Chancellor of France
The Chancellor of France ( Chancelier de France ) was an important figure in the Ancien Régime ; in the of King Heinrich III. In the order established in 1582, he took second place in the list of major offices of the Crown of France behind the Connétable of France , after the dissolution of this office in 1626 consequently first place.
Area of responsibility
The chancellor kept the king's seal and supervised the royal offices. Above all, he was in charge of the judiciary in the kingdom, so he was a kind of minister of justice. Since the middle of the 16th century, the office was in principle granted for life.
His most important role was that of the chairman of the royal council ( conseil du roi ). In particular, he presided over the King's Privy Council ( Conseil privé ), which the King almost never visited and in which the Chancellor acted on his behalf - it was commonly called the King's mouth . Although he had a seat on all councils in principle, he no longer took part in the supreme council ( Conseil d'En-haut ) from 1661 (the beginning of the sole rule of Louis XIV ).
Later he was - under the influence of Colbert - also excluded from all financial affairs of the state.
Since the Chancellor held his office for life, he could not be removed. The king could only withdraw his office in whole or in part to revocably entrust it to a deputy, the keeper of the seals of France ( Garde des Sceaux ). This was considered a potential candidate for the Chancellery in the event of the incumbent's death.
The office
The following were subordinate to the Chancellor for support:
- for the seal, the maîtres des requêtes (who were responsible for petitions and petitions) and the officials belonging to the office;
- for the advisory boards, the councilors of state ( Conseillers d'État ), maîtres des requêtes , clerks ( secrétaires-greffiers ), lawyers and public servants;
- the councils of state and maîtres des requêtes for legislative and judicial work
List of Chancellors
Carolingian Arch Chancellor (in Franconia and West Franconia )
Capetian Chancellor
- Renaud de Vendôme , Bishop of Paris , 989–991
- Gerbert d'Aurillac, who later became Pope Silvester II , 991–998
- Roger de Blois, 998-1005
- Francon, 1005-1015
- Arnoul de Bellême , Archbishop of Tours , 1018, Bellême house
- Baudouin, before 1030-1060
- Gervais de Château-du-Loir, Bishop of Le Mans , 1059 – around 1067
- Pierre de Loiselève, around 1067 – around 1073
- Guillaume, around 1073
- Roger , Bishop of Beauvais , around 1074-1080
- Geoffroy de Boulogne, Bishop of Paris , around 1074-1085
- Gilbert, 1085-1090
- Ourson, Bishop of Senlis , attested in 1090
- Hubert, Bishop of Senlis , 1091-1092 attests
- Gilbert, 2nd time, 1094-1106
- Étienne de Senlis, Bishop of Paris , 1106–1118
- Stephan von Garlande , 1118–1127
- Simon, 1127-1132
- Stephan von Garlande , 2nd time, 1132–1137
- Algrin, 1137-1140
- Noël, Abbot of Rebais , 1140
- Cadurc, 1140-1147
- Barthélemy, 1147-1149
- Simon, 1150
- Hugues de Champfleury, Bishop of Soissons , 1150–1172
- Pierre de Juilly, 1171/79 (see Montmorency tribe list )
- Hugues du Puiset, 1179–1185 ( Le Puiset house )
Seal keeper
In the 13th century and until 1316 the chancery was headed by the keeper of the seal (see Keeper of the Seal of France )
- Guérin , monk, around 1203–1227, chancellor 1226
- Philippe d'Antogny, 1227-1231
- Aubry Cornu, dean of Saint-Martin de Tours , 1231–1236
- Jean de la Cour, Dean of Saint-Martin de Tours , 1236-1244
- Nicolas Le Chien, Archdeacon of Dunois , 1244–1249
- Gilles of Saumur , 1250-1252
- Raoul de Grosparmy , 1252-1259
- Guy Faucoi, later Pope Clement IV , before 1260
