Flueggea

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Flueggea
Flueggea neowawraea

Flueggea neowawraea

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Phyllanthaceae
Genre : Flueggea
Scientific name
Flueggea
Willd.

Flueggea is a genus within the family Phyllanthaceae . The 16 or so species are mostly found in tropical to subtropical areas and some in warm temperate areas.

description

Habit of a male plant specimen of Flueggea suffruticosa
Branch with single stalked leaves and fruits of Flueggea leucopyrus
Branch with alternate, two-line, stalked, simple leaves and fruits of Flueggea virosa
Illustration by Flueggea leucopyrus from D. Brandis: Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India , 1874, plate 54

Vegetative characteristics

In Flueggea TYPES is woody plants as upright shrubs or small trees grow. There is no indumentum on any part of the plant . The monopodial plagiotropically arranged branches sometimes form thorn tips. The bark of the branches is rarely hairy with simple trichomes .

The alternate and often two lines arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf stalks are relatively short. The parchment-like, simple, symmetrical leaf blades have smooth surfaces. The leaf margins smooth or rarely serrated. There is pinnate veins . The stipules are relatively small, triangular with a pointed upper end.

Generative characteristics

In Flueggea styles are usually dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ) or rarely monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ). The flowers are individually directly on the point or in groups in lateral, tufted or less often racemose or paniculate inflorescences . There are cover sheets . There are usually several male flowers or one to a few female flowers per node.

The flowers are always unisexual and have radial symmetry and are relatively small. The unequal sepals overlap like roof tiles. Petals are missing. The flower stalks of the male flowers are relatively short and slender. The male flowers are four to seven, but mostly five-fold. Their four to seven, but mostly five, sepals are scale-shaped, entire or sawed. The lobed disc consists of four to seven, but usually five, interstaminal glands that alternate with the sepals. The four to seven, but mostly five mutually free stamens are inserted at the base of the disc and longer than the sepals. The upright dust bags consist of two counters and open with longitudinal slots. The rudimentary pistils are relatively small and have two or three lobes. The female flowers have thin, pencil-shaped to angular flower stems that enlarge to the point of fruit ripe. The sepals of the female flowers resemble those of the male flowers. The disc is saucer-shaped or kneecap-shaped, sometimes thickened, simple or lobed. The mostly flat, only sometimes thickened disc is ring-shaped and simple or slightly five- or six-lobed. The ovaries are two- or four-, but mostly three-chambered with two ovules per ovary chamber . The stylus, which is at most short, usually not recognizable, is and ends in a free, spread out or curved back, simple or two-part scar .

The fruits are round or three-lobed capsule fruits that open locally with three fruit valves and form three fissure fruits or remain closed and are more or less berry-like, up to the size of a pea . The columella, stigma and sepals are still preserved on the fruit. The fruit compartments usually contain two seeds. The seeds are mostly triangular. The seed coat (testa) is relatively thin, crusty, soft, smooth to reticulate or warty, sometimes constricted at the hilum. The endosperm is abundant . The embryo is straight to clearly curved, with no chlorophyll . The germ layers ( cotyledons ) are flat, wider and much longer than the radicle ( radicle ).

The basic chromosome number is x = 13.

Locations

The 16 or so Flueggea species thrive mainly in tropical to subtropical areas and some are also found in warm-temperate areas of East Asia and the Mediterranean region. They grow in seasonal vegetation, in rain and mountain forests , in tropical savannas , in deciduous forests and scrubland; sometimes on limestone. It occurs at altitudes from 0 to 3000 meters.

Systematics and distribution

Taxonomy

The genus Flueggea was set up in 1806 by Carl Ludwig von Willdenow in Species Plantarum , Editio quarta, Volume 4, Issue 2, pages 637 and 757-758 (written there Fluggea ). The genus name Flueggea honors the German botanist Johannes Flüggé (1775–1816), who specialized in cryptogams . The type species is Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. Willdenow used Fluggea as the spelling, but in Article 60.6 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants , McNeill et al. 2006, 106 stipulated that Flueggea is the notation to be used.

Synonyms for Flueggea Willd. are: Fluggea Willd. orth. var., Acidoton P Brownne nom. rej., Bessera Spreng. nom. illeg., Coilmeroa Endl. , Colmeiroa Reut. , Geblera fish. & CAMey. , Neowawraea Rock , Pleiostemon Sond. , Richeriella Pax & K.Hoffm. , Villanova Pourr. ex Cutanda .

