Central Europe Pipeline System

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Post of a CEPS line near Untergruppenbach

The Central Europe Pipeline System ( CEPS ) is the largest of NATO's ten pipeline and storage systems . Together with the Northern Europe Pipeline System (NEPS) it secures the fuel supply of NATO ( NATO Pipeline System, NPS) in Central Europe and extends to Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. In Germany, it essentially connects air force bases in West Germany, including in Büchel , Fürstenfeldbruck , Ramstein , Spangdahlem .

The course of the high-pressure pipeline can be recognized by the red-and-white or orange-and-white striped posts above ground that are within sight or when, for example, a street or a stream is crossed.

The network has a length of around 5,300 km with pipe diameters between 6 and 12 inches. It connects 29 NATO depots and 6 non-military depots with a total storage of 1.2 million cubic meters, military and civil airports, refineries, civil depots and seaports.

In the event of a defense, it is intended that the pipeline networks of the Bundeswehr will operate the pipeline networks on German soil and that the tank farms will be militarily secured. Until 2001, the pipeline pioneers, who are only responsible for repairing the damage in peacetime, were part of the Territorial Army , the units of the German Armed Forces, which should still be under national command even in the event of war. They were entrusted with the "maintenance of the freedom of operations for the NATO armed forces, including the protection of rear areas, in order to create a prerequisite for forward defense ", that is, "space and property protection, traffic management, medical supplies", finally "logistical tasks", among which, of course, the fuel supply plays an important role. This unit of troops is trained to bridge destroyed sections with mobile pipe systems in order to be able to maintain the lines for the logistical supply even under combat conditions.

history

FBG tank farm near Altenrath

NATO pipeline system NPS

The NATO pipeline system NPS was built during the Cold War to provide fuel to the Alliance's armed forces. For this purpose, a modular concept was developed with which all fuel requirements can be met through a combination of 16 easy-to-use and compatible modules that can receive, store and distribute fuel in any application area.

Central Europe Pipeline System CEPS as part of the NPS

The CEPS , founded in 1958 as part of the general NATO infrastructure program, bundled individual existing or under construction national pipelines and infrastructure projects into an overall program in order to secure the military fuel supply in Central Europe. The CEPS is divided regionally into pipeline divisions (operating sections) and these in turn into so-called districts.

German share in the CEPS

In accordance with the CEPS charter, the Federal Republic has taken on the obligation to operate, maintain, repair damage and secure the sections of operation on its ground, namely the 6th and 7th Pipeline Divisions. Pipeline Division 6 is geographically identical to the former area of ​​the Bundeswehr Territorial Command South , Pipeline Division 7 with the area of ​​the former Bundeswehr Territorialkommando Nord , and the German part of the NEPS with that of the former Bundeswehr Territorialkommando Schleswig-Holstein .

The federal government is the owner and operator of the military pipeline systems of NATO and the Bundeswehr in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. The German share was initially administered by the federally owned industrial management company (IVG), which operated under the name “ Montan-Industriewerke ” before 1951 , the company to which most of the explosive and warfare agents in Nazi Germany were subordinate.

A subsidiary of IVG, the Fernleitungs-Betriebsgesellschaft (FBG), which was founded in 1956, is still responsible for the pipelines today, while another subsidiary, Vereinigte Tanklager und Transportmittel GmbH (VTG), manages the formerly 6,400 state-owned rail tank cars and goes to the railroad -Transport of the fuels provided. As a vicarious agent, the FBG is responsible to the federal government for the implementation of tasks related to the operation of these systems. The legal form of a GmbH was chosen because the Bundeswehr did not have any positions available to carry out its tasks within the scope of the specified number of staff.

Only the FBG has survived as a federally owned company and is responsible for the transport and storage of fuels. Its headquarters are in Bonn-Bad Godesberg with the main administration and first three (according to the responsible territorial commands), then two area administrations in Xanten (dissolved in 2015) and Idar-Oberstein (current operations center). From here, the operation and monitoring of the pipeline systems in Germany are controlled.

