Demographics of South Africa
The demography of South Africa is very heterogeneous; the country is one of the most ethnically and demographically diverse countries on the African continent. South Africa is home to various African societies as well as the descendants of mostly Dutch , German , French , Asian and British immigrants . South Africa is thus a multicultural country and is often referred to as the "rainbow nation".
overview
With the immigration of Bantu groups from the north with early origins in Cameroon , archaeologically proven since the 2nd century, to the northern part of today's South Africa, as well as the settlement of European merchants, military and farmers / artisans since the 16th century including those of the slaves abducted from Southeast Asia, the cultural and ethnic diversity of the growing population increased steadily. From both directions a prolonged migration pressure gave to since the Upper Paleolithic now continuously proven Khoisan actually indigenous people of South Africa groups.
During the apartheid era , South Africa's demographics were particularly ideologically instrumentalized, so that it is difficult to describe the country's society using unencumbered terms. This particularly applies to the distinction between “ blacks ”, “whites”, “ coloreds ” and “Asians”. The assignment of every South African to one of these groups had been regulated by the Population Registration Act since 1950 and formed a basis for the policy of legislative racial segregation , although it had been in line with overt, common practice for much longer. Until 1991, the Population Registration Act divided the population into four groups, called " races ": "Blacks" (English: Blacks, Africans; Afrikaans: Swartes), "Whites" (English: Whites; Afrikaans: Blankes), "Coloreds" (English: Coloreds; Afrikaans: Kleurlinge) and Asians (English: Asians; Afrikaans: Asiërs). Although this classification no longer exists under constitutional law, official state statistics still use these group terms today. The Africans or blacks make up about 79.5% of the total population. The largest groups are the Zulu , Xhosa , Basotho , Venda , Tswana , Tsonga , Swazi and Ndebele . The proportion of whites in the total population is 9.2%. Mainly they are descendants of Dutch, German, French and British immigrants who immigrated to South Africa from the end of the 17th century. The so-called "Coloreds" are South Africans of different ethnic origins, mostly descendants of the first European settlers, their slaves and the Khoikhoi and San peoples who originally lived in South Africa . Around 8.9% of the population are "colored". Most of the Asians are of Indian descent , whose ancestors were brought into the country in the mid-19th century to work in the sugar cane fields in Natal , or who settled as traders in the cities. Today Asians make up 2.5% of the total population and live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal . There is also a Chinese population group of around 100,000 people.
In 2016, an estimated 65% of South Africans lived in cities. 28.3% of the population are under 15 years old, 66.1% between 15 and 64 years and 5.6% older than 65 years. The population growth was about 1.0% in 2016, the birth rate was the same year at 20.5 births per 1,000 inhabitants, the infant mortality rate at 32 per 1,000 live births. That life expectancy was in 2016 among women at 64.6 years and for men at 61.6 years after they had been in previous years, much lower. A South African woman has an average of 2.3 children (2016 estimate). 94.3% of South Africans over the age of 15 can read and write (2015 estimate).
Settlement history
During early history, the San settled in southern Africa , and they have preserved the remains of Stone Age life to this day. About 2,000 years ago the cattle breeding Khoikhoi differentiated themselves from the group of the Khoisan . From the north, probably since the third century, Bantu peoples migrated to the country and populated eastern South Africa. After Bartolomeu Diaz reached the southern tip of Africa in 1488, the Dutch East India Company founded Cape Town in 1652, the first settlement on the Cape, which quickly expanded into a Cape Colony . This was taken over by the British in 1806 .
The present-day provinces of the Western Cape , North Cape and parts of the Eastern Cape , here called "Cape Country" for short, were still inhabited by the Khoisan-speaking population groups when the Europeans arrived , who were either hunters and gatherers (San) or cattle breeders (Khoikhoi) and the land was comparatively thin populated. The colonization here was more similar to that of large parts of Australia or the North American East: The indigenous population was largely deprived of their own culture and language and merged into a mixed-race population. Today this is largely Christianized and speaks languages of European origin. In addition, slaves were introduced from other areas, which were also absorbed by this mixed-race population. This population group formed the category of "colored" during apartheid.
The rest of the country was populated by Bantu-speaking ranchers and arable farmers, who settled comparatively densely in many places. This population was also subjugated and disenfranchised, but it was able to preserve its language and large parts of its culture until today. This population formed the category of "blacks" during the apartheid period. After Natal immigrant populations under British rule from British- India , which formed the category of "Asians" during apartheid.
