Turntable ladder
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Turntable ladder |
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| Vehicle data
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| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Perm. Total mass : | 16,000 kilograms |
| Drive: | Street |
| Nominal rescue height : | 23 meters |
| at nominal extension : | 12 meters |
The aerial ladder (DL) is the most common aerial rescue vehicle used by fire services . It is a striking fire engine and is more common than the telescopic mast . Today the turntable ladder usually has a rescue cage that is permanently mounted on the so-called ladder set or can be hooked into it. In Switzerland, such vehicles are called turntable ladders .
Technology and designs
The ladder park consists of several interlocking ladder segments that are extended by a motor. It is attached to the vehicle chassis with a slewing ring that can be rotated 360 °. To operate the ladder park, there is a control stand on the turntable next to the ladder. This is mostly operated by the machinist. Many models also offer the option of controlling the ladder from the ladder cage.
In order to create a stable stand for the operation of the ladder and to prevent it from tipping over, lateral supports are extended. Here horizontal-vertical supports and inclined supports are in use.
Since January 2006, two new standards apply to turntable ladders, DIN EN 14043 for fully automatic turntable ladders and DIN EN 14044 for sequential (semi-automatic) turntable ladders. The sequential turntable ladders (DLS) can only perform one movement at the same time, fully automatic turntable ladders (DLA) all movements at the same time. The two standards replace the old standard for turntable ladders DIN 14701 in all three parts.
As with many fire engines (in Germany), the main characteristics of turntable ladders are described in a combination of letters and numbers. In the past, a hyphen was used between the numbers; according to the new standard, a slash was used. The type designation means:
- DL = turntable ladder,
- DLA = fully automatic turntable ladder,
- DLS = sequential (semi-automatic) turntable ladder,
- (K) = identification of whether there is a basket on the turntable ladder (previously referred to as DLK according to the standard),
- only one number = length of the extended ladder park in meters (no longer used today),
- first number = nominal rescue height in meters,
- second number = nominal radius in meters.
The name for an automatic turntable ladder of the 30-meter class according to the new standard is therefore DLA (K) 23/12. According to the old standard, the turntable ladder would simply have been referred to as DLK 23-12. To include both sequential and fully automatic turntable ladders, this old abbreviation is still used in the following.
Other abbreviations are mostly manufacturer-dependent, such as B .:
- nB = low construction
- SE = single-extension (extract of ladder section 1, in front of the remaining ladder sections;)
- SE = quick access (obsolete), here assembly of the ladder chair between the axes and the ladder park to the rear
- CC = computer-controlled
- CS = computer-stabilized
- PLC = Programmable Logic Controller ( programmable logic controller )
- HZL = rear axle auxiliary steering (also: EHZ = electronic rear axle auxiliary steering)
- GL = additional joint in the ladder park (ladder park part I)
- GLT = joint in the ladder park (ladder park part I), also telescopic.
In Germany, turntable ladders of the type DLA (K) 23/12 can be found most frequently at fire brigades, as they can be used to guide people to all buildings below the high-rise boundary. As a rule, the 7th floor can be reached with a DLA (K) 23/12 at the nominal rescue height. In the case of high-rise buildings, a second structural escape route or a safety stairwell is required to rescue people .
Larger turntable ladders than the DLA (K) 23/12 are generally not required in Germany and are generally only used by plant fire brigades , as larger ladders clearly exceed the permitted total weight of 16 t. This is important insofar as all installation areas and access roads for the fire brigade are approved according to DIN 14090 for a maximum load of 16 t with an axle load of 10 t. Smaller turntable ladders such as the DLA (K) 18/12 or DLA (K) 12/9 are also not widely used. According to the current DIN-EN standard, the maximum permissible total weight for a DLA (K) 23/12 is 16 tons, for a DLA (K) 18/12 14 tons and for the DLA (K) 12/9 13 tons.
Many modern turntable ladders can be used safely in narrow streets, even if the supports are extended to different extents (Vario support).
Newer design turntable ladders often have additional manufacturer names after the classification, which indicate computer monitoring, e.g. B. CS for "computer-stabilized" (DLA (K) 23/12 CS) or PLC for "programmable logic controller" (DLA (K) 23/12 PLC III). Ladder platforms (LB) have a larger basket compared to turntable ladders, but are no longer built today.