IVG's legal successor, the private IVG Immobilien , operates additional tank farms through its subsidiary IVG Logistik GmbH, which are directly or indirectly connected to the CEPS. In 2007, the tank storage locations of IVG were acquired and integrated by TanQuid GmbH & Co. KG .

FBG's share capital is traditionally in two hands: 51% initially with VEBEG GmbH , Frankfurt / M., Now with the Federal Ministry of Defense , 49% initially with IVG Logistik GmbH, later with IVG Tanklager-Betriebsführungsgesellschaft and now with TanQuid Betriebsführungsgesellschaft mbH.

Institutions in Germany

NATO Pipeline France and neighboring countries, 1970.

In Germany, NATO tank farms are connected to the CEPS

as well as national tank farms in

For the handling of product and material transport in the shunting service, the FBG also had its own rail vehicles such as locomotives and freight wagons, at least at times.

With increasing age of the pipeline and its connected infrastructure as well as increasing demands on economic efficiency and operational reliability, the financial maintenance costs also increase. A single company lists the following references with reference to the pipeline for the years 2008–2019:

  • NEPS: 2008–2012 renewal of 2 tank farms, 4 transfer stations and 3 pumping stations in Northern Germany and Denmark
  • NEPS and CEPS
    • since 2011 introduction of transient leak detection for 126 pipeline sections over 973 km in Germany
    • 2016-2018 Renewal of the mass balancing and billing system in the pipeline network over a length of 753 km with 9 included pump and 62 transfer / valve stations
  • CEPS
    • 2009–2016 renewal of 8 tank terminals, 28 transfer stations, 18 pumping stations and 12 loading stations in central and southern Germany
    • New construction of the central control room since 2012 with "Cube technology" for 5 operator workstations
    • Altenrath tank farm: renewal of control technology and automation technology, tank rehabilitation, introduction of remote monitoring 2010–2015
    • Tank farm Würselen: Introduction of remote monitoring 2010–2014
    • Tank farm Hohn: renewal and expansion of the tank truck system, introduction of remote monitoring 2009–2015
    • Renewal of control technology and automation technology:
      • Bitburg tank farm and pumping station: 2012–2015
      • Fürfeld tank farm 2014–2016
      • Bellheim tank farm 2015–2017
      • Zweibrücken tank farm 2014–2017
    • High-pressure pumping station Engden: Process technical adaptation of the pumps to changed requirements 2014–2015

financing

The operation of the fuel lines is controlled by the Central Europe Pipeline Management Agency (CEPMA), which has been part of the NATO Support Agency (NSPA) since July 1, 2012. Operation and maintenance of the fuel lines and other systems (in particular depots) are the responsibility of the national operator organizations (Germany: FBG) on whose territory the fuel lines are located (host countries). The costs of the CEPS, including the CEPMA, are covered by income from military and non-military use and by contributions from the participating states. The FBG as the operating company is financed from the budgets of the federal government and NATO. The German contribution is estimated in Section 14 ( Federal Ministry of Defense ) of the federal budget.

Budget year Million €
1998 17th
1999 11
2000 11
2001 12
2002 10
2003 12
2004 11
2005 7th
2006 7th
2007 9
2008 9
2009 11
2010 7th
2011 11
2012 12
2013 14th
2014 10
2015 12
2016 17th
2017 16
2018 17th
2019 19th
2020 17th

For 2019 and 2020, the latest target rates are given, for all others the actual rates.

Civil supply

As early as 1959, the possibility was created of supplying civilian consumers with free capacities after military requirements were met. FBG also takes on the transport and storage of aviation and ground fuels for civil customers in the pipeline networks it manages, for example supplying German civil airports with kerosene or transporting kerosene from German refinery production. In 2009 around 90 percent of the fuels transported went to civilian customers. Frankfurt, Cologne / Bonn, Zurich and Munich airports are among the largest civilian customers. In 2016, around 12 million cubic meters were delivered to civil customers. Favored by the global increase in demand for transport volumes due to CEPS and the low water level in the Rhine caused by the drought in 2018 (failure of ship transport capacity), 2018 was the most successful business year to date: At the same time, FBG openly took into account in its planning for the first time that medium and long-term due to climate policy requirements and technological developments, the demand for fossil aviation fuel is likely to decrease.

