldest part of these walls dates from the time the core castle was built and thus from the 15th century. The buildings are only preserved in their foundations and have only been partially uncovered and examined by archaeological excavations. Their more precise form and the functions they fulfilled cannot be deduced from what has been found to date. All parts of the Vorwerk have an irregular and partly stock-like quarry stone masonry made of locally occurring marble , whereby the size of these quarry stones varies greatly. Small differences in the composition of this masonry could indicate that the Vorwerk was built in several phases.

Western section with a possible gun turret or roundabout

The western end and thus also the part of this outwork furthest away from the main castle was formed by a building with a fan-shaped floor plan oriented to the southwest and dated around the 15th century, which is sometimes interpreted in the literature as a defense tower or bastion and of which only more the foundation walls are preserved. This structure was uncovered during an excavation in 1993, during which the masonry was partially restored and secured. The wall of this building rises around 1.7 meters above the current floor level and is rounded and slightly curved inwards at the building, which is around 4 meters wide, in the south-west. This wall is the only known circular wall in the entire castle complex. The two other building walls extend from this arched wall, which converge at a boulder in the northeast and form the narrowest part of the building with a width of about 1 meter. The clear length of the interior is around 6.5 meters. The thickness of the building wall varies between 1 meter and a little over 1.5 meters. The entire east wall and parts of the north wall had collapsed and were rebuilt in the 20th century. The interior of the building is divided into two irregularly shaped areas or chambers in the west, by the curved wall, by a tongue protruding from this wall. Both of these chambers are smaller than 2 meters. The southern chamber has an entrance 0.53 meters wide, while the northern chamber, about 20 centimeters lower, has a width of 1.5 meters. At both entrances, stone slabs were found during excavation work, which were interpreted as thresholds. In the southern part of the building there is another smaller niche, which is also a little higher up, but the masonry has been destroyed by tree roots to such an extent that it is difficult to reconstruct its original shape. Since the building is only preserved in its foundation walls, its original use and the function of the chambers cannot be precisely determined. However, these probably served as storage rooms and the building itself presumably had a lookout and defense function. A use as a small turret or as a roundabout appears possible due to the rounded shape of the building, but it must be seen as pure speculation with no reliable evidence due to the state of preservation of the building.

About 40 to 60 meters north of this building, on the slope below the modern access road to the castle, there is a corner of the wall opening to the northeast without any recognizable structural connection to the rest of the Vorwerk. The masonry of this corner consists of more irregularly shaped rubble stones than that of the Vorwerk and could thus indicate a different construction period.

Middle section

Starting from the most westerly building towards the east, there is a remnant of the wall about 85 centimeters wide that follows the ridge. Along this ridge there are other piles of rubble, which probably originate from former walls that connected the individual buildings of the Vorwerk. The exact course of these walls can no longer be seen, which is partly due to the fact that the remaining rubble heaps are partly overgrown and not recognizable as such. The piles of rubble lead to the middle of the three buildings of the Vorwerk, which only consists of a corner of a wall about 0.8 meters thick in the northwest about 4.5 meters and in the northeast about 1.75 meters. The function and shape of this building are unknown due to the lack of excavation work. The corner of the wall formed the northern part of this building or tower. The terrain slopes slightly to the south of the wall, is relatively flat and suggests the layout of the former building. If the former building had taken up this entire area, it would have been around 6 meters long in the northwest and around 3 meters wide in the southeast.

East of this corner of the wall there are no longer any clearly recognizable remains of the wall, but this could also be due to the steeper terrain here. To the south-east of the corner of the wall there is a slightly deeper section of the wall with no recognizable connection to the rest of the forework, which makes it difficult to interpret it as a possible building or wall remnant. To the north of this section of the wall, on the other side of the ridge, there is another corner of the wall, opening to the north, on a small ledge in the area. A piece of this wall still runs in a northerly direction and extends beyond the ledge. The function of this wall is also unknown. The excavation diary from 1993 sees a base or the remainder of a bridge in this corner of the wall.