Turntable ladder with basket DLK 23-12
Turntable ladder DLK 23-12 (the cage still has to be installed here, it hangs to the right of the ladder)
DLK 23-12 low design on Magirus-Deutz
DLK 18-12 on Mercedes-Benz LN
DLK 23-12 of the Duisburg fire brigade
DLK 16-4 SE. The vehicle also meets the requirements of a DLK 12-9, but was put into service in 1989 before the DLK 12-9 was standardized.
Tasks and applicability
The first task for the turntable ladder on site is to rescue people . In the case of turntable ladders with rescue cages , the rescued persons can be safely transported down in the cage.
- Rescue of people . A bracket for a stretcher can be mounted on many ladder cages. Then it is possible to gently transport an injured person lying on the stretcher out of a high apartment. The turntable ladder can also be used to rescue people from depths.
- Extinguishing attack from outside. For this purpose, water cannons can be mounted on most turntable ladder cages. This can either be used to fight the fire directly from the outside or the attack force can enter the building from the ladder cage via a balcony or through a window. Then another hose line is laid from the reversible pipe into the interior of the building. Even if there is no basket, a C-tube can be made from the ladder if the attack team is securing themselves to the ladder using the fire service belt.
- Lighting . Headlights or lighting balloons can be attached to the ladder cage to illuminate an incident site.
- Ventilation . Electric fans can also be attached to a special bracket and thus be used to ventilate smoky fire objects.
- Willingness to guide . If the turntable ladder is not used as an attack route for troops in advance or for rescuing people, it is used in some fire brigades for "self-protection" for troops ahead in internal attacks. One speaks of willingness to be an instructor . As a rule, the turntable ladder with its rescue cage / ladder park is brought into position in a window near the place of action (e.g. apartment affected by fire or the team's target for rescuing people). The position of the basket or the ladder park is communicated to the troops on the inside attack, which can go to the respective window in a dangerous situation (e.g. cut off retreat path).
Fire brigades use various alarm and deployment orders in order to have the necessary helpers and devices on site as quickly as possible in the event of an alarm. In the event of building fires, an extinguishing train is usually alerted, which in larger fire departments always includes a turntable ladder.
The DLA (K) 23-12 usually takes second or third place in the fire fighting train, in voluntary fire brigades it often even comes first and occasionally also with the rescue train . In addition to fire operations, it is often used for rescue at height or depth. It is also occasionally needed for animal rescue .
Turntable ladders are usually designed for a squad crew (1/2). Turntable ladders with a squadron crew (1/5) are only used by a few fire departments today.
Turntable ladder machinists are trained in Germany at the state fire brigade schools or professional fire brigade schools. In addition to the actual operation and operation of the turntable ladder, the deployment tactics are particularly important. The HAUS rule , with which turntable ladder operations can be processed easily and safely, has proven to be the standard tactic of many fire departments .
Fire brigade loading
The fire brigade loading of turntable ladders is comparatively low. An important part of the load is a hose that is at least as long as the fully extended ladder. It supplies the water cannon or the reversible pipe in the ladder cage with water. Hoses that are coupled together cannot be used for this, as the hose lies on the ladder rungs and a hose coupling would get caught immediately when the ladder is extended or retracted.
In addition, equipment for fall protection or for rescue from heights and depths such as the fall protection set or the Rollgliss can be carried. Often there is also a positive pressure ventilator and stretchers on this vehicle.
history
General short chronicle
The world's first turntable ladder was unveiled in Paris on May 2, 1802. As part of a design competition, Edouard Regnier designed a mobile and rotating fire escape that could be extended using racks and gears. In 1808 the first mobile turntable ladder in Germany was put into service in Knittlingen ; This means that the Knittlingen fire brigade is considered to be the “inventor of the mobile turntable ladder” in Germany: After the town of Knittlingen was badly destroyed by several fires, the municipality bought two more handheld fire syringes in 1808 for 18 guilders. At the same time a "fire truck" was ordered. This "fire truck" was the first German mobile turntable ladder. An excerpt from the court record of February 19, 1808 describes:
“A model of a very useful machine, which was particularly applauded by the Royal Majesty, was shown, which consists in the fire escapes being attached to a carriage, driven upwards by a roller according to the circumstances, and can be directed to any side. This fire escape has the particular advantage that it is very easy to transport and can be set up by the extremely simple mechanism of the drive wheel, which is extremely cumbersome with ordinary fire escapes. It was therefore unanimously decided to purchase this fire apparatus and since the local wagon masters could not get involved in this work due to the lack of available wood, the wagon master Andreas Scheck in Lienzingen was responsible for the manufacture of this fire escape wagon . The price of this car was 56 guilders. "
It was a four-wheeled horse-drawn cart with an 11 m high two-part ladder that rested on a bogie on the front axle. After your active service, the turntable ladder was sold to the Magirus company in Ulm in 1954. The Magirus company later passed the turntable ladder on to the fire brigade museum in Fulda, where it can still be viewed today.