External system

The genus Flueggea belongs to the subtribe Flueggeinae from the tribe Phyllantheae in the subfamily Phyllanthoideae within the family Phyllanthaceae . The scope of the genus Flueggea has changed significantly. For a long time (Pax and K. Hoffmann 1931) all species were in the genus Securinega Comm. ex A.Juss. nom. cons. classified. Grady L. Webster divided the species into the two genera Flueggea and Securinega in 1984 . Only the species of Madagascar and the Mascarene remain in the genus Securinega . Flueggea became monophyletic when the only species of the genus Richeriella was incorporated.

Species and their distribution

Flueggea species are widespread in Asia , Africa, and islands in the oceans , with only three species in South America and one species in the Iberian Peninsula . There are four species in China , one of them only there. Three species are found in Malesia .

There are about 16 species in the genus Flueggea :

  • Flueggea acicularis (Croizat) GLWebster (Syn .: Securinega acicularis Croizat ): It occurs in the Chinese provinces of western Hubei , eastern Sichuan and Yunnan .
  • Flueggea acidoton (L.) GLWebster (Syn .: Adelia acidoton L. , Adelia gracilis Salisb. Nom. Superfl., Securinega acidoton (L.) Fawc. , Flueggea acidothamnus Griseb. , Securinega acidothamnus (Griseb.) Müll.Arg. , Acidoton acidothamnus (Griseb.) Kuntze ): It occurs on the Caribbean islands of Bahamas , Cuba , Hispaniola , Jamaica , Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles .
  • Flueggea anatolica Gemici : It occurs only in southern Turkey .
  • Flueggea elliptica (Spreng.) Baill. (Syn .: Phyllanthus ellipticus Kunth nom. Illeg., Securinega elliptica (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. , Acidoton ellipticus (Spreng.) Kuntze , Phyllanthus rubellus Müll.Arg. , Diasperus rubellus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze ): You occurs in Ecuador .
  • Flueggea flexuosa Müll.Arg. (Syn .: Securinega flexuosa (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. , Acidoton flexuosus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze , Phyllanthus acuminatissimus C.B.Rob. , Securinega acuminatissima (CBRob.) CBRob. , Securinega samoana Croizat ): She comes from the Philippines to the Southwest Pacific Islands.
  • Flueggea gracilis (Merr.) Petra Hoffm. (Syn .: Baccaurea gracilis Merr. , Richeriella gracilis (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. , Richeriella malayana Hend. , Richeriella malayana var. Macrocarpa Airy Shaw ) This new combination took place in 2006. It comes in Hainan , on the Thai peninsula and in Palawan .
  • Flueggea jullienii (Beille) GLWebster (Syn .: Phyllanthus jullienii Beille ): It occurs in Cambodia , Laos and Vietnam .
  • Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. (Syn .: Phyllanthus leucopyrus (Willd.) J. Koenig ex Roxb. , Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Müll.Arg. , Cicca leucopyrus (Willd.) Kurz , Acidoton leucopyrus (Willd.) Kuntze , Phyllanthus lucena B. Heyne ex Roth , Xylophylla lucena Roth , Flueggea xerocarpa A.Juss. , Phyllanthus albicans Benth. Nom. Nud., Flueggea wallichiana Baill. Nom. Illeg.) It comes from Ethiopia to Somalia , on Socotra and the island of Sajid , in Sri Lanka , India , Pakistan , Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Flueggea monticola G.L.Webster : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Flueggea neowawraea W.J. Hayden (Syn .: Neowawraea phyllanthoides Rock , Drypetes phyllanthoides (Rock) Sherff ): It occurs on the Hawaiian Islands.
  • Flueggea schuechiana (Müll.Arg.) GLWebster (Syn .: Securinega schuechiana Müll.Arg. , Acidoton schuechianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze ): It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco .
  • Flueggea spirei Beille : It only occurs in Laos .