Eastern section

In the eastern section of the Vorwerk, which is closest to the main castle, are the not completely preserved foundation walls of another building. This had an almost square floor plan with irregular corners. The north wall is 7.65 meters long on the outside and has been preserved except for one gap. The east wall, which is also incomplete, is around 7.5 meters long, the west wall around 7.6 meters and the south wall around 7.25 meters long. The south wall is located directly on the steeply sloping terrain and is therefore probably the greatest thickness of the remaining parts of the wall at around 1.4 meters, since it served as a possible retaining wall . On the other sides of the building, the wall is about 1 meter thick. The straight end on one of the two sides of the gap in the eastern wall could indicate the former entrance here. This also appears likely due to the core castle, which is located about 50 meters further to the east and the quick access to the building that is possible with it. The excavation diary from 1993 suspects another entrance in the gap in the north wall.

A wall running to the east connects to the eastern part of the building and turns to the northeast after about 2.25 meters. The wall runs in this direction for around 2.4 meters before it ends. The lack of further wall remains and debris cones suggests a defensive wall and not the remains of an attached building.

Main castle and the surrounding area

Floor plan of the main castle from Klingenstein after Anton Mell in Blätter für Heimatkunde , 1925. The map is north.
Legend : B = keep, c = high entrance to the keep, V = residential building (palas), Z = Zwinger assumed by Mell, but probably the courtyard or part of the palas, T = flanking tower, m = round wall (bering), f = window openings, p = castle entrance assumed by Mell, but probably continuous wall, o = arched portal (original and modern entrance)

From the western Vorwerk, a neck ditch, which was largely filled in when the modern access road was built , leads to the core castle at the end of the ridge and thus to the actual castle complex . You can still see the moat on the north and south side of the access road. Originally a simple bridge presumably led over the moat. To the north of the main castle there are remains of walls, some of them up to 2 meters high, which run along a cliff edge and form an approximately trapezoidal plan, with the wall section in the west being completely missing. It is unclear whether it is the remains of a building or a curtain wall , and a structural connection to the main castle is not discernible.

As far as can be seen, the core castle was built in a single construction phase that can be dated between the late Middle Ages and the second half of the 15th century and consists of the keep and a building complex attached to it in the east. Most of the above-ground walls of the core castle were rebuilt as part of renovation and security work since 1982/1983, so they are of more recent origin. The masonry of the inner castle, which dates from the late 14th or early 15th century, consists of irregular, unevenly large and partly in storage marble rubble stones and, in the lower area of ​​the outer walls, also of larger stone blocks. Sometimes you can also find somewhat rectangular shaped house stones in the masonry.

Keep

Keep and modern
superstructures

View from the inside of the building complex to the east wall of the keep.

Same view as before. The original masonry is colored red. The superstructures made from the 1980s onwards were not colored.

View from the west of the keep. The original masonry is colored red. The superstructures made from the 1980s onwards were not colored.

View inside the keep

The powerful, built of irregularly arranged marble quarry stones keep has an irregular triangular layout and has a sharp edge towards the west. From there the path leads to the castle, and the building did not offer a possible attacker a flat surface to attack. The outer sides of the keep have a length of 9.84 meters in the southwest, 11.85 meters in the east and 12.68 meters in the northwest. The walls made of irregular quarry stone masonry are unevenly thick, with the western parts of the wall being stronger. For example, the south-west wall is between 2.2 and 2.3 meters thick and the north-west wall between 1.7 and 2.1 meters thick, while the east wall in the reinforced lower area is only about 1.5 meters wide and extends upwards rejuvenates. The east wall was also to their reinforcement on the inside of an approximately 1.8 meter high wall placed in front of . Above this curtain wall, the east wall is only about 87 centimeters thick. The north-west wall is also around 10 to 20 centimeters thicker up to a height of around half a meter above the recent ground level than in the narrower area above. In the western corner of the keep, where the northwest and northeast walls meet, the masonry is around 4.2 meters thick.

