Great exchange

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Large-scale exchange is a political battleground and agitation focus of the New Right . The "Great Exchange" conspiracy theory posits the existence of a secret plan to exchange white majority populations for Muslim or non-white immigrants . Behind it stand for example “the globalists ”, “ the elites ”, “the private sector”, “ the Jews ”, “ multiculturalists ” or even supranational organizations like the European Union or the United Nations . As a result, there would be a “fall of Europe” or a “ genocide ” in the foreseeable future .

Formulation of the conspiracy theory by Renaud Camus

Renaud Camus , a leading member of the right-wing nationalist small party Souveraineté, identité et libertés (SIEL), has represented in his writings since 2010 that there is a loss of identity and culture (déculturation) in France due to immigration. In his book, published in 2011, he claims that France is "about to come under Muslim rule". The author came to his ideas not through the analysis of demographic figures or through scientific research, but rather because of his roots in a right-wing to right-wing extremist intellectual milieu and his personal impression in the south-west French province. In his opinion, technocratic elites specifically brought immigrants into the country to compensate for the population decline due to the falling reproduction rate and thus to keep sufficient human material in the country for the sake of profit . This idea of ​​interchangeability ("remplacisme") is inhuman and leads to France losing its identity.

Classification in science and journalism

Scientists and publicists agree that these ideas are conspiracy theories . Reference is also made to forerunners of Camus' ideas, such as the French writer Jean Raspail , Maurice Barrès in his book L'Appel au soldat , published in 1900, or the former Trotskyist and member of the Waffen SS , René Binet. A feature of these conspiracy myths is the assumption that there are secret elites who deliberately operated and controlled this alleged exchange for their own benefit. Another feature is that these ideas are mostly directly associated with expectations of doom on the part of their disseminators , be it the “doom of Europe”, the “fall of the West ”, “the extinction of the white race” or a “disappearance and departure from the World history as a people, family of peoples and cultural area ”.

The great exchange is one of the central ideas of the New Right, anti-migration and Islamophobic as well as ethno-collective . In its basic idea it is based on a sharp opposition of a “we” versus a “not we”, which is presented as a strong threat to the national community . Non-European or Muslim immigrant groups are considered to be foreigners and are demonized here, regardless of their degree of integration, as an allegedly central danger to peaceful coexistence.

Comparable in the expressions used and the political objectives, the terms "population exchange" and " umvolkung " as well as in the US, the term "white genocide" (white genocide).

The political scientist Matthias Quent refers to the origin of the ideology core from National Socialism and to the fact that the assumption of a pure, homogeneous society is not covered by the Basic Law , since there is no longer a right of descent , but a right of citizenship. Accordingly, according to Quent, "the assumption that there would be a population exchange [...] a so-called foreign infiltration by people of non-German descent [...] is in itself unconstitutional because it conflicts with basic democratic values ​​and principles". The French historian Nicolas Lebourg describes how the originally anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that had been circulating in French neo-Nazi circles since the 1950s changed after the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA. Since then it has developed into a "mobilizing myth for racism and Islamophobia " and in place of the Jews v. a. Muslims and multiculturalism accepted as the cause of an alleged population exchange. Patrick Gensing points out that this conspiracy myth, in addition to racist resentment against (especially Muslim) migrants, also contains a component "that ties in with classic anti-Semitic legends according to which Jewish financial speculators wanted to destroy the peoples of Europe". According to these conspiracy theories, immigration is portrayed as a targeted measure by Jews or "the Zionists " in order to weaken and dominate the European peoples.

The journalist and historian Nils Minkmar describes the thesis of the “large population exchange” as “powerful”; because it puts “the majority society in a minority position. And every dark-skinned person who strolls through Paris , every kebab space and every mosque becomes evidence of the invasion, which is actually just a fictional one ”. In this construct, politicians would become “accomplices” and part of an elite “who thinks up things like the UN migration pact in back rooms in order to ultimately replace the local population with those of Africa ”. In addition, he points out two consequences of this thesis: The term “exonerated”; because one no longer has to worry about who the new neighbors are, how the coexistence can succeed, one does not have to deal with them at all. […] The rules of the game of the republic are suspended wherever one invokes a supranational, supposedly cultural right of resistance based ultimately only on skin color. It is a declaration of war of explosiveness that should not be underestimated, because someone who fights for everything in his imagination allows himself everything. "