Values ​​from the annual financial statements of FBG
year Delivered to civil and

military customers in million m³

Sales from non-military

Shared use in € million

Employees
1977 approx. 750
1980s approx. 1,000
2005 4.9 16.0
2006 5.1 20.8 359
2007 5.6 24.9 351
2008 5.97 27.0 351
2009 5.95 32.5 351
2010 6.15 34.5 348
2011 5.92 35.1 346
2012 5.09 32.3 347
2013 4.73 31.2 349
2014 no individual values ​​published 32.0 345
2015 33.4 324
2016 33.2 314
2017 36.8 316
2018 41.3 321

Excerpts from the operational history for the Federal Republic

1962

In the winter of 1962/63, part of the NATO fuel lines were made available for civilian use to remedy the shortage of heating oil in southern Germany. A field line that was additionally laid for this purpose and operated by the Fernleitungsbetriebsgesellschaft (FBG) broke, so that around 35 m³ of heating oil flowed out in the water protection area of ​​the municipality of Auenheim. The FBG had to compensate for the resulting damage.

1966

Start of planning to connect the (then naval) air base Schleswig to the Jutland pipeline and the necessary construction of the pipeline from the Neuberend branch shaft to the Groß-Rheide tank farm.

1972

Construction of the Hodenhagen tank farm on around 190,000 m². The name was used to disguise the exact location, which is geographically closer to Hademstorf . It was connected to the pipeline over the 147 km long Bramsche – Hodenhagen section.

1974

In view of the strong increase in expenditure from year to year, the budget committee of the German Bundestag asked the Federal Audit Office on December 5, 1974 to examine whether a GmbH is the appropriate organization for the operation of the NATO pipeline system in the Federal Republic or whether a public company is responsible for this task Could carry out national defense more economically. After weighing all the possibilities, the previous organizational form was considered to be the most economically sensible and retained, but the safeguarding of the personnel readiness of the system in the event of voltage and emergency was to be improved.

1981

At Kirchberg (Hunsrück), the construction of a tank farm was planned from 1981 as part of the expansion of the NATO pipeline system. The camp was supposed to hold fuel for the Bundeswehr and the allied armed forces. Construction was not expected to begin before 1995.

1984

At the end of September 1984 maneuver damage occurred in the Henstorf / Lippe district. The British armed forces have taken fuel from a pipeline and piped it to three field tank farms. During the transfer process in the three tank farms, around 150 liters of gasoline penetrated the ground. Although, according to the findings of the responsible culture and hydraulic engineering department of the Lippe district, the groundwater should not have been endangered by the petrol that seeped in, it allowed the contaminated soil to be removed.

1985

On January 9, 1985 at around 5 p.m., the weld seam of the kerosene pipeline at Bitburg airfield broke due to severe frost, and 34,000 liters ended up in the ground.

1990s

The reduction in the number of armed forces after the end of the Cold War, but in particular the reduced presence of the Allied forces since the 1990s, has led to a significant decline in military demand. To adapt to this change, several “neutralization plans” (NP 1 to NP 3) were drawn up. In 2011, large parts of the pipeline system had not been supported by a NATO Minimum Military Requirement (NATO MMR) for a number of years and since then have no longer been financed through the NATO infrastructure program, which increases capital expenditure in the CEPS operating budget. The installations of the NATO pipeline system that are no longer required by the military are filled with nitrogen. The annual costs of a minimum maintenance of these systems were given in 1995 at around 600,000 DM.