In 1877 the Leipzig professional fire brigade was the first fire brigade in Germany to receive a horse-drawn turntable ladder with a three-part ladder set, which reached a height of 23 meters.
In 1904 the Magirus company presented the first ladder vehicle in which the vehicle engine could also be used for ladder operation. All previously developed vehicles had always been based on manual principles for pulling out the ladder. This was realized by an automatically petroleum-heated boiler and three steam engines for locomotion, righting gear and pull-out gear.
During the National Socialist era, the light turntable ladder (LDL) was introduced as part of the initial standardization of municipal fire fighting vehicles. Manual drive was common for turntable ladders of this size at the time. The LDL were set up on a light truck chassis with a payload of 1.5 tons and had a ladder length of 17 m. In 1943 this type was called DL 17 , this designation was initially retained after the Second World War .
In 1951, Magirus-Deutz presented what was then the tallest turntable ladder in the world at the IAA, with a height of 52 + 2 meters. In 1953 Magirus-Deutz brought the first completely hydraulically operated turntable ladder onto the market.
The first post-war standard, DIN 14701 from 1957, provided for a DL 18 as the successor to the DL 17 and a hand-operated DL 12. At this time, the DL 18 was a type that was widespread among smaller fire departments.
Since the 1960s, however, due to the increasing construction of taller buildings, larger turntable ladders with mechanical drives such as the DL 30 have been common. In 1971 the standard was split up: DIN 14701 only described machine-driven types, DIN 14702 the DL 18 with manual drive; the rarely built DL 12 was omitted.
In 1985 the DL 18 was renamed DL 16-4 with manual operation . Today, DL 16-4 are only very rarely available at fire brigades where there is either no higher development in their area of operation or narrow streets, for example in the old town , make the use of a larger turntable ladder impossible. However, they do not correspond to any current standard and, technically speaking, due to the lack of hydraulic hubs, they are not aerial rescue vehicles . If this is required by narrow buildings, they are replaced by standardized DLK 12-9.
Through the use of forward control arms instead of hooded cars, turntable ladders grew in height, the center of gravity and clearance height changed disadvantageously. In 1980 Magirus-Deutz delivered the first DLK 23-12 n. B. (n. B. = low design). With the help of a driver's cab in front of instead of above the engine, a construction height in the range of three meters could be achieved again.
In 2015 Magirus presented the M68L at Interschutz , which is currently the highest turntable ladder in the world with a height of 68 m.
Exercise with the new Magirus ladder and smoke helmet on the riser tower of the St. Lorenz fire station (1902)
Horse-drawn turntable ladder, Rhineland-Palatinate Fire Brigade Museum Hermeskeil
Historic turntable ladder from 1952, Rhineland-Palatinate Fire Brigade Museum Hermeskeil
Historic DL 25 + 2 on Magirus-Deutz
DL 16-4 with manual drive
DL25 from Magirus, built in 1964, Otterberg fire department
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Turntable ladders in the GDR
The fire engines in the GDR were more uniform across the country than was the case in West Germany. This is due to the fact that after the Second World War there were no manufacturers of aerial ladder vehicles in the Soviet occupation zone . The vehicles that survived the war were repaired and sometimes had to be handed over to larger fire departments.
The VEB Feuerlöschgerätewerk Luckenwalde (FGL) received the order in 1955 to prepare the production of turntable ladders. The problem arose that the truck chassis available in the GDR were unsuitable. The H3A turned out to be too light, the H6 too big, and suitable imports from the Comecon countries were not available. The development of a 30-meter ladder (DL 30) for the N7 low-frame chassis was presented after several problems, including a 25-meter ladder (DL 25) for the new IFA S4000-1 in 1962 . A total of 62 of this model were produced in Luckenwalde between 1962 and 1969 . The hydraulically erectable ladder pool was supplemented by a 1.5 m long ladder and a 1.5 m long correction ladder at the end of the ladder. A reversible jet pipe could be installed at the top of the ladder.
