Ash trees in medical history
Ash trees ( Fraxinus spec. ). Theophrast and Pliny described two species of Fraxinus .
The therapeutic uses given by Dioscurides ( De materia medica ) and Pliny ( Naturalis historia ) largely agree. It is therefore believed that both drew from the same sources:
| Applications for ash trees at Pedanios Dioskurides | Applications for ash trees at Pliny the Elder |
|---|---|
| The juice of the leaves drunk in wine and in the envelope helps those who have been bitten by snakes | The squeezed juice, placed on the wound and drunk, helps after a snakebite |
| The wood chips are said to be deadly poisonous | Beware of the chips and sawdust |
| The burnt bark heals skin diseases | |
| The seeds drunk in wine work against liver pain, against pain in the side and against subcutaneous edema | |
| The leaves grated in wine and drunk eliminate obesity |
The doctors of the Arab and Latin Middle Ages made a distinction between fraxinus and lingua avis ("bird's tongue"), although it cannot be decided with certainty whether they referred to a species of their own or the fruit of fraxinus with lingua avis . They took over the indications given by Dioscurides and Pliny and added as additional indications: healing of damp wounds, diarrhea ("lienteria") , vomiting, spleen diseases, impotence, lack of menstrual bleeding, tremors and general weakness.
The German fathers of botany only knew the common ash from their own experience , which they described based on Theophrast and Pliny. It was not until 1586 that Joachim Camerarius the Younger had a lifelike depiction of the common ash from the estate of the Zurich botanist Conrad Gessner (1516–1565) printed in an adaptation of the Mattiolian Dioscurides Commentary . The manna ash had Pietro Andrea Mattioli be already in its starting in 1554, published in Venice represent Dioskurides comment.
Sources on fraxinus and lingua avis (selection)
| Arab Middle Ages | Latin Middle Ages | 16th Century |
|---|---|---|
| Avicenna . 10-11 Century | Hildegard von Bingen . 12th century | Otto Brunfels, Strasbourg 1537 |
| Constantine the African . 11th century | Albertus Magnus . 13th century | Hieronymus Bock . Strasbourg 1546 |
| Circa instans . 12th century | Konrad von Megenberg . 14th century | Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Dioscurides Commentary, Venice from 1554 |
| Pseudo-serapion . 13th century | Herbarius Moguntinus . Mainz 1484. | Translation of the Mattiol Dioscurides Commentary by Georg Handsch (1529-ca. 1578), Prague 1563 |
| Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . 13th century | Garden of Health . Mainz 1485 | Editing of this translation by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Frankfurt 1586 |
| Hortus sanitatis . Mainz 1491 | ||
| Hieronymus Brunschwig . Strasbourg 1500 |
manna
Illustration to the chapter Manna in the Hortus sanitatis Mainz 1491
From the second half of the 16th century at the latest in Europe, “manna” was understood to mean the dried juice that emerges after the ash bark has been cut. Joachim Camerarius the Younger reported in 1586 that "Manna" was collected "in French-speaking countries ... on Fraxino and his families":
"In Welſchlandt the manna / which ſo commonly eats the galls and watery moisture without purging it without purging hazelnut / commonly found on the Fraxino and ſ a bad one and collected ..."
- Joachim Camerarius the Younger : Commentary in: Kreutterbuch of the highly learned and famous Mr DP Andreae Matthioli … Frankfurt 1586, sheet 37r
Dioscurides and Pliny understood by “manna” the “ crumbs that came off by shaking the incense tree”.
The doctors of the Arab and Latin Middle Ages understood “manna” to be a dew (“ros”) that falls on stones and trees, is sweet and runs like honey. It should take on the nature of what it falls on. The "manna" should soften the stomach, quench acute fevers, be useful to the chest and lungs, and to the choleric and hot natures . Sources of the Arab Middle Ages: Sources of the Latin Middle Ages:
From the 16th to the 19th century, the "Manna" was mainly obtained from Calabria ("Manna calabrina") and from Sicily . There it was obtained as a secretion from the bark of the common ash or from the bark of the manna ash . As a spontaneous secretion during the dog days (July 23rd to August 23rd) or as a secretion forced by incisions in the bark in September and October. Different qualities were offered in stores depending on their origin and purity.
In therapy, "Manna" and preparations made from "Manna" were used for gentle laxation according to the rules of the theory of the juice until the 19th century .
Sources of the 17th and 18th centuries: Sources of the 19th century:
Replacement of cinchona
From the middle of the 17th century, the bitter tasting cinchona bark was used in Europe to treat alternating fever .