1992

The existing Unterpfaffenhofen – Leipheim pipeline is to be extended by the Leipheim – Aalen section in the third construction phase and connected to the CEPS via the Aalen tank farm. The existing pipeline section supplies the airfields Leipheim, Lechfeld, Landsberg and Fürstenfeldbruck and other military facilities in southern Germany by collecting fuel from the Unterpfaffenhofen tank farm. The annual requirement for jet fuel for the airfields Lechfeld, Landsberg, Fürstenfeldbruck was approx. 70,000 m³ at that time and was used as a justification for the extension and the associated costs of around DM 104 million: Lechfeld – Unterpfaffenhofen pipeline: DM 43.3 million (NATO share: DM 40 million), Leipheim – Lechfeld pipeline: DM 28.5 million (NATO share: DM 26.5 million), Aalen – Leipheim pipeline: DM 32 million (NATO share: 29 .5 million DM).

The existing Ginsheim – Flörsheim pipeline is to be expanded in the 2nd construction phase to include the Flörsheim – Westerburg section as part of the NATO infrastructure program. It is the so far missing link between the northern and southern parts of the NATO pipeline system in the Federal Republic of Germany.

2006

In 1989 the operating license for the 100-kilometer section of the CEPS running between Kehl and Tübingen expired (built in 1960/61). In order to obtain approval to resume operations on this section (which was expressly requested by NATO, also with a view to its eastward expansion ), the pipeline had to be completely re-laid. The pipeline section forms the only connection between the parts of the NATO pipeline system in southern Germany and the overall system. Without this reconnection to the overall system, the southern German pipeline sections would not be economically viable. Following the approval of the Freiburg regional council, the newly built section was handed over on May 13, 2006 after four years of construction. The total construction costs without VAT amounted to 89.8 million DM, of which the NATO Security Investment Program (NSIP) contributed 85.9 million DM, as well as a further 14 million DM to bring the Tübingen tank farm into compliance with the law (partly due to environmental protection requirements) . In addition, compensation payments of over DM 2 million were made for the property owners affected. The annual maintenance costs of the pipeline were given as around 179,000 DM and the maintenance costs for the Tübingen tank farm at around 679,000 DM. The Bodelshausen tank farm, which was closed in 1990, was also put back into operation and connected to the pipeline. Up until the shutdown, road-bound fuel transports of 30,000 m² per year were carried out.

Due to the decision made by NATO in mid-2003 to shut down initially seven CEPS tank farms that are no longer required by the military and practically not used for civil purposes in Germany and their associated pipeline sections (approx. 600 km), the shutdown was initiated by 2004 and implemented by 2007 (NP 1). By mid-2004, these systems were returned to the defense area administrations (owner and operator) in a safe condition ; some sections of the pipeline could be sold to private gas pipeline operators. In 2006 the Goch tank farm was returned to the Düsseldorf site administration and a further approx. 128 km of pipeline were shut down or returned to the West Defense District Administration.

2007

The Boxberg tank farm, which was connected to the pipeline network with a line to the tank farm in Untergruppenbach, including the associated pipeline section from Heilbronn to Boxberg, was shut down in 2007 and returned to the responsible authorities. In 2014, renovation work was completed to enable the tanks to be used as storage facilities for liquid fertilizers.

From the second half of 2007, the merger of the two FBG operations centers and the two central laboratories in the operations administration south in Idar-Oberstein was initiated.

2008

On October 21, 2008, the last 80-kilometer section of the CEPS from Aalen to Leipheim was completed, so that all military airfields west of Munich are continuously supplied with aviation fuel via the CEPS.

From 2008, the still intact system came up against system-related upper capacity limits in some regions or sections for the first time, especially at certain entry points. In 2019, FBG stated that it would not be able to fully serve the increased customer interest in transports in the CEPS compared to 2018 due to the utilization of the system.

2012

Further decommissioning decisions from 2012 in order to optimize the structure of the pipeline network from an economic point of view provided for approx. 600 km of pipeline and four tank farms on German soil for decommissioning from 2014. The implementation should be completed in 2021.

In 2012, supported by the planned closure of the Heilbronn tank farm, planning work began to connect Stuttgart Airport to the CEPS in order to replace the delivery of kerosene by ship and road transport. The project stalled in 2018 when 160 property owners refused to give the necessary consent to lay the 19-kilometer line on their property and was discontinued in 2019.