The original height of the keep before it was rebuilt in the 1980s is not known. The three original window openings in the north wall as well as a preserved recess in the masonry, which could indicate a possible fourth window, suggest at least three, but probably also four upper floors. The original access to the keep was probably on the second floor of the building attached to the east. This high entrance was only added in the upper part during the reconstruction. The existing, level access does not date from the construction period, but existed before the reconstruction in the 20th century.

The interior of the keep has a triangular floor plan only in the lower area. A piece of wall drawn in at a height of 1.8 to 2 meters above the ground in the western corner creates an irregular pentagonal shape there. On the inside, at a height of about 2 meters, the walls have a length of about 5.1 meters in the east, 0.9 meters in the northeast, about 3.8 meters in the northwest, about 1.2 meters in the west and about 3, 9 meters to the southwest. Light reaches the interior of the keep through two vertical light slits in the lower part of the north-west and south-west walls. The light slot in the southwest wall was supplemented during the renovation work that had been carried out since the 1980s, as the wall in this area was in a poor state of preservation. The light slits are about 50 centimeters wide on the inside and taper to a width of 10 to 20 centimeters on the outside. Plaster remnants have been preserved in the lower part of the east wall. In the original masonry there are several square holes around 10 to 20 centimeters in size, which presumably supported the beams of the false ceilings. In the north and west corners of the keep there are several niches around 50 high, 60 centimeters wide and between 60 and 85 centimeters deep, and in the west corner with stone slabs. On the second floor of the north-west wall there are two steps leading to the north-west, i.e. towards the outer wall. Since this wall is not thick enough for a full staircase that could lead to the next upper floor, it should originally have led to a niche with a ladder, a bay window or a raised window opening.

The documents found during an excavation, probably in the late 15th century by a workshop in the Hungarian Buda made and relief tiles and Ofenlehm suggest that at least a small stove stood in the keep.

Building complex east of the keep and flanking tower

View from the keep of the north wall (left) and the east wall of the building complex and the flanking tower (right)

The southwest wall of the building complex with the arched portal

One of the castle's arrow slits created as spade slits

To the east of the keep is a building complex with an irregular, roughly long-rectangular floor plan and a tower built on to the southeast. The exact appearance and function of this complex can only be guessed at from the existing finds and walls, and one can deduce the attached buildings from the original window openings in the wall. The reconstruction work that has been carried out since the 1980s also complicates the interpretation of this building. Anton Mell saw in the complex a Bering , of a residential building or palace surrounded. The question of whether the entire area was built with a single building or whether there was a castle courtyard is also controversial.

The walled area of ​​this complex has a clear length of around 18 meters and is around 8.2 meters wide directly east of the keep. It widens to about 10 meters up to the tower and finally narrows to about 6 meters towards the eastern end. The thickness of the walls, mostly rebuilt since the 1980s, varies between 1.3 and 1.4 meters. The original south-eastern corner of the wall is only around 0.9 meters thick. On the northern wall, directly to the east of the keep, there are three completely preserved windows, more or less directly one above the other, as well as a fourth window that has been preserved at the beginning. A window further to the east in this wall should also come from the construction time, at least the eastern reveal seems to be original. All other window openings on the north wall originate from the modern reconstruction work. On the originally preserved parts of the wall, several square holes can be found a little below the window openings, which presumably supported the beams for the intermediate ceilings of the buildings. With the exception of the outer wall, no other walls or intermediate walls can be seen above ground. Another exception is a wall stump on the north wall, which is probably the beginning of a partition wall. The building on the north wall was probably the Palas, i.e. the residential building of the castle, through which the keep could also be entered. The windows close on at least four upper floors. It is possible that the hall filled the entire area between the north and south walls of the building complex. On the north wall there are five loopholes about 2.5 meters apart.

