Monument protection in Hesse
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The monument in Hesse in Article 62 of the Constitution of the State of Hesse anchored by the Hessian Monument Protection Act sets out the details. The responsible authority is the State Office for Monument Preservation Hesse (LfDH). In the context of the weighing of interests , it represents a public concern .
history
Monument protection
A first protection provision for patriotic antiquities - the first in Germany - was put into effect in the Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1818 . The first codified monument protection law in Germany, the law relating to monument protection of July 16, 1902, was created here in 1902 .
An important role in the development of the Hessian historic preservation came Friedrich Bleibaum to, since 1926 the district conservators for the Region of Kassel . The office of district curator was then reinforced by a group of employees, two art historians and an architect who took care of the recording of the monuments, as well as a photographer, an administrative inspector and the appropriate typists. In 1940, the district monument offices in Kassel and Wiesbaden for the entire Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau were combined in Marburg . While still under the administration of the US occupation forces , he was appointed state curator. Attempts by the Hessian Ministry of the Interior , the public curator in the regional councils to integrate, was part of the then technically competent Ministry of Culture blocked. In 1950, Friedrich Bleibaum retired from active service and in 1951 the monument administration was restructured: The administration of the State Palaces and Gardens of Hesse was separated from the monument administration, but still provided with the same head of the department, who was also the responsible officer in the Ministry of Culture: Karl Nothnagel ( 1898-1958). In 1955, the monument management was returned to its own hands. The funds available were modest: at the beginning of the 1950s they were a little over 200,000 DM annually .
Soil monument protection
Hesse also had the oldest relevant legal basis in the German-speaking area in the area of soil monument protection : the ordinance on the preservation of the monuments and antiquities in the state , which Landgrave Friedrich II of Hesse-Kassel issued on December 22, 1780.
The administration of the preservation of monuments has developed separately from the preservation of historical monuments and was only finally united with this in the last quarter of the 20th century by the Hessian Monument Protection Act. Different traditions existed: While in the People's State of Hesse (the former Grand Duchy) the Hessian State Museum in Darmstadt carried out the task of preserving monuments in the hands of the state, in the former Prussian area it was based on a voluntary “shop steward” who had his seat in Wiesbaden and the state office for cultural-historical soil antiquities and was assigned to the district municipal association. In 1953, the state office for the preservation of monuments was formed from both institutions . The available funds were still more modest than in the architectural conservation: They were in the early 1950s each year between 20,000 and 30,000 DM First, the three offices in Wiesbaden, Marburg and Darmstadt were largely independently, in 1973 they were. Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann for office summarized by the "State Archaeologist of Hesse".
United Monument Preservation
The state of Hesse was only created in its current form in 1945. The predecessor territories from which it is composed all brought with them their own monument protection regulations. This fragmented legal status lasted until 1974, when the first Hessian monument protection law was created. At that time there were already around 150 citizens' initiatives on the Monument Protection Act in Hesse. In 1975 the European Year of Monument Protection followed under the motto: A future for our past . In 1986 the Hessian Monument Protection Act was fundamentally revised and still applies in this form - with minor changes - to this day.
Monument landscape
The Hessian monument landscape is characterized by "everyday monuments". These include many half-timbered buildings , especially in rural areas and northern Hesse . During the Second World War , almost all Hessian cities were severely damaged by Allied air raids , and a large number of the monuments that had come down to us were destroyed.
In the general awareness of the construction years, historical buildings were only of minor importance. A significant number of monuments have been removed for various reasons. According to the catchphrase of the “ car-friendly city ”, attempts were made to adapt cities and villages to the growing traffic, which led to road breakthroughs and the loss of many historical monument ensembles , but also valuable individual buildings. The congestion of historic city centers due to increasing car traffic and the difference in living comfort compared to new buildings led to residents moving to new development areas on the outskirts and city centers to decay. Architectural monuments gained a reputation for being inefficient. In addition, there were technical problems for the preservation of monuments, because the craft and its traditional skills declined and the construction industry increasingly relied on industrial production. The use of manual labor became more and more expensive, new buildings seemed cheaper than repairs . Old building materials could hardly be obtained, new plastics disfigured historical buildings or even contributed to the destruction of the substance. This advancing destruction of the built living and residential environment caused a change in public awareness in favor of monument protection from 1970 onwards. Monument protection also benefited from the citizens' growing commitment to their environment. So turned z. In Frankfurt, for example, the Westend Action Group is the first citizens' initiative to save historic buildings. In 1974 there were already around 150 citizens' initiatives for monument protection in Hesse. The state of Hesse reacted to this new development with the first Hessian monument protection law , which came into force in 1974. The development was underlined by the European Year of Monument Protection in 1975. From now on, Hessian monument preservation was able to record a considerable increase in its material, personnel and legal resources over a period of almost 20 years.
Today, Hessen has around 60,000 architectural monuments - the number of monuments in the ground cannot be reliably quantified as they are partly hidden and therefore not known. There are big problems with the demographic development in Hessen. The rural areas in the north-east of the country and the Odenwald are increasingly emptying, which means vacancies and threats to architectural monuments. In contrast, there is still considerable pressure on monuments and monuments in the Rhine-Main conurbation from new construction projects.
Current situation
The administrative structure of the Hessian monument administration is - in contrast to the rest of the administrative structure of the state of Hesse - two-stage. There is the highest monument protection authority , the Hessian Ministry for Science and Art and 36 lower monument protection authorities . These exist in all rural districts , all independent cities and all cities with a special status , as these maintain their own building administration in Hesse.