The bark was very expensive. The pharmacist's taxes indicated a significantly higher price for cinchona bark than for local bark:
| Augsburg Pharmacopoeia 1734 | Württemberg Pharmacopoeia 1741 | Frankfurt Pharmacopoeia 1747 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cinchona bark | 16 cruc. / Pile. | 12 kr. / Loth | 80 Creutzer / Loth |
| Ash bark | 1 cruc. / Pile. | 1 Kr. / Loth | 1 Creutzer / Loth |
| Horse chestnut bark | 2 cruc. / Pile. | 2 Kr. / Loth | 1 Creutzer / Loth |
In search of an inexpensive local substitute for cinchona bark, the bark of native trees was examined in the 18th century, namely the bark of the ash (from 1712), the bark of the horse chestnut (from 1733) and the bark of the willow tree (from 1757 ).
- The Oxford doctor John Floyer (1649–1734) wrote in 1687 that the bark and seeds of the ash reminded him of cinchona bark in their bitterness and astringency. He found that the bark and seeds of the ash cause sweating in four-day fever.
- The French chemist Nicolas Lémery also wrote in 1699 that the bark and fruits of the ash tree were prescribed for alternating fever.
- The Greifswald doctor Christoph Helwig saw the fever-resistant effect of cinchona bark in its bitter and tart taste as well as in its incisive and astringent quality. He assessed the ash bark similarly, which he called "quinquina europaeorum". In a paper published in 1712, Helwig stated that he had cured many intermittent fever by giving two to three quint (approx. 3.5 to 7 g) ash bark powder several times. The doctor François Coste (1741-1819) from Calais and the pharmacist Rémi Willemet from Nancy confirmed Helwig's observations in 1778, but restricted that of twelve people who had treated them for intermittent fever with the ash bark, four people with four-day fever did not respond to this therapy addressed.
- In the 1770s, Wilhelm Heinrich Sebastian Bucholz had "essential salts" prepared from the ash bark using Count Garay's method . Using the Pringles method , he allowed these salts to act on animal substances (fresh beef, human blood) and, at the same time, set up a series of experiments with the “essential salts” of cinchona bark, also produced according to Garay. He found that the ash bark salts had a significantly greater "antiseptic power" than the cinchona bark salts.
- Even William Cullen in Edinburgh had watched the bark of the ash tree next to the bark of horse chestnut has been used successfully as cinchona replacement.
Individual evidence
- ^ In: Pietro Andrea Mattioli Commentarii, in libros sex Pedanii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Venice. Left: issues from 1554. Right: issues from 1562
- ↑ In: Georg Handsch (translation) and Joachim Camerarius the Younger (processing). Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia , 1586
- ↑ Theophrastus of Eresos around 371 - around 287. Natural history of plants . Edition Kurt Sprengel . Theophrast's natural history of plants . Friedrich Hammerich, Altona 1822, Part I Translation, Third Book, Chapter 11 (pp. 106-107) ( digitized version ); Part II Explanations, Third Book, Chapter 11 (pp. 107-108) ( digitized version )
- ↑ Pliny the Elder . 1st century Naturalis historia . Translated and explained by Philipp H. Külb . Metzler, Stuttgart 1840–1864, Book XVI, Chapter 14 ( digitized version ); Edition König 1993, Book XVI, § 62–64
- ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. In the translation by Julius Berendes . Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book I, Chapter 108 (digitized version)
- ↑ Pliny the Elder . 1st century Naturalis historia . Translated and explained by Philipp H. Külb . Metzler, Stuttgart 1840-1864. Book XXIV, Chapter 30 ( digitized version ); Edition König 1993: Book XXIV, § 46
- ^ WL Schreiber. The herbal books of the XV. and XVI. Century as an appendix to the reprint of the Gart der Gesundheit , Munich 1924, p. XLIV-XLVI
- ^ Avicenna . 10-11 Century canon of medicine . Book II. Simple Medicines. Translation and editing by Gerhard von Cremona and Arnaldus de Villanova . Revision by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Venice 1555, pp. 257-258: Lingua avis (digitized version ) ; P. 270: Fraxinus (digitized version)
- ↑ Hildegard von Bingen . 12th century Physica , III / 27: "Asch". Edition. Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1336 Digitized from the Paris manuscript. Liber beate Hildegardis subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum et sic de aliis quam multis bonis. Paris. Bibliothèque Nationale. Codex 6952 f. 156-232. Complete handwriting. 15th century (1425-1450). --- Translation: Herbert Reier. Hildegard von Bingen. Physica … Kiel 1980, p. 112: The ash is more cold than warm and symbolizes insight. If someone is exhausted from gout in the side or in any other limb, as if all his limbs were broken and pounded, boil ash leaves in water, wrap the sick person in a linen cloth, pour that water off and place the cooked warm leaves around him especially on the painful area. Do this often and he will be better off. If you want to prepare oat beer without hops, cook it with just as much grusz with the addition of a lot of ash leaves. This beer cleanses the drinker's stomach and makes his chest light and comfortable. And if goats somehow get sick they are often given ash leaves to eat and they will get well .