Most of the castle's loopholes are so-called spade loops and were probably already designed for the use of firearms. On the outside, they consist of a 0.5 to 0.6 meter long and around 0.1 meter wide vertical slot, which is in a widened, roughly rectangular, 0.2 to 0.3 meter wide and slightly lowered foot towards the outside ends. On the inside, the notches consist of a wide rectangle that tapers towards the slot and has a flat stone slab at the top. In some of these notches you can still find holes in which originally a baffle was probably attached. Only two loopholes in the eastern part of the north wall are not spade loopholes, but simple slit loopholes.

The modern and probably also original access to the castle is via a 2.7 meter wide arched portal in the southern wall, directly east of the keep. On the side walls of this portal there are two superimposed holes between 0.6 and 0.9 meters deep with a side length of around 20 centimeters. They may originally have provided space for the sliding bars or the brackets of a castle gate. On the western inside of this portal there is another, roughly square-shaped opening with a side length of about 25 centimeters, which is around 2.1 meters deep and extends into the masonry of the keep. To the east of the portal there are three loopholes, which at least recently have been deeper than the entrance to the castle. It is possible that the building complex originally had a different floor level or that a staircase or ramp led up to the portal. The terrain on the outside of the portal was originally steep and rocky and was leveled in the 20th century to make access easier. Some castle researchers therefore suspect that a wooden bridge led to the portal during the original period of use. The lack of the original east wall, which was only rebuilt in the 20th century, suggests an access on this side. In his description of the castle from 1925, Anton Mell mentioned a 35 centimeter-wide, plastered canal that has not been preserved . This led from the loopholes to the east of the portal up to the wall, with a branch but also to the portal itself, and Mell suspected it was a kind of mouthpiece for the castle garrison. The three windows in the wall above the entrance portal are probably not original, even if the wall here has otherwise been preserved in its original state of construction.

A little to the east of the portal, in the southeast of the building complex, an almost square flanking tower juts out of the southern wall. The north-western corner and the towering walls of the tower were rebuilt and roofed over from the 1980s. Originally there was a window on the upper floor of the tower, at least on the south side. On the outside, it is between 5 and 6 meters long. Its walls are also of different thicknesses, so they are between 1.3 and 1.4 meters thick on the south and west sides and 1.2 meters thick on the east side, while the north side facing the interior of the castle is only around 0.9 meters thick. There are four loopholes on the ground floor, two of which point to the east and one each to the south and west. The northern of the two eastern loopholes is higher than the remaining loopholes in the tower.

Nothing has survived from the former castle chapel , consecrated to St. Catherine .

Sagas and stories

There are several legends and stories about Klingenstein Castle. According to the local population, Klingenstein is supposed to be connected to Hauenstein Castle near Gallmannsegg by a secret underground passage , as Josef von Scheiger noted in 1868. But that seems to be impossible due to the more than 12 kilometers distance between the two systems. In his 1995 parish chronicle of Salla, J. Leitner reported about another secret passage full of great treasures, which should lead from the castle down into the valley to the Gregorbauer or Gregerbauer farm. According to a legend recorded by Ernst Reinhold Lasnik , a white woman from the castle is said to have visited the Gregerbäurin through this secret passage to inform her about people who recently died in Salla. Leitner also wrote down the legend that the child who first lies in a cradle made from the wood of the trees growing on the castle hill should reach a treasure or great wealth. The historian Josef A. Janisch reported stories from the local residents that robber barons once lived in this castle.

Georg Göth noted in his statistical survey for Archduke Johann in 1834 that a knight who owned the castle fell from his horse at the so-called Ofner Cross in Salla and died when he saw that his castle was in flames. This narrative could have a real core insofar as evidence of a possible fire in the castle was found during archaeological excavations.

literature

• Levente Horváth: The Salla / Klingenstein Castle. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, urn : nbn: at: at-ubg: 1-53719 ( uni-graz.at [PDF; 27.5 MB ]).
• Werner Murgg: Castle ruins in Styria . Ed .: Federal Monuments Office (=  Fundberichte from Austria. Material books. Series B . Band 2 ). Ferdinand Berger & Sons, 2009, ISSN  1993-1263 , p. 156-157 .