2015

In 2015, the sale of the Bramsche – Hodenhagen pipeline section was prepared, which ended the previous transports to the Schäferhof tank farm, which had already been sold, after the Hodenhagen tank farm was offered for sale in 2014.

2017

The closure of the tank farm in Untergruppenbach, including the associated pipeline section, was postponed for several years in March 2017 due to civil needs.

2018

From 2014 (NP 3) to the end of 2018, a total of 260 km of pipeline and two tank farms were decommissioned and handed over to BIMA . The closure of a further section of the route was canceled at the end of 2018 due to continued military needs.

Under the responsibility of the Fernleitungs-Betriebsgesellschaft (FBG), NEPS and CEPS were still in operation in 2018 (values ​​from 1993 in brackets):

  • 14 tank farms (31) with 103 tanks
  • 22 high pressure pumps (50)
  • Approx. 1,765 km of underground pipelines (3,026) with diameters from DN 100 to DN 300 and the associated pumping stations and valve shafts
  • 11 tank truck filling systems (31)
  • 2 rail tank car filling systems (3)

Attacks

attacks

  • On June 14, 1984, members of the left-wing extremist terrorist group " Revolutionary Cells " carried out an explosive attack on the pipes near Lorch in order to stop "war projects by the imperialists" and related the attack to further actions in the region, such as the protest against the allegedly planned one Expansion of the tank farm in Bodelshausen near Tübingen by 20,000 m² to a total of 30,000 m² (located in the course of the Aalen – Lauchheim pipeline) as well as the blockade of the peace movement at the US missile base Mutlangen , which is supplied with fuel from the pipeline.
  • On December 11, 1984, terrorists from the Belgian Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC) carried out several explosive attacks on the pipeline network, in which a total of six Belgian valve stations (“valve pits”) were destroyed. 433 m³ of fuel leaked out, but the system failure was localized and only lasted a few days. Since plans were found when members of the RAF were arrested in Frankfurt in July 1984 that also affected the fuel lines in Belgium, the security authorities suspected a connection to the RAF.
  • On January 8, 1985, an explosive attack on the pipeline near Hohenahr (Lahn-Dill district) allegedly caused only minor damage.
  • On April 8, 1985, the “Fighting Unit Ulrike Meinhof” of the “Revolutionary Cells” carried out an explosive attack on a pumping station on the pipeline about 40 km east of Mutlangen, causing 60,000 to 80,000 DM property damage.
  • On May 4, 1985 (on the 30th anniversary of the Federal Republic's accession to NATO), “illegal militants”, sympathizers of the Red Army Faction (RAF), confessed to an explosive attack on the NATO pipeline near Ehringhausen and on May 10, 1985 again to an attack near Badbergen .
  • On the night of May 30th to 31st, 1985, a slide shaft in the pipeline section near Mörfelden , which was used to supply fuel to the Rhein-Main Air Base , was attacked. The attack was related to the anti- runway west movement.
  • On September 23, 1985, an explosives attack was carried out on a CEPS pipeline near Limburg an der Lahn , in which more than 10,000 liters of fuel leaked. The attack is attributed to the RAF.
  • On November 8, 1985, sympathizers of the RAF probably tried to carry out an explosive attack on the NATO pipeline near Hückelhoven -Baal.

espionage

On June 2, 1976, the couple Lothar and Renate Lutze and Jürgen Wiegel, all three members of the Federal Ministry of Defense, were provisionally arrested on suspicion of secret service activities against the Federal Republic of Germany. They were accused of having worked as spies for the GDR Ministry for State Security in Koblenz for several years under the intelligence management of the Gerstner couple , and of having supplied their clients with secret material from their areas of work. These presumably also included plans, analyzes and reports from the area of ​​the NATO pipeline system (route and identification) for both operations in peacetime and in the event of a defense.