- ↑ Otto Brunfels . Another part of the Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1537, p. 170 (digitized version)
- ↑ Constantine the African . 11th century Liber de gradibus simplicium = translation of the Liber de gradibus simplicium of Ibn al-Jazzar . 10th century, print. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 351 digitized
- ↑ Albertus Magnus . 13th century Carl Jessen and Ernst Heinrich Meyer. Alberti Magni ex Ordine Praedicatorum. De vegetabilibus libri VII: historiae naturalis pars XVIII. Reimer, Berlin 1867, pp. 391–392 (Book VII, Tract. I, Chapter XX, § 108–109): Fraxinus ( digitized version )
- ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter Bůch . Second expanded edition with illustrations by David Kandel . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1546, Book III, Chapter 78 (digitized version)
- ↑ Approximately instans . 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 198v: Fraxinus (digitized version ) : Sheet 200v: Lingua avis (digitized version )
- ↑ Konrad von Megenberg . 14th century. Main source: Thomas of Cantimpré , Liber de natura rerum . Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Konrad von Megenberg. Book of nature. Aue, Stuttgart 1861, pp. 324-325: "Slintpaum" digitized
- ↑ Petri Andreae Matthioli medici senensis Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Adiectis quàm plurimis plantarum et animalium imaginibus, eodem authore. Vincentius Valgrisi, Venice 1554, p. 87 (digitized version ) ( digitized version ); 1559, p. 99 ( digitized version ); 1573, pp. 123–124 ( digitized version )
- ↑ Pseudo-Serapion . 13th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 128: Lingua avis (digitized version)
- ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1484. Part I, Chapter 64: Fraxinus Eschenbaum (digitized version)
- ↑ Georg Handsch (1529-ca.1578). Georg Melantrich von Aventin, Prague 1563 ( digitized version) p. 39r - 40r ( digitized version )
- ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Volume II, Stuttgart 1842, p. 438 Fraxinus ornus ( digitized version ); P. 496 Fraxinus excelsior ( digitized version )
- ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1485, chapter 178: Fraxinus (digitized version) ; Chapter 244: Lingua avis (digitized version)
- ↑ Georg Handsch revised by Joachim Camerarius the Younger . It contains images from Conrad Gessner's estate . Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, pp. 36–37 (digitized version)
- ^ Hortus sanitatis . Jacobus Meydenbach, Mainz 1491, Chapter 186: Fraxinus (digitized version) ; Chapter 263: Lingua avis (digitized version)
- ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book , Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg 1500, p. 47: Ash boum bletter (Bůch eschyn): (digitized) ; P. 50: Fogels zung (Stein eschyn) (digital copy )
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Houël . Voyage picturesque des isles de Sicile, de Malte et de Lipari: Où l'on traite des Antiquités qui s'y trouvent encore; des principaux phenomena que la nature y offre; du Costume de Habitans, & de quelques Usages . Paris 1782, Volume I, Figure No 32: (digitized version) . Explanatory text also in: Johann Heinrich Keerl (translator). Houel's travels through Sicily, Malta and the Aeolian Islands . Ettinger, Gotha 1797, Volume II, pp. 8–9: Description of the manna harvest ( digitized version )
- ↑ google-streetview (October 22, 2019) Manna ash in Cinisi
- ↑ (digitized version)
- ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. In the translation by Julius Berendes . Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book I, Chapter 83 (digitized version)
- ↑ Pliny the Elder . 1st century Naturalis historia . Translated and explained by Philipp H. Külb . Metzler, Stuttgart 1840-1864. Book XII, Chapter 32 ( digitized version )
- ^ Avicenna . 10-11 Century canon of medicine . Book II. Simple Medicines. Translation and editing by Gerhard von Cremona and Arnaldus de Villanova . Revision by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Venice 1555, p. 272: Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Constantine the African . 11th century Liber de gradibus simplicium = translation of the Liber de gradibus simplicium of Ibn al-Jazzar . 10th century, print. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 347: Manna Digitalisat
- ↑ Approximately instans . 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 202r: Manna (digitized)
- ↑ Pseudo-Serapion . 13th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 106r: Manna (digitized)
- ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Volume II, Stuttgart 1842, p. 533 Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Konrad von Megenberg . 14th century. Main source: Thomas of Cantimpré , Liber de natura rerum . Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Konrad von Megenberg. Book of nature. Aue, Stuttgart 1861, pp. 90–91: Himelprot [ https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10076915_00164.html (digitalisat)]
- ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1484, Part II, Chapter 7 Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1485, chapter 267: Manna hymmeldauwe (digitized version )
- ^ Hortus sanitatis . Jacobus Meydenbach, Mainz 1491, Chapter 275: Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Pierre Pomet . Histoire générale des drogues, traitant des plantes, des animaux, & des mineraux; ouvrage enrichy de plus de quatre cent figures en taille-douce tirées d'aprés nature; avec un discours qui explique leurs differens noms, les pays d'où elles viennent, la maniere de connoître les veritables d'avec les falsifiées, & leurs proprietez, où l'on découvre l'erreur des anciens & des modern ... par le sieur Pierre Pomet .... Jean-Baptiste Loyson & Augustin Pillon Paris 1694, Book 7: Des gommes, Chapter 2: De la manne (pp. 236–239) (digitized) - German: The sincere materialist and specerey dealer or main and general description of their specereyen and materials ... in French ... made by Peter Pomet ... Leipzig, 1717, Sp 353–364 (digitized version )
- ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples, contenant leurs noms, origines, choix, principes, vertus, étymologies, et ce qu'il ya de particulier dans les animaux, dans les végétaux et dans les minéraux , Laurent d'Houry, Paris, 1699, p 470–471: Manna (digitalisat) - German: Complete materials lexicon . Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 693–696: Manna (digitized)
- ^ Joseph Pitton de Tournefort . Traité de la matière médicale, ou l'Histoire et l'usage des médicamens et leur analyze chymique, avec les noms des plantes en latin et en françois, leurs vertus, leurs doses et les compositions où on les employe. Volume I, L. d'Houry, Paris 1717, pp. 27–37 (digitized version )
- ↑ Pharmacopoeia Argentoratensis… a Collegio Medico adornata . Johann Reinhold Dulssecker, Strasbourg 1725, p. 188: Syrupus Mannae laxativus ( digital copy ); P. 241: Manna liquida and Manna tabulata atque tartarisata ( digital copy )
- ↑ Württemberg Pharmacopoeia . Stuttgart 1741, pp. 106-107: Manna Calabrina ( digital copy ); P. 315: Syrupus de Manna laxativus ( digital copy )
- ↑ Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacy art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 955–958: Manna ( digitized version )
- ↑ Domenico Sestini . Lettere del signor abate Domenico Sestini . Florence 1780, Volume 2, pp. 176-192 (digitized version ) - German: Johann J. Volkemann (translator). Abbot Domenicus Sestini's letters from Sicily and Turkey to his friends in Tuscany . Caspar Fritsch, Leipzig 1780, Volume I, pp. 218–226: From the ash trees and the manna. (Digitized version)
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Houël . Voyage picturesque des isles de Sicile, de Malte et de Lipari: Où l'on traite des Antiquités qui s'y trouvent encore; des principaux phenomena que la nature y offre; du Costume de Habitans, & de quelques Usages . Paris 1782, Volume I, Chapter 6, pp. 52-53 (digital copy ) ; Fig. No 32: (digitized) - German: Johann Heinrich Keerl (translator). Houel's travels through Sicily, Malta and the Aeolian Islands . Ettinger, Gotha1797, Volume II, pp. 8–9: Description of the manna harvest ( digitized )
- ^ Johann Andreas Murray . Apparatus Medicaminum Tam Simplicium Quam Praeparatorum Et Compositorum In Praxeos Adiumentum Consideratus . Dieterich, Göttingen 1784, Volume III, pp. 535-541 Fraxinus excelsior ( digitized version), pp. 542-561: Fraxinus ornus - Manna vel Manna calabrina ( digitized version ) - Ludwig Christian Seger (translator). The Lord Joh. Andr. Murray D. Knight of the royal. Swedish Wasaordens, ord. Prof. the Medic. and directors of the royal. offered. Gartens zu Göttingen ... Arzney supply or instructions for practical knowledge of simple, prepared and mixed remedies. Princely Waisenhausbuchhandl., Braunschweig 1785, Volume III, pp. 610–617: Esche ( digitized ), p. 617–640 Manna or Calabrische Manna ( digitized )