As a result, there were stipulations on certain chassis for the individual turntable ladder types. The following models existed:
- DL 18 on Robur LO 1801
- DL 22 and DL 25 on IFA S4000-1 ,
- DL 30 on W50 , double cabin
- DL 30 K with additional rescue cage (attached under the turntable ladder for transport)
- DL 30.01 on W50, with standard cab , spring cushion and rescue cage (attached for transport in front of the cab)
It is worth mentioning individual items from the fire-fighting equipment on the GDR ladders. This contained, among other things, a 5 MP rack and pinion winch, workstation spotlights, signal flashlights, a folding ladder, ceiling bumpers and a height gauge. There was no BOS radio in the GDR, the technology also used by the NVA (partly from Soviet production) or VHF radio communication was used.
With the DL 30.01 the last generation of turntable ladders on IFA-W50 chassis was introduced from the year of construction 1987. The turntable ladder was part of the long-planned all-metal suitcase (GMK) fleet of the fire brigade generation from the VEB fire extinguisher plant in Luckenwalde. The vehicle was equipped with the serial cabin in all-steel construction and offers the troop crew (0/2/ 2 ) corresponding square.
As a new development compared to its predecessor ladders, the DL 30.01 stands out as a more modern and flexible turntable ladder for rescue from heights of up to 30 meters and as a work device for special tasks of technical assistance, lighting and / or as an extinguishing device.
A hanging basket, which was attached to the front of the vehicle in the march position, could be attached to the ladder more quickly and easily than on the previous model. The rescue basket or work basket was approved for one person. After the fall of the Wall, these work baskets were banned from use for safety reasons, so that these vehicles were used without a work basket. Under construction behind the cab diverse pieces of equipment to provide technical assistance and fire fighting were stowed, including a jump pad SPP 40 and a portable high-expansion foam generator LSG 4/400 T including Schaumlutte. The jumping cushion was a new development made of Dederon fabric with a polyurethane coating and had an edge length of 6 × 6 meters. In addition, air cushions were attached on three sides in order to prevent the person from falling uncontrollably. The deployment of the SPP 40 jump cushion for rescuing people was planned to take 90 seconds using the LLG 4/400 T high-expansion foam generator as a fan. Jump heights of up to 50 meters were more or less possible with good persuasion.
Now side storage spaces could with some devices such as motorized circular saw, angle grinder , foam jet pipes , stand pipe , hoses (30 m) and additional halogen headlights are fitted with 500 watts. The ladder park could now be operated from the side steering position with a seat. The slewing ring was slightly modified compared to the previous model and also carried a power unit with an output of 4 kVA and the water-bearing armature. A water or foam cannon (medium or heavy foam) could be mounted at the top of the ladder for the fire-fighting attack, which was fed via two permanently installed C-pipes on the ladder. A correction ladder attached to the top of the ladder was extendable so that it could be used to smash the windows for the interior attack, so the initial attack through the balcony or window into the building was more effective. Halogen spotlights could also be attached to the ladder to illuminate the scene and moved from the operator's platform. A load capacity of one ton was intended for the lifting operation. The ladder was secured using hydraulic inclined supports.
The DL 30.01 on the W50 L reaches a top speed of 75 km / h and has a four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine with an output of 125 hp (91.9 kW). The turntable ladder was mostly used together with other fire fighting vehicles for technical assistance, fire fighting and / or hazard clearance.
International
The fire brigades in the USA often use turntable ladders that are built on much heavier chassis than in German-speaking countries. The so-called ladder trucks in the larger cities of the USA usually have a ladder length of 90 or 100 feet, which corresponds to the 30 meters of a German DLK 23-12. The higher weight is explained by a significantly larger load, and often also by a heavier design for a higher basket load. The set-up time of these ladders is above the 55 to 65 seconds (from vehicle stop to rescue height) that can be achieved by European fully automatic ladders from Magirus, Rosenbauer and Gimaex, but still below that of telescopic masts. Further differences arise in steep terrain: some US ladders are not set up to compensate for inclines, but must be aligned horizontally with their supports. In unfavorable terrain, the set-up time can therefore be extended by minutes, or use can be completely impossible. The heavier, slower ladder set is also cheaper: despite the large chassis, the pumps and the much more extensive loading, prices for US purchases are at least not higher than for the procurement of fully automatic ladders in Central Europe. Although the European manufacturers often show off the higher speed of their products at trade shows and demonstrations in the USA, the overall sales success is low.