The four categories of apartheid (“Blacks”, “Whites”, “Coloreds” and “Asians”) were divided into various subgroups, sometimes at random. The most grotesque example was the division of Japanese into the “whites” category. Boers and a large part of the Coloreds, on the other hand, share a lot of cultural traits, speak the same language ( Afrikaans ) and are closely linked through history.
Population groups
Population groups in South Africa after 1994
After 1994 the designations (African) Black , Colored , Indian / Asian and White are continued for these four population groups. They are used in a variety of ways in the documents of the public administration, especially also in the statistical presentations of the national statistical authority . Other commonly used group characteristics are age or language.
These designations serve for the general representation of the respective population group or are based in statistical contexts on the self-disclosure (self-identity) of the South African citizens in censuses (Statistics Act No. 6 of 1999) as well as other records of personal data. There is no longer any official assignment to a specific group.
Population groups in the racial segregation of the past
Already in the colonial period and the early independence of South Africa, important legal foundations of the later constitutional racial segregation policy were laid, for example the later expanded Immorality Act in 1927 , which made sexual contact between whites and blacks a criminal offense. In 1923 the Native Urban Areas Act was passed, which basically reserved the South African cities as a place of residence for whites and gave blacks only limited right of residence there. Since 1913, the Natives Land Act regulated the distribution of land in South Africa and banned land transfers between members of different "races". After that, the blacks, who made up 70 percent of the population, were only allowed to purchase land in areas designated as reserves, which made up only 7% of the total area. In 1936, the Native Trust and Land Act increased the area to 13 percent of the land. The Mines and Works Act , enacted in Transvaal in 1911 and renewed in 1922 , excluded non-whites from large parts of economic life.
Since 1948 the National Party began to lay the foundations for strict apartheid with a series of drastic laws . The organizational prerequisite was the precise definition of the membership of every South African to a "race" by the Population Registration Act . Marriages between members of different "races" were banned in South Africa in 1949 by the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and, with the extension of the Immorality Act, sexual relations between people of European origin and members of all other groups were made a criminal offense. The Group Areas Act made it possible to define specific residential areas for each demographic group. In Johannesburg, some were western neighborhoods like Sophiatown with a high proportion of black population from 1955 to 1963 completely destroyed and the inhabitants in the south-west, later as Soweto summarized townships forcibly relocated. About 120,000 Africans had to leave the Durban district of Cato Manor . In 1953, the Bantu Education Act made higher education difficult for blacks. In the course of time, more than 1,000 different regulations in the sense of the racial segregation ideology should be issued. Apartheid separated the population groups throughout public and private life, for example in train stations, post offices and schools, but also through separate beaches, sanitary facilities and park benches.
black
In South Africa at the time of apartheid, “blacks” were all people of dark skin who spoke a Bantu language as their mother tongue. The ethnic category " Bantu ", also used by the apartheid regime, is merely an auxiliary construct , which is not a self-designation but a collective term for those peoples who belong to the Bantu language family. Today, both terms are usually retained due to the lack of suitable alternatives. Foreign terms such as “ Hottentots ” for the Khoikhoi , “ Bushmen ” for the San or “ Kaffirs ”, in the narrower sense for the Xhosa , later extended to all Bantu-speaking peoples, have been considered “ hate speech ” since the end of apartheid and are no longer used.
Bantu peoples have likely settled in South Africa since the third century. The two largest peoples are the Zulu with around eleven and the Xhosa with around eight million members. Together with the Swazi and the Ndebele , they are summarized as the Nguni , to which around 60% of the black population of South Africa belong. The second largest main group are the Sotho - Tswana with around 30% , further main groups with a share of around 10% each are the Venda - Karanga and the Tsonga .
Since the end of apartheid, statutory affirmative actions such as the Employment Equity Act and the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act have ensured that black South Africans now dominate the civil service. Many blacks are also successful in the private sector. But Black also provide the vast majority of the impoverished underclass in the townships and shantytowns ( Shacks ) on the peripheries of cities.
white
At the time of apartheid, the “whites” were predominantly of European descent. In addition, for political reasons, the Japanese were not considered Asians, but as whites "on account of their honor".