  • Flueggea suffruticosa (Pall.) Baill. (Syn .: Pharnaceum suffruticosum Pall. , Geblera suffruticosa (Pall.) Fisch. & CAMey. , Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehder , Xylophylla ramiflora Aiton , Phyllanthus ramiflorus (Aiton) Pers. , Securinega ramiflora (Ariton). nom. illeg., Acidoton ramiflorus (Aiton) Kuntze , Xylophylla parviflora Bellardi ex Colla , Geblera chinensis Rupr. , Geblera sungariensis Rupr. , Phyllanthus fluggeoides Müll.Arg. , Securinega fluggeoides (. Müll.Arg) Müll.Arg. , Acidoton flueggeoides (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze , Flueggea flueggeoides (Müll.Arg.) GLWebster , Securinega japonica Miq. , Flueggea japonica (Miq.) Pax nom. illeg., Securinega suffruticosa var. amamiensis Hurus. , Phyllanthus trigonocladus Ohwi , Flueggea trigonoclada ( Ohwi) T. Kuros. , Securinega multiflora S.B. Liang ): It is common in temperate Asia.
  • Flueggea tinctoria (L.) GLWebster (Syn .: Rhamnus tinctoria L. , Securinega tinctoria (L.) Rothm. , Adelia virgata Poir. , Securinega virgata (Poir.) Maire , Colmeiroa buxifolia (Poir.) Reut. , Villanova buxifolia ( Poir.) Pourr. , Securinega buxifolia (Poir.) Müll.Arg. , Acidoton buxifolius (Poir.) Kuntze ): It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula .
  • Flueggea verrucosa (Thunb.) GLWebster (Syn .: Phyllanthus verrucosus Thunb. , Pleiostemon verrucosus (Thunb.) Sond. , Securinega verrucosa (Thunb.) Benth. Ex Pax , Diasperus verrucosus (Thunb.) Kuntze ): It comes to the South African Kuntze ) Eastern Cape provincesand KwaZulu-Natal .
  • Flueggea virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Royle (Syn .: Phyllanthus virosus Roxb. Ex Willd. , Securinega virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Baill. , Acidoton virosus (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Kuntze ): There are three subspecies :
    • Flueggea virosa subsp. himalaica DGLong : It occurs in the central Himalayas from Assam to Nepal and to Myanmar .
    • Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides (F.Muell.) GLWebster (Syn .: Leptonema melanthesoides F.Muell. , Flueggea melanthesoides (F.Muell.) F.Muell. , Securinega melanthesoides (F.Muell.) Airy Shaw , Securinega virosa var. australiana Baill. , Securinega keyensis Warblers. , Flueggea keyensis (Warblers.) Boerl. , Flueggea novoguineensis Valeton ex Hallier f. , Flueggea virosa var. aridicola Dominguez , Securinega melanthesoides var. aridicola (Domin) Airy Shaw ): It comes in Guinea and northern Australia in front.
    • Flueggea virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Royle subsp. virosa (Syn .: Phyllanthus hamrur Forssk. nom. rej ., Diasperus hamrur (Forssk.) Kuntze , Xylophylla obovata Willd. , Securinega obovata (Willd.) Müll.Arg. , Cicca obovata (Willd.) Kurz , Flueggea obovata (Willd .) Wall. Ex Fern.-Vill. Nom. Illeg., Acidoton obovatus (Willd.) Kuntze , Bessera inermis Spreng. , Drypetes bengalensis Spreng. Nom. Superfl., Flueggea microcarpa Blume , Securinega microcarpa (Blume) Müll.Arg. , Phyllanthus obtusus cupboard , Phyllanthus angulatus Schumach. & Thonn. , Flueggea angulata (Schumach. & Thonn.) Cupboard , Phyllanthus dioicus Schumach. & Thonn. , Bradleia dioica (Schumach. & Thonn.) Gaertn. Ex Vahl , Phyllanthus retusus Roxb. nom. illeg., Flueggea retusa Voigt , Cicca pentandra Blanco , Phyllanthus lucidus Steud. , Phyllanthus polygamus Hochst. ex A.Rich. , Securinega abyssinica A.Rich. , Flueggea abyssinica (A.Rich.) Baill. , Flueggea ovalis Baill. , Flueggea phyllanthoides Baill. , Acidoton phyllanthoides (Baill.) Kuntze , Phyllanthus leucophyllus Stra chey & Winterb. ex Baill. , Phyllanthusreichenbachianus Sieber ex Baill. , Flueggea senensis Klotzsch , Securinega grisea Müll.Arg. , Acidoton griseus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze , Securinega leucopyrus Brandis , Diasperus portoricensis Kuntze , Phyllanthus portoricensis (Kuntze) Urb. , Conami portoricensis (Kuntze) Britton , Flueggea obovata var. Luxurians A. Chev. ex Beille ): It is widespread in Africa and from subtropical to tropical Asia. She is a neophyte in Florida and Puerto Rico .