- ↑ William Cullen . A treatise of the materia medica. 2 volumes. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789, Volume II, pp. 508-510: Manna ( digitized version ) - German: Samuel Hahnemann (translator). Schwickert, Leipzig 1790, Volume II, pp. 564–566: Manna ( digitized version )
- ^ Jean-Louis Alibert . Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Suivis d'un nouvel essai sur l'art de formuler. Crapart, Paris, Volume I 1803, pp. 316–319 ( digitized version )
- ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor. Camesius, Vienna, Volume III 1814, pp. 72–78: Manna (digitized version )
- ↑ Justus von Liebig . Composition and chemical constitution of the types of sugar and of some related bodies . In: Pharmaceutisches Centralblatt , 1834, pp. 587-589, here: p. 589 ( digitized version )
- ^ Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée. Cours d'histoire naturelle pharmaceutique, ou histoire des substances usitées dans la thérapeutique, les arts et l'économie domestique. Volume 2, Crochard, Paris1837, pp. 363–368 (digitized version )
- ^ Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal : Manna. In: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Ernst Horn , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Joseph Müller (1811–1845), Emil Osann (eds.). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences. JW Boike, Berlin 1828–1849, Volume 22, 1840, pp. 437–439: Manna ( digitized version )
- ↑ A. Luminescent white. Investigation of several types of manna in the trade . In: Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Volume LIII (1845), pp. 124-134 (digitized version )
- ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s . Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig 1846–48, Volume II 1848, pp. 384–387: Manna ( digitized version )
- ↑ August Husemann and Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 610–615: Mannit ( digitized ); P. 833–835: Fraxin ( digitized version )
- ^ Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2 volumes, Springer, Berlin 1873–1875, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883, Volume II, pp. 593–595: Manna (digitized version )
- ↑ Augsburg Pharmacopoeia . Augsburg 1734, Taxa p. 32 ( digitized version )
- ↑ Württemberg Pharmacopoeia . Stuttgart 1741, Taxa p. 12 ( digitized version )
- ↑ Taxa pharmaceutica universalis . Nuremberg 1747 ( digitized version )
- ^ Friedrich August Flückiger . The cinchona bark shown in pharmacognostic terms . Gärtner, Berlin 1883 (digitized version) .
- ^ Friedrich August Flückiger. Name and history . In: Koehler's medicinal plants . Eugen Köhler, Gera 1887, Volume I, No 79: Cinchona (digitized version)
- ^ John Floyer (1649-1734). Pharmako-Basanos or the Touch-stone of Medicines . Michael Johnson, London 1687, Volume I, p. 127 (digitized version)
- ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples, contenant leurs noms, origines, choix, principes, vertus, étymologies, et ce qu'il ya de particulier dans les animaux, dans les végétaux et dans les minéraux , Laurent d'Houry, Paris, 1699, p 311 (digitized version) --- Johann Christian Zimmermann (translator). Nicolas Lemery. Nicolai Lemeri cursus chymicus, or perfect chymist: who teaches the most sensible, easiest and safest way to prepare the chymic preparata and processes occurring in medicine; translated from French . Walther, Dresden 1754, column 469 Fraxinus (digitized version)
- ↑ Christoph Helwig . Dissertatio solennis medica de quinquina europaeorum . Starck, Greifswald 1712 (digitized version)
- ^ Jean François Coste (1741-1819) and Rémi Willemet . Essais Botaniques, chimiques et pharmaceutiques, sur quelques plantes indigénes, substitées avec succès, à des végétaux exotiques, auxquels on a joint des observations médicinales sur les mêmes objets . Veuve Leclerc, Nancy 1778, p. 64 Du frêne (digitized version ) --- Coste's and Willemet's botanical, chemical and pharmaceutical experiments on the finest native plants, which have been used with advantage instead of foreign ones in medicine: along with medical observations and experiences . An award typeface awarded by the Academy of Sciences in Lyon. Translated from French, augmented with notes and new experiences . Köhler, Leipzig 1792, p. 80 The ash tree (digitized version)
- ^ Wilhelm Heinrich Sebastian Bucholz . Chemical experiments on some of the newest local antiseptic substances , Karl Ludolf Hoffmann, Weimar, 1776, p. 88: Experiments with the ash bark (digitized version )
- ↑ William Cullen . Lectures on the materia medica. Lowndes, London 1772, p. 217 (digitized version) --- German. Johann Dietrich Philipp Christian Ebeling (1759–1795). Weygand, Leipzig 1781, p. 221 (digitized version)