The largest group are the Afrikaans- speaking whites with 60.8% . The self-designation of this population group is "African". In the German translation, this is usually transformed into "Afrikaans" in analogy to Afrikaans and to distinguish (black) Africans . In English, the variant "Afrikaners" has prevailed. By contrast, “Africans” in German means the indigenous African peoples. A term used almost synonymously for the Afrikaans is the term " Buren ", which originally only referred to farmers of Dutch descent and was used as a dirty word by the British. Investigations into the ancestors of the Boers come to the result that in 1807 about 7.2% of the ancestors of the Afrikaans were non-whites, in 1867 this proportion was 6.9%. Other calculations even give the proportion of non-white ancestors of the Boers as 10.7%. Historical events such as the Great Trek , the First and Second Boer Wars are based on a pronounced Afrikaans nationalism and the emphasis on Boer-English antagonism. Your National Party was the driving force behind the apartheid system.
The second largest group within the white population is that of the English speakers . The term “British” for this population group is clear in substance and is therefore used even though they are not British citizens. 35.9% of whites speak English as their mother tongue. During the apartheid period, the Afrikaans held key positions in the state apparatus, while the Anglo-South Africans controlled the private sector. Because of the political disadvantage and anti-British tendencies, most Anglo-South Africans rejected apartheid, but advocated moderate racial segregation.
Coloreds
The "Coloreds" (Afrikaans kleurlinge , German for example: "Colored") have both European and African ancestors. Soon after the Cape Colony was founded in 1652, the rapidly growing population group of the Coloreds emerged from the mixture of Europeans, Khoikhoi or Khoisan and the (partly released) slaves. Already in 1685 almost half of all slave children had European fathers. In the 17th and 18th centuries, some tribal societies such as the Orlam , Witbooi , Afrikaner , Baster , Koranna or Griqua formed , some of which established their own states. Descendants of Indonesian and Malay slaves form the group of the Muslim Cape Malay . Their number is around 200,000.
Important social characteristics of most Coloreds are largely identical to those of whites. About 75.8% speak Afrikaans and 20.8% English as their first language, the majority belong to the Christian Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk . In the apartheid system, the Coloreds enjoyed privileges vis-à-vis blacks, but vis-à-vis the whites they were clearly disadvantaged. In contrast to the blacks and whites, the coloreds have only a few key positions in politics and economics today.
According to the results of the 2011 census, 4,541,358 South Africans belonged to the Colored population, which corresponded to 8.9% of the total population of South Africa. In the Western Cape and the North Cape , the proportion of “ Cape Coloreds ” ( Cape Coloreds , Afrikaans Kaapse Kleurlinge ) was 48.8% and 40.3% in all other provinces it was well below 10% (between 0.3% in Limpopo and 8 , 3% in Eastern Cape ).
Asians
The population classified as "Asians" in South Africa comes almost exclusively from the Indian subcontinent, according to its family history. During apartheid, the Japanese and Taiwanese Chinese were considered to be “whites”. The Cape Malay , who to a considerable extent go back to ancestors from the Southeast Asian island world, were not considered to be Asians in apartheid terminology but were referred to as “colored”.
These South African "Asians" are about 60 to 70% Hindus and about 20% Muslim . The rest are mostly Christians. Almost all “Asians” speak English and some of them still have knowledge of an Indian language, mainly Telugu and Gujarati and, more rarely, Hindi and Tamil , while the Muslims also use Urdu .
The few established Chinese were also classified as "Asians". The Buddhists among the Asians mostly belong to the group of Chinese immigrants.