Not to the genus Flueggea include

Numerous species that were classified in the genus Flueggea were placed in other genera in the 21st century (selection):

In the genus Leptopus Decne. :
In the genus Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. nom. cons .:
  • Flueggea anceps , Flueggea angulata Raf. non (Schumach. & Thonn.) cupboard , Flueggea japonica (Thunb.) Rich. non (Miq.) Pax → Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.
  • Flueggea dracaenoides Baker → Ophiopogon dracaenoides (Baker) Hook. f.
  • Flueggea dubia Kunth , Flueggea intermedia (D.Don) Kunth , Flueggea jacquemontiana Kunth , Flueggea japonica var. Intermedia (D.Don) Schult. f. , Flueggea wallichiana Kunth non Baill. → Ophiopogon intermedius D.Don
  • Flueggea griffithii Baker → Ophiopogon griffithii (Baker) Hook. f.
  • Flueggea jaburan (Siebold) Kunth , Flueggea japonica var. Major (Thunb.) Schult. & Schult. f. → Ophiopogon jaburan (Siebold) G.Lodd.
  • Flueggea prolifera (Lindl.) Baker → Ophiopogon caulescens (Blume) Backer
In the genus Margaritaria L. f. :
  • Flueggea eglandulosa Baill. , Flueggea major Baill. → Margaritaria anomala (Baill.) Fosberg
  • Flueggea fagifolia Pax → Margaritaria discoidea var. Fagifolia (Pax) Radcl.-Sm.
  • Flueggea nitida Pax → Margaritaria discoidea var. Nitida (Pax) Radcl.-Sm.
  • Flueggea bailloniana (Müll.Arg.) Pax , Flueggea obovata Baill. non (Willd.) Wall. ex Fern.-Vill. → Margaritaria discoidea var. Triplosphaera Radcl.-Sm.
In the genus Meineckia Baill. :

Common names

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

A common name in English is bushweeds. A Chinese name is 白饭 树 属 ( Pinyin : bai fan shu shu). The Spanish species Flueggea tinctoria ( dyer's thorn ) has the common names tamujo, escobón de río, espino de las escobas, depending on the different uses.

literature

  • Christine Barker, Peter C. van Welzen: Flueggea (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 35, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 541-551. doi : 10.1600 / 036364410792495890
  • GL Webster: A revision of Flueggea (Euphorbiaceae). In: Allertonia , Volume 3, 1984, pp. 259-312.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Christine Barker, Peter C. van Welzen: Flueggea (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 35, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 541-551. doi : 10.1600 / 036364410792495890
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Flueggea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, April 11, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 . Flueggea Willdenow - 白饭 树 属 bai fan shu shu. Pp. 177-178 - online with the same text as the printed work.
  4. ↑ a b c d Geoffrey A. Levin: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 12: Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2016, ISBN 978-0-19-064372-0 . Flueggea Willdenow. - online with the same text as the printed work.
  5. ↑ Carl Ludwig von Willdenow: 1806. Species Plantarum. Editio quarta, Volume 4, Issue 2, p. 637 and Carl Ludwig von Willdenow: 1806. Species Plantarum. Editio quarta, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 757-758.
  6. ↑ a b Flueggea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 17, 2019.
  7. ↑ Flueggea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  8. ^ Grady L. Webster: A revision of Flueggea (Euphorbiaceae). In: Allertonia , Volume 3, Issue 4, 1984, pp. 259-312. JSTOR 23188162
  9. Jump up ↑ GE Schatz, S. Andriambololonera, Andrianarivelo, MW Callmander, Faranirina, PP Lowry, PB Phillipson, Rabarimanarivo, JI Raharilala, Rajaonary, Rakotonirina, RH Ramananjanahary, B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Randrianasolo, N. Ravololomanana, ZS Rogers , GA Wahlert, 2011: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden : Securinega at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  10. ^ E. Nasir, SI Ali (eds), 1980-2005: Flora of Pakistan , University of Karachi, Karachi. Flueggea at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  11. ^ Maria S. Vorontsova, Petra Hoffmann: Revision of the genus Leptopus (Phyllanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae sensu lato). In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 64, 2010, pp. 627-644.
  12. ^ Maria S. Vorontsova, Petra Hoffmann: A phylogenetic classification of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae). In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 63, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 41-59.

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