The monument authority , the State Office for Monument Preservation Hesse , is outside this administrative section and is directly subordinate to the Hessian Ministry for Science and Art. In the state office, the competence for monument preservation is bundled. The State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in Hesse advises the monument protection authorities on questions relating to historical monuments, supports owners of cultural monuments in their maintenance, investigation and restoration, inventories the cultural monuments in Hesse, keeps the monument book and researches the cultural monuments as a contribution to the state's history . It also administers the grant funds from the State of Hesse, with which the additional expenditure on monument preservation for maintenance and restoration measures on cultural monuments, which their owners have to pay, is subsidized. In 2010, 8.14 million euros were available for this. Furthermore, the State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen issues tax certificates for the assertion of monument preservation additional expenses for maintenance and restoration measures on cultural monuments, so that their owners can claim these tax-reducing according to §§7i, 10f, 10g, 11b Income Tax Act .
The ground monument preservation in the State Office for Monument Preservation Hesse operates under the brand hessenARCHÄOLOGIE . In addition to the core business of monument conservation measures, this also includes the “decentralized state archaeological museum”, which includes the Saalburg and the Celtic World on Glauberg (opening 2011).
Both the highest and most of the lower monument protection authorities have set up advisory, independent, expert bodies. At the state level, this is called the State Monument Council , at the lower monument protection authorities it is called the Monument Council .
documentation
The cultural monuments in Hesse are documented by the State Office for Monument Preservation Hesse, architectural monuments in the series Monument Topography of the Federal Republic of Germany and in an online database, ground monuments in the series Fund reports from Hesse . Both the monument topography series and the online database currently only partially cover the area of the country. The long-term goal is the complete documentation and publication of the cultural monuments. The historical monuments are recorded according to the districts, urban districts and cities with special status. The printed documentation shows the cultural monuments that were recognized at the time the documentation was created. This can lead to discrepancies compared to the current monument inventory.
See also
Web links
literature
- Gabriele Dolff-Bonekämper : The Discovery of the Middle Ages. Studies of history d. Monument registration ud monument protection in Hessen-Kassel and Kurhessen in the 18th and 19th centuries 19th century Zugl .: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 1984. Hess. Histor. Come over; Histor. For Hessen, Darmstadt, Marburg 1985, ISBN 3-88443-149-8 .
- Patricia Fedler: Beginnings of state cultural policy in Hesse after the Second World War 1945–1955 (= contributions to the history of Nassau and the State of Hesse 1). Wiesbaden 1993.
- Hans Feldtkeller: From the history of monument preservation in Hesse. In: Hessische Heimat <Marburg, Lahn>: magazine for art, culture and preservation of monuments; Organ of the Society for Culture and Monument Preservation / Hessischer Heimatbund eV in Marburg. 25, No. 1 (special issue monument preservation in Hessen) 1975, pp. 18-23. ISSN 0178-3173 .
- Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann : On the history of archaeological monument preservation in Hesse. In: Preservation of monuments in Hessen. 1/1989, pp. 2-6 ( online ).
- Gottfried Kiesow: On the development of monument preservation in Hessen. In: Preservation of monuments in Hessen 1 (1988)
- Gottfried Kiesow : Organization and working method of the state preservation of monuments in Hessen. In: Hessische Heimat <Marburg, Lahn>: magazine for art, culture and preservation of monuments; Organ of the Society for Culture and Monument Preservation / Hessischer Heimatbund eV in Marburg. 25, No. 1 (special edition monument preservation in Hessen) 1975, pp. 23-25. ISSN 0178-3173 .
- Angelika Nold, Gerhard Seib: Notes on the Hessen-Kasselischen Monument Protection Ordinance of December 22, 1780. In: Hessische Heimat <Marburg, Lahn>: Journal for Art, Culture and Monument Preservation; Organ of the Society for Culture and Monument Preservation / Hessischer Heimatbund eV in Marburg. 25, No. 1 (special edition monument preservation in Hessen) 1975, pp. 3–6. ISSN 0178-3173 .
- Jutta Schuchard: Monument protection and preservation in Hessen in the 19th century. A historical outline. In: Hessische Heimat <Marburg, Lahn>: magazine for art, culture and preservation of monuments; Organ of the Society for Culture and Monument Preservation / Hessischer Heimatbund eV in Marburg. 25, No. 1 (special edition monument preservation in Hessen) 1975, pp. 9-17. ISSN 0178-3173 .
- Winfried Speitkamp : Origin and significance of the monument protection law for the Grand Duchy of Hesse from 1902. In: 100 years of monument protection law in Hesse. History - meaning - effect. Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2 .
- Jan Nikolaus Viebrock: Hessian monument protection law. (= Municipal writings for Hesse ). 3. Edition. W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-555-40310-6 .
- Gerd Weiß : Preservation of monuments in Hesse since the reunification of Germany. In: The preservation of monuments. 64, 1/2 (2006), pp. 115-120.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Law on monument protection of July 16, 1902 (Hess. Reg. Bl., P. 275).
- ↑ Viebrock, introduction, para. 16.
- ↑ Printed in: Hans Hingst: Monument protection and preservation of monuments in Germany (= Badische Fund reports. Special issue 7). Freiburg 1964, p. 121.
- ^ White: Preservation of monuments in Hesse since reunification. P. 115.
- ↑ See: here
- ↑ Law on the relocation of the Saalburg Museum from the administration of the state palaces and gardens to the State Office for Monument Preservation of Hesse of December 17, 2001 (GVBl, p. 565).
- ↑ denkxweb: Online database of architectural monuments in Hessen .