Distribution of demographic groups by provinces
The 2001 census showed the following distribution of the officially cited demographic groups in the nine provinces:
| province | Residents | black | white | Coloreds | Asians | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KwaZulu-Natal | 9,426,017 | 21.0% | 8.002.407 | 84.9% | 483,448 | 5.1% | 141,887 | 1.5% | 798.275 | 8.5% |
| Gauteng | 8,837,178 | 19.7% | 6,522,792 | 73.8% | 1,758,398 | 19.9% | 337.974 | 3.8% | 218.015 | 2.5% |
| Eastern Cape | 6,436,763 | 14.4% | 5,635,079 | 87.5% | 304.506 | 4.7% | 478,807 | 7.4% | 18,372 | 0.3% |
| Limpopo | 5,273,642 | 11.8% | 5,128,616 | 97.2% | 126.276 | 2.4% | 10.163 | 0.2% | 8,587 | 0.2% |
| Western cape | 4,524,335 | 10.1% | 1,207,429 | 26.7% | 832.901 | 18.4% | 2,438,976 | 53.9% | 45.030 | 1.0% |
| northwest | 3,669,349 | 8.2% | 3,358,450 | 91.5% | 244.035 | 6.7% | 59,956 | 1.6% | 9,906 | 0.3% |
| Mpumalanga | 3,122,990 | 7.0% | 2,886,345 | 92.4% | 203.244 | 6.5% | 22,158 | 0.7% | 11,244 | 0.4% |
| free State | 2,706,775 | 6.0% | 2,381,073 | 88.0% | 238.791 | 8.8% | 83.193 | 3.1% | 3,719 | 0.1% |
| North Cape | 822.727 | 1.8% | 293,976 | 35.7% | 102.042 | 12.4% | 424.389 | 51.6% | 2,320 | 0.3% |
| South Africa as a whole | 44,819,778 | 100% | 35.416.166 | 79.0% | 4,293,640 | 9.6% | 3,994,505 | 8.9% | 1,115,467 | 2.5% |
Population development
Development of the population
| Population development of South Africa | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | Total population | black | white | Coloreds | Asians | |||||||||||||
| 1904 | 5,174,000 | 3,490,000 | 1,117,000 | 445,000 | 122,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1911 | 5,973,000 | 4,019,000 | 1,276,000 | 525,000 | 152,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1921 | 6,929,000 | 4,698,000 | 1,519,000 | 546,000 | 166,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1936 | 9,590,000 | 6,597,000 | 2,004,000 | 769,000 | 220,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1946 | 11,416,000 | 7,831,000 | 2,372,000 | 928,000 | 285,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1951 | 12,671,000 | 8,560,000 | 2,642,000 | 1,103,000 | 367,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1960 | 15,841,000 | 10,808,000 | 3,068,000 | 1,488,000 | 477,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1970 | 22,780,000 | 16,090,000 | 3,860,000 | 2,170,000 | 650,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1980 | 29,200,000 | 21,170,000 | 4,520,000 | 2,690,000 | 890,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1990 | 37,532,000 | 28,258,000 | 5,052,000 | 3,244,000 | 978,000 | |||||||||||||
| 1991 | 38,445,400 | 29,062,500 | 5,090,900 | 3,299,400 | 992,600 | |||||||||||||
| 1993 | 40,308,000 | 30,740,700 | 5,169,400 | 3,378,700 | 1,019,200 | |||||||||||||
| 1996 | 40,583,573 | 31,130,000 | 4,430,000 | 3,600,000 | 1,050,000 | |||||||||||||
| 2001 | 43,647,658 | 35.416.166 | 4,293,640 | 3,994,505 | 1,115,467 | |||||||||||||
| 2011 | 51.770.560 | 41,000,938 | 4,586,838 | 4,615,401 | 1,286,930 | |||||||||||||
| 2016 | 55,653,654 | 44.891.603 | 4,516,691 | 4,869,526 | 1,375,834 | |||||||||||||
Between 1976 and 1994, with the spin-off of the ten homelands Ciskei , KwaNdebele and QwaQwa , Transkei , KwaZulu , Gazankulu , Bophuthatswana , Lebowa , Venda and KaNgwane, more than 12 million black people were expatriated and therefore no longer appear in the official statistics below. In fact, for this time, the population of the homelands can be added to that of South Africa according to the information provided by the state statistical authority ( Bureau of Census and Statistics ). In addition, the censuses of 1980 and 1985 are based on a serious under-reporting of the black population due to a census boycott.
Because of the development of AIDS in South Africa, the forecasts for the coming years fluctuate between 90,000,000 inhabitants (older forecast) and 40,000,000 inhabitants (Statistisches Jahrbuch 2003, Statistisches Bundesamt) for the year 2050.