According to the IDZ Jena , aspects of neo-racism , cultural pessimism and doom theories in the tradition of the conservative revolution play a role here . A peaceful coexistence between different cultures in the same area is excluded, while immigration of non-Europeans is stylized as "genocide". Right-wing extremist violent criminals use this conspiracy theory to portray attacks on Muslims and migrants as legitimate self-defense. Peter R. Neumann , a social scientist who specializes in radicalization processes, describes the ideologue of the Great Exchange as “the best-known conspiracy theory of the New Right”.

As alleged conspirators, among others, which are United Nations and the American financial oligarchy called, also called "globalists" (probably a veiling Dogwhistle term for "Jew") that a battle for world domination would lead to Europe. This is strongly disputed by science and it is pointed out that these are apocalyptic visions of fear and doom, which are part of a long tradition of right-wing extremist thought.

In Der Spiegel, Manfred Dworschak describes the Great Exchange as a “crazy fairy tale” that “practically encompassed the entire right-wing extremist spectrum”. The assumption contained therein that “the elites” would deliberately pursue the exchange in order to breed a willing “slave race” is compared with Adolf Hitler's assertion in Mein Kampf that “the Jews” had “brought the negro to the Rhine ”. According to Dworschak, behind both conspiracy theories is the goal of portraying the situation as apocalyptically as possible , a "fumbling around with the state of emergency ": This always legitimizes violence.

For Daniel Erk ( Die Zeit ) the term is “the crude notion that there was a time in the nation states of Europe when the countries were inhabited by a pure-bred population”, which represents a “thin historical and statistical derivation” exclude any integration for subsequent generations. Through this “mixture of racist conspiracy theory, völkisch final struggle and ideological campaign” “ultimately everything” can be justified: “activism. Panic. And possibly violence too. "

In October 2019, the President of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Thomas Haldenwang , said the New Right was promoting the conspiracy theory of "Umvolkung" and conveying "the feeling that something has to be done to stop such supposed developments". That is the “spiritual breeding ground” for acts like the attack in Halle .

Use in France

In France, the term is used by functionaries of the Front National (today Rassemblement National ), but it is rejected by Marine Le Pen as a concept of conspiracy theory. Florian Philippot explains: "We do not share this racist conception." Le Pen's relatives and inter-party rival Marion Maréchal , like the former chairman Jean-Marie Le Pen , made several public statements about this battle term. Also among French neo-Nazis and in parts of French-speaking journalism and culture, e.g. B. Alain Finkielkraut and Michel Houellebecq , this conspiracy theory found approval.

Distribution in the German-speaking area

In the German-speaking world, these ideas were first introduced by the protagonists of the actionist, folk-oriented Identitarian Movement such as B. Martin Sellner or Martin Lichtmesz introduced. The new right-wing publicist and publisher Götz Kubitschek published Camus' book in German in 2016 in his publishing house Antaios . The AFD , close by cross Front magazine Compact of Jürgen Elsässer dealt with the investor and philanthropist George Soros and its putative "7-point plan for the people exchange". The concept of a clandestinely conducted population exchange was not only taken up with approval in new right blogs and forums. At a party conference of the AfD in 2018, party leader Alexander Gauland warned against a "population exchange". Identitarians in Hesse called their campaign against immigrants in 2015 “Stop the great exchange”. Several speakers at the Zukunft-Heimat rallies in Cottbus and von Pegida also used the term.

In April 2019, the then Austrian Vice Chancellor and FPÖ Chairman Heinz-Christian Strache , who a few days earlier had distanced himself from the Austrian Identitarian Movement , described “population exchange” as something his party wanted to fight against and as a “concept of reality ". FPÖ General Secretary Christian Hafenecker defended Strache's use of this term: Strache had "shown real developments in this country".

Ideology of right-wing terrorists

Right-wing terrorists around the world repeatedly refer to the conspiracy theory of the “Great Exchange”.