Web links

Commons : Burg Klingenstein  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Entry via Burg Klingenstein (Styria) to Burgen-Austria

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Salla, called Klingenstein. :  Styrian castles and palaces , born 1936, p. 308 (online at ANNO ).
2. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 15-16 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Werner Murgg: Castle ruins of Styria . Ed .: Federal Monuments Office (=  Fundberichte from Austria. Material books. Series B . Band 2 ). Ferdinand Berger & Sons, 2009, ISSN  1993-1263 , p. 156 .
4. ↑ Klingenstein castle ruins. www.wehrbauten.at, accessed on September 30, 2020 .  
5. ↑ ^{a b} Salla - Klingenstein. www.burgseite.com, accessed on September 30, 2020 .  
6. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 17 .
7. ^ ^{A b c} Walter Brunner (Ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 2 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 132 .
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Entry about Klingenstein Castle (Styria) on Burgen-Austria
9. ↑ Bundesdenkmalamt (Ed.): Dehio Steiermark (excluding Graz) . 2nd Edition. Berger, Horn / Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-85028-439-5 , p. 412 .
10. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 6 .
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Robert Baravalle: Castles and palaces of Styria . Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft mbH, Graz 1961, ISBN 3-7011-7323-0 , p. 566 .
12. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 10-11 .
13. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 12 .
14. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 11-12 .
15. ^ Wilfried Bahnmüller: Castles and palaces. Styria & Burgenland . Residenz, St. Pölten et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-7017-3077-3 , p. 248 .
16. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 13 .
17. ↑ ^{a b c d} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 14 .
18. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 54-55 .
19. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 7 .
20. ^ ^{A b} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 8 .
21. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 5 .
22. ↑ ^{a b} Klingenstein. www.steirischer-burgenverein.at, accessed on September 30, 2020 .  
23. ^ ^{A b} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 47-48 .
24. ↑ Werner Murgg: Castle ruins of Styria . Ed .: Federal Monuments Office (=  Fundberichte from Austria. Material books. Series B . Band 2 ). Ferdinand Berger & Sons, 2009, ISSN  1993-1263 , p. 157 .
25. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 50 .
26. ↑ Harald Almer: The ruin goes on a light. In: my week. www.mein Bezirk.at, July 31, 2013, accessed on September 28, 2020 .  
27. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 20 .
28. ^ ^{A b} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 25 .
29. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 21-22 .
30. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 22-23 .
31. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 23 .
32. ^ ^{A b} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 24 .
33. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 28-29 .
34. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 46-47 .
35. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 28 .
36. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 29-30 .
37. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 31 .
38. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 30 .
39. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 31-32 .
40. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 2 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 681 .
41. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 2 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 229 .
42. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 52 .
43. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 34 .
44. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 37-38 .
45. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 40 .
46. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 34-35 .
47. ↑ ^{a b c} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 42-43 .
48. ^ ^{A b} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 37 .
49. ^ Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 35-36 .
50. ↑ ^{a b c} Anton Mell : From Klingenstein Castle in the Salla . Ed .: Historischen Verein für Steiermark (=  Blätter für Heimatkunde . Volume  3 ). Graz 1925, p. 85 ( historerverein-stmk.at [PDF]).
51. ↑ Ernst Lasnik: Von Teufelsspuk, Trud and Wilder Jagd . Stories and legends from western Styria. Verlag für Collectors, Graz 2007, ISBN 978-3-85365-227-5 , p. 62 .
52. ^ ^{A b} Levente Horváth: The castle Salla / Klingenstein. A late hilltop castle in western Styria . Graz 2013, p. 14-15 .

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 29, 2020 in this version .