age structure
(Figures from 2015 and 2016, estimated)
- Up to 14 years: 26.8%
- 15 to 64 years: 66.1%
- Over 65 years: 5.7%
- Median age: 26.8 years
- Average total life expectancy: 63.1 years
- Average life expectancy for men: 61.6 years
- Average life expectancy for women: 64.4 years
Religions
| religion | number | percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Independent African Churches ( Zion Christian Church and others) |
12,066,969 | 25.74 |
| Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk | 4,172,340 | 8.9 |
| Roman Catholic Church | 4,031,699 | 8.6 |
| Methodist Church | 3,328,496 | 7.1 |
| Anglican Church | 1,875,209 | 4.0 |
|
Evangelical Lutheran Church ( Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa , Cape Church, etc.) |
1,218,886 | 2.6 |
| New Apostolic Church | 440,000 | 0.94 |
| other Christian churches | 8,260,295 | 17.62 |
| Traditional African religions | 937.604 | 2.0 |
| Hinduism | approx. 656,000 | 1.4 |
| Islam | approx. 656,000 | 1.4 |
| Judaism | approx. 94,000 | 0.2 |
| Jehovah's Witnesses | 81,500 | 0.17 |
| Other religious minorities | 5,860,028 | 12.5 |
| non-denominational | approx. 3,281,600 | 7.0 |
Christians make up the largest proportion of the population with almost 80% .
The 2% Muslims are mostly Cape Malay and Indian immigrants in Natal . The spiritual influence of the South African Muslims in the Islamic world is greater than their small number suggests, and the South Asian Islamic schools of thought of the Deobandis and Barelwis maintain well-known educational institutions.
The 1.5% Hindus live mainly in Natal. The remaining South Africans belong to any other or no religious community.
languages
Since the end of apartheid, South Africa has had eleven official languages: English , Afrikaans , isiZulu , Siswati , isiNdebele , Sesotho , Northern Sotho , Xitsonga , Setswana , Tshivenda and isiXhosa . After India, the country has the most official languages in the world.
Until 1994, only English and Afrikaans were the official languages. Today, about 79.5% of Colored, 59.1% of Whites and 0.7% of Blacks speak Afrikaans as their mother tongue, a total of 13.3% of South Africans. Afrikaans is particularly widespread in the provinces of the North Cape with 68.0% and the Western Cape with 55.3% of the population being native speakers. English is spoken by 93.8% of Asians, 39.3% of whites, 18.9% of blacks and 0.5% of all blacks and at home, which corresponds to 8.2% of the total population. The largest English-speaking population groups are in the provinces of the Western Cape with 19.3%, KwaZulu-Natal with 13.6% and Gauteng with 12.5%. Many white South Africans speak other European languages, such as Portuguese , German, and Greek . Languages like Gujarati or Tamil are also spoken by residents of South Asian origin.
Bantu languages are spoken as the mother tongue of the black population. About 23.8% of South Africans speak isiZulu (80.9% of the population of KwaZulu-Natal, 26.4% in Mpumalanga and 21.5% in Gauteng ), 17.6% isiXhosa (83.4% Eastern Cape , 23, 7% Western Cape), 9.4% Sepedi (52.1% in Limpopo ), 8.2% Setswana (65.4% in Northwest and 20.8% North Cape), 7.9% Sesotho, 4.4% ( 64.4% in the Free State and 13.1% in Gauteng), 4.4% Xitsonga (22.4% in Limpopo), 2.7% SiSwati (30.8% in Mpumalanga), 2.3% Tshivenda (15 , 9% in Limpopo) and 1.6% isiNdebele (12.1% in Mpumalanga) as their mother tongue. Only around 0.3% of the black population and 1.1% of whites speak none of the eleven official national languages as their mother tongue, a total of 0.5%.
In addition to the official languages, there are other non-official languages such as Fanakalo , Lobedu, Northern Ndebele , Phuthi , Khoe , Nama and San . In official official usage, these languages are only used in the areas in which they are spoken. Many of these unofficial San and Khoikhoi languages are also spoken in the neighboring northern countries of Namibia and Botswana .
Although all eleven languages are legally equivalent official languages , the English language is emerging as the lingua franca as it is understood by most of the people in the country beyond the different ethnic groups. English is understood almost everywhere, but for less than 1% of “blacks” it is the mother tongue . For 58% of the “whites” and around 90% of the “colored”, Afrikaans is the mother tongue. Afrikaans was formed on a Dutch basis in the Cape in the 17th and early 18th centuries and was finally recognized as a separate language in 1925. However, the influence of Afrikaans declined towards the end of the 20th century, as this language is very closely linked to the apartheid regime for many black South Africans and was a compulsory subject in school during this time. In addition, the influence of the Boers in society decreased sharply in recent years due to the loss of political power.
literature
- Martin Pabst: South Africa. CH Beck, Munich, 2nd, completely revised and expanded edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57369-9 .