CEPS as part of the NATO Pipeline System (NPS)

Components of the pipeline and storage system
abbreviation designation National or multinational pipeline system length Remarks
NOPS Norwegian pipeline system Norway 99 km not fully integrated, consists of distribution systems, warehouses and sea terminals, connected by short pipelines, supplied by coastal tankers
NEPS North European Pipeline System Denmark, Germany 676 km referred to in older publications as the Jutland Pipeline System (JPS)
UKGPSS United Kingdom Government Pipeline and Storage System Great Britain 2,400 km on www.nato.int only mentioned in the Russian language version
CEPS Central Europe Pipeline System Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands 5,182 km
NIPS Northern Italy Pipeline System Italy 797 km
POPS Portuguese Pipeline System Portugal 123 km
GRPS Greek Pipeline System Greece 783 km
TUPS (2 parts) Turkish pipeline system Turkey 3,204 km Western Turkey Pipeline / Eastern Turkey Pipeline
ICPS Icelandic Pipeline System Iceland ?

Since 1990, parts of the system have been used several times to support NATO out-of-area operations in Iraq, Kosovo, Bosnia, Libya and Afghanistan.

See also

literature

  • The NATO Pipeline: delivering fuel in peace, crisis and conflict . In: Pipelines International . June 2011, p. 57-58 ( pipelinesinternational.com ).
  • Ute languor: poisonous fumes from secret pipes . In: The daily newspaper . January 26, 2000, p. 9 ( taz.de ).
  • Marion Hahn: Environmentally sick from NATO fuel? Multiple chemical sensitivity through JP8 . In: Science & Peace . No. 1 , 2002 ( at Wissenschaft-und-frieden.de ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Central Europe Pipeline System (CEPS). NATO, March 9, 2017, accessed February 17, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c NATO Pipeline System. NATO, March 9, 2017, accessed February 17, 2020 .
  3. ^ Die Bundeswehr 1989. (PDF) Organization and equipment of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany at the end of the Cold War. OW Dragoon, February 2012, accessed October 31, 2017 .
  4. ↑ Special Pioneer Regiment 164. Retrieved on March 11, 2020 .
  5. ↑ Militarization Information Center (IMI) »Bodelshausen and the Pipeline. Accessed March 8, 2020 (German).
  6. ↑ a b c d Federal Audit Office: Comments by the Federal Audit Office on the Federal Budget Account (including the Federal Property Account ) for the 1975 budget year. (PDF) In: Drucksache 8/373. German Bundestag, May 11, 1977, accessed on February 29, 2020 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g The fruits of anger. Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  8. ^ Neuburg: Node in the NATO pipeline network. Retrieved February 29, 2020 .
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Görg: 40 million liters of kerosene in the forest - a tank farm near Pfungstadt is part of a Europe-wide network of Nato pipelines that also supplies Frankfurt Airport in Wiesbadener Kurier p. 6 from January 25, 2020
  10. ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: overview map ) on CEPS at bundeswehr.de (accessed on December 28, 2012).@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.terrwv.bundeswehr.de
  11. ↑ http://www.privat-bahn.de/FBG.html , http://www.bahn-express.de/archiv/77694-02.htm , https://www.rangierdiesel.de/index.php ? view = vehicles & object = cork & nav = 1406157 & lang = 1 & action = results
  12. ↑ References - proAsset - System Engineering. Retrieved March 11, 2020 .
  13. ↑ Federal budget accounts for the financial year 2010. (PDF) Federal Ministry of Finance, accessed on October 31, 2017 .
  14. ↑ 2017 Federal Budget, Section 14. (PDF) Federal Ministry of Finance, accessed on October 31, 2017 .
  15. ↑ Federal Budget 2020, Section 14 (PDF) Federal Ministry of Finance, accessed on February 17, 2020 .
  16. ↑ The Federal Minister of Finance: Excess and unscheduled budget expenditure in the fourth quarter of the 1963 financial year. (PDF) In: Drucksache IV / 2506. German Bundestag, July 10, 1964, accessed on February 29, 2020 .