- Simon de Brie, chamberlain of Saint-Martin de Tours , who later became Pope Martin IV , 1259–1261
- Philippe de Cahors, chamberlain of Saint-Frambaud in Senlis , 1262–1270
- Guillaume de Rampillon, Archdeacon of Paris, 1270
- Guillaume de Chartres, Dominican , in Tunis 1270
- Pierre Barbet, Archdeacon of Dunois , 1271–1273
- Henri de Vézélay, Chamberlain of Laon , 1273–1282
- Pierre Chalon, Dean of Tours, 1282–1290
- Jean de Vassoigne, Archdeacon of Bruges , 1291–1292
- Guillaume de Crépy, Archdeacon of Paris, 1293–1296
- Thibaut de Pouancé, Bishop of Dol , 1296–1297
- Pierre Flote , Knight, 1297–1302
- Étienne de Suizy, Archdeacon of Bruges , 1302–1304
- Pierre de Mornay, Bishop of Auxerre , 1304–1306
- Pierre de Grez, 1306
- Pierre de Belleperche , Bishop of Auxerre , 1306–1307
- Guillaume de Nogaret , Knight, 1307-1310
- Gilles I. Aycelin de Montaigut , Archbishop of Narbonne , 1310-1311
- Guillaume de Nogaret , 2nd time, 1311-1313
- Pierre de Latilly , Bishop of Châlons , 1313–1314
- Étienne de Mornay, Dean of Saint-Martin de Tours , 1314–1316
Capetian Chancellor
- Pierre d'Arabloy, Archdeacon of Narbonne, 1316
- Piere de Chappes, Chamberlain of Laon, 1317-1321
- Jean de Cherchemont , Dean of Poitiers, 1320–1321
- Pierre Rodier, Canon of Meaux , 1321–1323
- Jean de Cherchemont , Dean of Poitiers, 2nd time, 1323-1328
Chancellor of the Valois
- Mathieu Ferrand, canon of Saint-Quentin , 1328–1329
- Jean de Marigny , Bishop of Beauvais , 1329, brother of Enguerrand de Marigny
- Guillaume de Saint-Maure, 1329-1334
- Pierre Roger, Bishop of Arras , who later became Pope Clement VI. , 1334
- Guy Baudet, Bishop of Langres , 1335–1338
- Étienne de Vissac, knight, 1338–1339
- Guillaume Flote , Archdeacon of Brabant , 1339–1347
- Firmin de Coquerel, Bishop of Noyon , 1347-1349
- Pierre de la Forêt , Archbishop of Rouen , 1349–1357
- Gilles II. Aycelin de Montaigut , Bishop of Thérouanne , 1357–1358 in London
- Foulque Bardoul, Bishop of Avranches , keeper of the seals in Paris 1357–1359
- Jean de Dormans , Bishop of Lisieux , keeper of the seals 1358
- Pierre de la Forêt, Archbishop of Rouen , 2nd time, 1359–1361
- Gilles Aycelin de Montaigut II, Bishop of Thérouanne , 2nd time, 1361 in Paris
- Jean de Dormans , Bishop of Lisieux , 2nd time, now as Chancellor, 1361–1372
- Guillaume de Dormans, Knight, 1372-1373
- Jean de Dormans , keeper of the seals 1373
- Pierre d'Orgemont , Knight, 1373-1380
- Miles de Dormans , Bishop of Beauvais , 1380–1383
- Pierre de Giac, Knight, 1383-1388
- Arnaud de Corbie , Knight, 1388-1398
- Nicolas du Bosc, Bishop of Bayeux , keeper of the seals, 1398–1400
- Arnaud de Corbie , Knight, 2nd time, 1400–1405
- Jean de Montaigu , Archbishop of Sens , Keeper of the Seal, 1405–1413
- Arnaud de Corbie , Knight, 3rd time, 1409–1413
- Eustache de Laistre, Knight, 1413
- Henri de Marle, Knight, 1413–1418 ( Marle (family) )
- Robert Le Maçon, Knight, Party of the Armagnacs , 1418
- Eustache de Laistre, 2nd time, 1418–1420
- Robert Le Maçon, 2nd time, 1419–1421
- Jean Le Clerc, Knight, Party of the Bourguignons , 1420–1424
- Martin Gouge, Bishop of Clermont , Charles VII's party , 1421–1425
- Louis of Luxembourg , Bishop of Thérouanne , party of the Bourguignons, 1424–1435
- Renaud de Chartres , Archbishop of Reims , Charles VII's party , 1425–1445
- Guillaume Juvénal des Ursins , Ritter, 1145–1461
- Pierre de Morvilliers, Knight, 1461-1465
- Guillaume Juvénal des Ursins , 2nd time, 1465–1472
- Pierre Doriole, Knight, 1472–1483
- Guillaume de Rochefort , Knight, 1483–1492
- Adam Fumée, doctor, keeper of seals 1492–1494
- Robert Briçonnet , Archbishop of Reims , 1495–1497
- Guy de Rochefort, Knight, 1497-1508
- Jean de Ganay, 1508-?