- Ulrich Juergens, Jürgen Bähr: Southern Africa. Klett-Perthes, Gotha 2002.
- Bernd Wiese: South Africa with Lesotho and Swaziland. Perthes country profiles, Klett-Perthes, Gotha and Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-623-00694-7 .
Web links
- Census in letter. (Results of the 2001 census; archive version) ( Memento from May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (English; PDF; 624 kB)
- South Africa Yearbook. Official country report 2008/2009, published by the Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) of the South African government ( Memento of February 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (archive version)
- Information from the South African government on the country and people ( memento of August 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), social development and history ( memento of October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) of South Africa
- Official information from the South African Embassy in Germany
- Information from the German Foreign Office on South Africa
- Country profile (2006) of the German Federal Statistical Office
Single receipts
- ^ Christoph Marx : South Africa. Past and present . Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, pp. 15, 18-27.
- ↑ See the results of the 2001 census (PDF; 624 kB). ( Memento from May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Statistics South Africa: Mid-year population estimates, South Africa, 2006 (PDF; 108 kB)
- ↑ a b c d e The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved August 3, 2017 .
- ^ South African Government: South Africa's people . on www.gov.za (English)
- ↑ Official Custodian of South Africa's Nation Brand: South Africa's population . News from August 11, 2017 on www.brandsouthafrica.com (English)
- ↑ Statistics South Africa : Census 2011, Population Dynamics in South Africa. Report No. 03-01-67 . online at www.statssa.gov.za (English, PDF), ISBN 978-0-621-43660-0
- ^ Statistics South Africa: Community Survey 2007, Household Questionnaire . online at www.statssa.gov.za (English, PDF), PDF document p. 5
- ^ A b Albrecht Hagemann: Brief history of South Africa. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2004, p. 62.
- ↑ John Iliffe : History of Africa. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1997, p. 378.
- ↑ Christoph Marx : History of Africa. From 1800 to the present. Schöningh UTB, Paderborn 2004, p. 266.
- ↑ For terminology see Jörg Fisch: Geschichte Südafrikas. dtv, Munich 1990, p. 17ff .; Albrecht Hagemann: Small history of South Africa , Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2004, p. 7f.
- ↑ According to a resolution of the South African Parliament of April 9, 2000 ( Act No. 4 of 2000: Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act ).
- ^ Albrecht Hagemann, Brief History of South Africa . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2004, p. 15.
- ↑ a b c Pabst, p. 25.
- ↑ a b c d Summary of the results of the 2011 census (English; PDF)
- ↑ Jörg Fisch: Geschichte Südafrikas, dtv, Munich 1990, p. 19.
- ↑ a b Pabst, p. 42.
- ^ John Iliffe: Geschichte Afrikas , Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1997, p. 169.
- ↑ Pabst, p. 24.
- ↑ Pabst, p. 23.
- ↑ a b Census in Brief , pp. 6–12. Results of the 2001 census. ( Memento from May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 624 kB)
- ↑ a b c SAIRR : South Africa Survey 2017 . Johannesburg 2017, p. 3 ISBN 978-1-86982-606-2
- ↑ a b c d e f Hobart Houghton: The South African Economy . Cape Town, London, New York, 1964 p. 221 (based on data from the respective Census Report )
- ↑ a b estimate based on the census of the same year, cf. Wiese, p. 84.
- ^ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1989/90 . Johannesburg 1990, p. 35 (according to the Bureau of Market Research of the University of South Africa . Including all homelands )
- ↑ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1991/92 . Johannesburg 1992, pp. 1–2 (according to the Urban Foundation : Population Trends. Demographic Projection Model . Including all Homelands )
- ^ SAIRR: Race Relations Survey 1993/1994 . Johannesburg 1994, pp. 83–84 (according to the Urban Foundation . Including all homelands )
- ↑ census of the same year, cf. Wiese, p. 84.
- ↑ Wiese, p. 81.
- ↑ As of March 2008
- ↑ South Africa's People (English; PDF; 2.53 MB)
- ↑ a b Census in Brief , p. 19. Results of the 2001 census. ( Memento of May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 624 kB)
- ↑ a b c Census in Brief , p. 16. Results of the 2001 census. ( Memento of May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 624 kB)
- ↑ Census in Brief , p. 14. Results of the 2001 census. ( Memento of May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 624 kB)