  17. ↑ a b BGH, judgment of March 29, 1984 - I ZR 32/82. Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  18. ↑ a b Björn Dieckmann: Advertisement in real estate portal: Why is Heseper Pipeline offered on the web? Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  19. ↑ a b Bundeswehr sells secret tank farm. Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  20. ↑ Reduction of air pollution by gasoline (draft law of the federal government). (PDF) In: Printed matter VI / 1902. German Bundestag, March 3, 1971, accessed on February 29, 2020 .
  21. ^ German Bundestag: Stenographic report - 10th electoral term - 99th session. (PDF) In: Plenary minutes 10/99. November 9, 1984. Retrieved February 29, 2020 .
  22. ↑ Achilles, Olaf (edited in collaboration with the work and research center 'Military, Ecology and Planning'): Tiefflug. (Lamuv Verlag Göttingen, 1987), page 79
  23. ↑ German Bundestag: Answer of the federal government to the minor question of the deputy Vera Wollenberger and the group BÜNDNIS 90 / DIE GRÜNEN - Drucksache 12/2564 - NATO-Pipeline. (PDF) In: Drucksache 12/2713. June 1, 1992, accessed February 29, 2020 .
  24. ↑ Written questions with the answers received from the Federal Government in the week of June 1, 1992, printed matter 12/2773, page 51 http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/12/027/1202773.pdf
  25. ↑ On a safe track: the newly built NATO pipeline Kehl-Tübingen. wehrbereichverwaltung-sued.de, August 23, 2006 (accessed December 25, 2008).
  26. ↑ Answer of the Federal Government to the minor question from the MPs Dr. Winfried Wolf, Heidi Lippmann, Eva-Maria Bulling-Schröter, other MPs and the PDS parliamentary group - printed matter 14/6695 - new construction of a NATO fuel line. (PDF) In: Drucksache 14/6777. German Bundestag, August 6, 2001, accessed on February 29, 2020 .
  27. ↑ Construction work completed - Franconian news. Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  28. ↑ Silke Brand-Schoder: NATO pipeline finally complete after 30 years. (PDF) Territorial Defense Administration of the German Armed Forces, November 4, 2008, accessed on December 27, 2015 .
  29. ^ Stuttgart Airport: Press releases. March 27, 2015, accessed March 8, 2020 .
  30. ↑ Südwest Presse Online-Dienst GmbH: Traffic: Kerosene pipeline to Stuttgart Airport on the brink. December 30, 2018, accessed March 8, 2020 .
  31. ↑ Eßlinger Zeitung ONLINE-The news portal for the Esslingen region: No kerosene pipeline at the airport - Esslinger Zeitung. Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  32. ^ [1] Heilbronn voice March 16, 2017, accessed on September 7, 2017
  33. ↑ Fernleitungs-Betriebsgesellschaft mbH: Brochure 60 years of FBG. (PDF) (No longer available online.) 2016, archived from the original on November 7, 2017 ; accessed on October 30, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fbg.de
  34. ↑ a b RESISTANCE MEANS ATTACK! (PDF) statements, speeches, leaflets and letters 1977-1987. In: https://socialhistoryportal.org/ . Jean Paul Marat, 1988, accessed March 8, 2020 .
  35. ↑ a b Col Nicolas Henry Nat: Lt Col Nicolas Henry (FRA) Deputy Director, NATO ENSEC COE - ppt video online download. Retrieved February 17, 2020 .
  36. ^ Knaurs Weltspiegel 1987. Droemer Knaur, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-426-07703-5 .
  37. ↑ Constitutional Protection Report 1985
  38. ↑ Resolution recommendation and report of the Defense Committee as the 1st committee of inquiry according to Article 45a Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law on the request of the members of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group in the Defense Committee to set up the Defense Committee as an investigation committee to investigate the Lutze / Wiegel espionage case and related ones Facts. (PDF) In: Drucksache 8/2290. German Bundestag, November 15, 1978, accessed on February 29, 2020 .
  39. ↑ White book 1971/1972 on the security of the Federal Republic of Germany and the development of the Bundeswehr, page 34 http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/06/029/0602920.pdf
  40. ^ NATO: NATO Pipeline System. March 15, 2018, accessed February 17, 2020 (Russian).
  41. ↑ Mission. Retrieved February 29, 2020 .