Several types of turntable ladders are used. The standard turntable ladder in New York is a ladder truck, also known as a truck for short. It is a 100 foot ladder with no basket. These turntable ladders are also known as turntable ladders . Unlike in Germany, these vehicles have a more diverse range of tasks. In addition to the classic tasks of a turntable ladder, the ladder companies are also called on to provide technical assistance. The turntable ladders are equipped with extensive technical equipment. Turntable ladders with tanks and pumps are also not uncommon in the USA.
Another type of turntable ladder are the so-called tiller trucks . It is a semi-trailer truck with a 100-foot ladder. At the rear of the vehicle there is an additional driver's seat where an emergency worker, the Tillerman , can separately steer the rear axle as a Schwigger . This makes these vehicles more manoeuvrable than the conventional ladder trucks, which is why they are very much appreciated in large cities. The maneuverability of the turntable ladders on rigid truck chassis with additional rear axle steering, as offered by all important European and now some American manufacturers, is inferior.
In the USA turntable ladders with rescue cages are called tower ladder because there are still numerous ladders without cages. Telescopic mast platforms are called "platforms". These vehicles have a basket and a fixed riser for a reversible pipe.
Turntable ladder manufacturer
The world's largest manufacturer of turntable ladders is the Magirus company in Ulm . This goes back to the former commercial vehicle brand Magirus-Deutz (in the 1950s to 1970s market leader for turntable ladders in Germany and Europe) and the fire fighting equipment factory Magirus founded by Conrad Dietrich Magirus . The term Magirusleiter has therefore become a generic name .
The second major manufacturer of turntable ladders in Germany is Rosenbauer Karlsruhe . Formerly under the name Metz , turntable ladders had been produced here since 1913 before they were incorporated into Rosenbauer in 1998.
Before German reunification, IFA also had a turntable ladder production facility in the GDR.
literature
- Walter Hamilton, Ulrich Kortt, Rolf Schmid, Hermann Schröder: Handbook for the firefighter. 20th, revised edition. Boorberg, Stuttgart et al. 2004, ISBN 3-415-03176-4 .
- Frank-Hartmut Jäger: East German fire engines. 1945–1990. Standard vehicles & unique items. EFB-Verlag, Erlensee 1998, ISBN 3-88776-097-2 .
- Jörg Kurtz: Die Roten Hefte, Heft 201 - Tactics in turntable ladder use . 4th, revised edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2019, ISBN 978-3-17-034878-3 .
- Werner Oswald, Manfred Gihl: Motor vehicles of the fire brigade and the rescue service since 1900. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-613-01479-3 .
- Lothar Schott, Manfred Ritter: Fire Brigade Basic Course FwDV 2 . 20th edition. Wenzel-Verlag, Marburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-88293-220-1 .
- Josef Schütz: Die Rote Hefte, Booklet 8b - Fire fighting vehicles Part II . 11th edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-17-014285-5 .
- Jan Ole Unger, Nils Beneke, Klaus Thrien: Aerial rescue vehicles - training and use . 3rd, revised edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-17-035837-9 , pp. 221 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fire engines. Leaflet for the fire brigades in Bavaria. Status: 09/2012
- ↑ State Fire Brigade School Regensburg (2014): Minimum equipment turntable ladder DLA (K) 23-12 - Edition 04/2014 - ( Memento from August 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ DMG-Lib: rummaging, people. Retrieved November 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Wolfgang Hornung-Arnegg: Fire Department History . 4th edition. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-17-013203-2 , p. 48.
- ↑ Dieter Hasemann: Fire Brigade Classic. […]: Fire brigade legends: MAN, Magirus-DL . Special edition, 1st edition. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-613-02322-9 .
- ↑ Stories from the fire department: 1864–2014 . Voluntary fire brigade Haiterbach, Haiterbach 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-046067-8 .
- ↑ Wolfgang Hornung-Arnegg: Fire Department History . 4th edition. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-17-013203-2 , p. 71.
- ↑ Wolfgang Hornung-Arnegg: Fire Department History . 4th edition. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-17-013203-2 , p. 82.
- ↑ Interschutz 2015 on fireworld.at. Retrieved June 11, 2015 .
- ↑ Karlsruhe plant Competence center for aerial rescue devices. In: rosenbauer.com. Rosenbauer, accessed December 25, 2019 .