"Manifesto" and motivation of the Christchurch assassin

The right-wing attacker in the terrorist attack on two mosques in Christchurch , New Zealand, who murdered 51 Muslim people for racist motives, headed his "Manifesto", with which he tried to justify his actions, with "The Great Replacement". . He made explicit reference to this conspiracy theory of the European identities. He also spread this conspiracy theory on his Twitter and Facebook accounts. The English expression great replacement had not previously found a comparable distribution in the English-speaking world as its counterparts in France or Germany. As a result of the act, the identitarian actors in the German-speaking area found themselves in need of explanation, exacerbated by proven contacts and a monetary donation from the assassin during a trip to Europe.

Statements by the Halle assassin

The right-wing extremist attacker in Halle in 2019 had already stated in his manifest that he saw himself as part of a “white” struggle against population exchange by migrants and Muslims. In court he said that he no longer wanted to do anything for this society, which among other things "replaced him with Muslims."

literature

  • Eiríkur Bergmann Einarsson: Conspiracy & populism: the politics of misinformation. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-90359-0 .
  • Volker Weiß : The authoritarian revolt. The New Right and the Fall of the West. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2017, ISBN 978-3-608-94907-0 .
  • Christian Fuchs , Paul Middelhoff: The Network of the New Right. Who controls them, who finances them and how they change society . Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 2019, ISBN 978-3-499-63451-2 .