...
- August 9, 1542 - June 15, 1543: François de Montholon (First President of the Parlement of Paris)
- April 18, 1545 - January 2, 1551: François Olivier , (President of the Parlement of Paris)
- May 22, 1551 - July 10, 1559: Jean Bertrand, seigneur de Frazin
- June 30, 1560 - February 1568: Michel de l'Hôpital (Councilor in the Parlement of Paris)
- May 24, 1568 - April 1571: Jean de Morvilliers , Bishop of Orléans
- March 17, 1573 - September 1578: René Birague , Cardinal , Bishop of Soissons
- September 1578 - November 26, 1583: Philippe Hurault de Cheverny
- September 6, 1588 - August 1, 1589: François de Montholon
Chancellor of the Bourbons
- August 2 - December 10, 1589: Charles I de Bourbon , Cardinal , Archbishop of Rouen
- 23 September 1622 - 21 January 1623: Louis Lefèvre de Caumartin (keeper of the seals)
- January 23, 1623 - January 2, 1624: Nicolas Brûlart de Sillery (Keeper of the Seal)
- January 6, 1624 - May 31, 1626: Étienne II. D'Aligre (keeper of the seal)
- June 1, 1626 - November 12, 1630: Michel de Marillac (keeper of the seal)
- November 14, 1630 - February 25, 1633: Charles de L'Aubespine (keeper of the seals)
- February 28, 1633 - December 19, 1635: Pierre Séguier
- December 19, 1635 - May 14, 1643: Pierre Séguier
- May 14, 1643 - March 1, 1650: Pierre Séguier
- March 2, 1650 - April 4, 1651: Charles de L'Aubespine
- April 5 - April 14, 1651: Mathieu Molé (1584–1656)
- April 15 - September 6, 1651: Pierre Séguier
- September 7, 1651 - January 3, 1656: Mathieu Molé (1584–1656)
- January 11, 1656 - January 28, 1672: Pierre Séguier
- February 6 - April 23, 1672: vacancy
- January 8, 1674 - October 28, 1677: Étienne III. d'Aligre
- October 29, 1677 - October 30, 1685: Michel Le Tellier
- November 1, 1685 - September 2, 1699: Louis Boucherat , comte de Compans
- September 5, 1699 - July 1, 1714: Louis Phélypeaux de Pontchartrain
- July 2, 1714 - February 2, 1717: Daniel Voysin de La Noiraye
- February 3, 1717 - October 27, 1750: Henri François d'Aguesseau
- December 10, 1750 - September 14, 1768: Guillaume de Lamoignon de Blancmesnil
- September 15, 1768 - September 16, 1768: René Charles de Maupeou
- September 16, 1768 - July 1, 1790: René Nicolas de Maupeou
source
- Jean Favier : Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, pp. 236–238 (until 1507)
Web links
- Kareen Healey: ELECTION D'UN CHANCELIER DE FRANCE EN 1373 ( Memento of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (election of a Chancellor 1373) (French)