Videos

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bernhard Schmid: "Clear line" against the "National Collection". Look to the right, April 12, 2019.
  2. ^ Jeanne Bulant: Renaud Camus: Le chantre de la thèse du "grand remplacement", tête de liste aux Européennes. BFMTV, April 10, 2019.
  3. ↑ Matthieu Falcone: Que signifie le Grand Remplacement selon Renaud Camus? November 16, 2011.
  4. ↑ a b c Steffen Kailitz : Saxony - a stronghold of the AfD? Development, perspectives and classification of the federal party and the Saxon state association. In: Uwe Backes , Steffen Kailitz (ed.): Saxony - A stronghold of right-wing extremism? Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2020, p. 168 f.
  5. ↑ a b c d Brenton T. and "The Great Exchange" - that is the story of the conspiracy theory. Retrieved April 13, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Michaela Wiegel: Le Pen's secret thought leader. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , September 18, 2015.
  7. ↑ Nils Minkmar : How the rumor of the “population exchange” came into the world. In: Spiegel Online , April 3, 2018.
  8. ↑ Volker Bernhard, Nicolas Freund, Bernd Graff, Alex Rühle, Sonja Zekri: Exchanged peoples and child porn in the pizzeria. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . 5th September 2017.
  9. ^ A b Par Samuel Laurent, Maxime Vaudano, Gary Dagorn, Assma Maad: La théorie du grand remplacement, de l'écrivain Renaud Camus aux attentats en Nouvelle-Zélande . In: Le Monde . March 22, 2019.
  10. ↑ Valérie Igounet, Rudy Empire City: Le "grand remplacement» est-il un concept complotiste? Fondation Jean-Jaurès, September 24, 2018, accessed December 15, 2019.
  11. ↑ Farhad Manjoo: Conspiracy Theory Is Bonkers . In: New York Times . 20th March 2019.
  12. ↑ Elke Rajal: “Open, coded, structural. Anti-Semitism among the 'identitarians'. ”In: Judith Goetz, Joseph Maria Sedlacek, Alexander Winkler (eds.): Untergangster des Abendlandes. Ideology and reception of the right-wing extremist 'identitarians'. 2nd Edition. Marta Press, Hamburg 2018, p. 317.
  13. ^ Roger Bromley: The politics of displacement: the Far Right narrative of Europe and its 'others' . In: From the European South 3 , Padua 2018, ISSN  2531-4130 , pp. 13–26 ( online PDF; 36.1 MB).
  14. ↑ Matthias Quent: The ice cold of the völkischen ideology . In: Der Tagesspiegel . March 24, 2019.
  15. ↑ Networking of right-wing extremists and neo-Nazis: “We have fixed right-wing extremist structures.” In: Deutschlandfunk , March 18, 2019.
  16. ↑ Strache and the "Population Exchange". faktenfinder.tagesschau.de, April 30, 2019
  17. ^ Constitutional Protection Report 2018. PDF, p. 74
  18. ↑ Nils Minkmar: The hate preacher. In: Spiegel Online , May 19, 2019.
  19. ↑ Nils Minkmar: How the rumor of the “population exchange” came into the world. In: Spiegel Online , April 3, 2018.
  20. ↑ Factsheet of the IDZ Jena: Neorassismus: New rights and old ideas (PDF; 229 kB).
  21. ↑ Peter R. Neumann: The crusader myth is crucial for such terrorists. In: zeit.de . 15th March 2019.
  22. ↑ Ben Sales: Stephen Bannon reportedly called Jared Kushner a 'globalist.' Here's why the term makes some Jews uneasy. In: Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 6, 2017, accessed February 24, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Mladen Gladić: Kubitschek dreams . In: Friday . 17th August 2017.
  24. ^ Andrew Wilson: Fear-Filled Apocalypses: The Far-Right's Use of Conspiracy Theories . Oxford Research Group, March 27, 2019.
  25. ^ Manfred Dworschak: World power paranoia . In: Der Spiegel from September 7, 2019, p. 101.
  26. ↑ Daniel Erk: Why the identitarians are at an end. www.zeit.de, March 28, 2019
  27. ↑ Wolf Wiedmann-Schmidt: The head of the protection of the constitution sees the AfD right wing "increasingly extremist". In: Spiegel Online , October 18, 2019.
  28. ^ Jean-Yves Camus: France's Front National on the way to power? In: Ernst Hillebrand (Ed.): Right-wing populism in Europe. Danger to democracy? Dietz-Verlag, Bonn 2015, ISBN 978-3-8012-0467-9 ( online ).
  29. ↑ Arnaud Focraud: Le FN at-il un problème avec le "grand remplacement"? Le Journal , June 20, 2017.
  30. ^ Ronja Kempin: The Front National. Success and prospects of the “strongest party in France”. SWP Study 6, ISSN  1611-6372 , Science and Politics Foundation and German Institute for International Politics and Security , March 2017.
  31. ↑ Marc de Boni: Marion Maréchal - Le Pen valide la theory du "grand remplacement". In: lefigaro.fr. February 3, 2015, accessed May 21, 2019 (French).
  32. ↑ Herfried Münkler , Marina Münkler : The new Germans: A country before its future. Rowohlt, Reinbek 2016, ISBN 978-3-644-12441-7 .
  33. ↑ Patrick Gensing: Facts against Fake News or The Struggle for Democracy. Duden-Verlag (Bibliographical Institute), Berlin 2019, p. 130.
  34. ↑ Gauland compares the Federal Republic with the GDR. www.haz.de, June 30, 2018.
  35. ↑ Daniel Majic: Rights: "Stop the great exchange". Frankfurter Rundschau, July 3, 2015.
  36. ↑ The language of "criticism of asylum". An analysis of the speeches at future home rallies in Cottbus. Announcements from the Emil Julius Gumbel Research Center / Moses Mendelssohn Center for European-Jewish Studies No. 4, Potsdam, June 2018.
  37. ↑ Strache sees “population exchange” as a “concept of reality”. www.derstandard.at, April 28, 2019
  38. ↑ Right-wing extremist term: international unrest because of Strache-Sagers. In: orf.at . April 29, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2019 .
  39. ↑ The perpetrator worships Breivik and wants to kill Merkel. Retrieved April 19, 2019 .
  40. ↑ Marco Bertolaso: The assassin and the conspiracy theory of the "Great Exchange". Deutschlandfunk, March 18, 2019.
  41. ↑ Christchurch: la théorie du complotiste "grand remplacement" français, obsession you terroriste. Retrieved April 20, 2019 .
  42. ↑ Detlef zum Winkel: Identitarians: “Big Exchange” at the End? Telepolis, March 31, 2019.
  43. ^ Konrad Litschko: The Fanal. Nine months ago, Stephan Balliet tried to storm the synagogue in Halle and killed two people. Now the process began. In: taz of July 22, 2020, p. 5.
  44. ↑ The defendant wants to make a statement on mdr.de