Free Berlin art exhibition

Sculpture of the long-time chairman of the FBK Ernst Leonhardt

For 24 years from 1971 to 1995, the Free Berlin Art Exhibition ( FBK ) was the only jury-free art exhibition of this size in Europe - "unique in its structure". It took place for the first time after the Great Berlin Art Exhibition (GBK) had previously closed its doors. With the support of the Berlin Senate , an association of the same name was founded in 1970, which from then on was to be the organizer of the annual exhibitions. The association was chaired by Hans-Joachim Zeidler (the first four years), Ernst Leonhardt for many years and Karin Rech for the last four years.

history

Exhibition halls at the radio tower Berlin

When the FBK took place in the exhibition halls at the radio tower in Berlin for the first time in 1971 , the so-called '68 movement had long been underway. The unrest of this time had gripped many social groups and the artists had also "woken up", as Hans-Joachim Zeidler reported in his review in 1983 . Right from the start, the FBK was able to look back on "a Berlin tradition going back to the Weimar Republic". However, early evidence points to the 19th century. A poster collection of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum includes a poster by Ludwig von Hofmann from 1893, the design of which he originally submitted for the first major Berlin art exhibition . The draft was rejected. The portrayal of a "scantily clad young man" "evidently caused offense and, according to contemporary reports, was removed by the Berlin police". The Free Berlin Art Exhibition for those artists who had been rejected by the GBK jury took place at the same time as the GBK and directly opposite at the Moltkebrücke . The poster was accepted there. As an artist still unknown at the time, Käthe Kollwitz , for example, exhibited in the Free Berlin Art Exhibition in 1895, which from its predecessors until its end was always intended as an alternative to the art exhibitions that were judged.

In addition to these early historical roots, there was a direct forerunner in 1965 with the jury-free art exhibition , which the Association of Berlin Women Artists mentioned in its association history . After the FBK had presented its first exhibition in 1971, it took 12 years for the first time to present “the opinion of the Governing Mayor that had been expected for years”. Richard von Weizsäcker was the first to find himself ready to write a foreword in 1983 . With him, greetings from the Governing Mayor of Berlin became tradition.

“The Free Berlin Art Exhibition has firmly established itself in the cultural scene in Berlin and beyond. She has long embodied a piece of zeitgeist, changeable, full of surprises, valued or criticized, always alive. The 13th Free Berlin Art Exhibition will also spark discussions, raise questions and leave them unanswered, while the ephemeral and the permanent will rub against each other. Berlin cannot and should not do without an exhibition of this kind. I wish her the same lively sympathy that a receptive audience, with approval and opposition, also devoted to the predecessors. "

- Richard von Weizsäcker 1983 : Time online

For the first time in 1990 after the so-called Wende , but before German reunification , Walter Momper , the Governing Mayor of Berlin at the time , was able to wish the FBK “satisfied artists and many interested visitors from East and West”. In 1991 the time had come: "The 21st FBK is finally a free exhibition for all Berlin visual artists."

From the beginning, the "heavily controversial and yet beloved" FBK met with criticism, sometimes there was harsh rejection. The critics opposed the concept of freedom of jury and the admission of anyone who wanted to exhibit. This enabled “young, unknown, perhaps not 'so good' artists as well as hobby artists to take part”. Many refused. Leonhardt countered this with the “charm of FBK” and pointed out that for some it was “the springboard for a great career”. For Nicole Bröhan , too , the "repeatedly controversial mixture of professional and amateur artists [...] made her special appeal." FBK is considered to be "a talent factory," she wrote in 1994 in the Berliner Zeitung . Despite all the best wishes, the continued existence of FBK was always endangered. “What a triumph! FBK, which is declared dead at least once every year, turns 25. Who would have thought! ”With these words, Ernst Leonhardt , meanwhile honorary chairman of the association, began his review of the history of the opening of the 25th and - what he could not yet know - the last FBK. So that it could take place at all, there was an “art auction at which 1,000 works donated by Berlin artists were auctioned” - “in favor of the exhibition”.

organization

Free Berlin Art Exhibition e. V. (FBK)
purpose	Organization of the annual art exhibition FBK
Chair:	Hans-Joachim Zeidler (1971–1974) Ernst Leonhardt (1981–1990) Karin Rech (1991–1995)
Establishment date:	1970
Dissolution date:	1995 (Reason: Cancellation of the donations by the Berlin Senate)
Seat :	Berlin

In contrast to the usual exhibition concepts, the FBK motif envisaged that not professional gallery owners or curators , but the artists themselves would take over the management, organization and hanging. There was no jury. The FBK was organized by the Free Berlin Art Exhibition Association. V. The management of the exhibitions was taken over by the respective chairman of the association and the organization by a group of seven members. The preparation and implementation of the exhibitions were coordinated by the "management staff". As a rule, the FBK always took place in the second quarter of each year. The registration forms were sent to the artists at Christmas of the previous year.

Two departments were set up, a free department and a department for groups in which different artists had come together and had to do so even if they were not professional artists. The exhibiting groups included, among many other artist groups, various artists' associations or the students of the then so-called Hochschule der Künste (HdK) , who regularly exhibited as a large group of their own.

The hanging process, which usually does not run smoothly, was given its own concept. A hanging committee had been set up for the free department. The task for them was to find a suitable location for around 1,200 works in three days. The groups were each assigned a bunk appropriate to their size, in which they organized the hanging themselves.

Two thirds of the exhibitors were professional artists, one third hobby artists. On the occasion of the exhibition for the 20th anniversary, the chairman said he was pleased that the Free Department and the groups would now be “finally equal” in terms of space. The celebrities among the exhibitors included Louise Rösler , Walter Stöhrer , Fred Thieler and Jürgen Draeger , who presents some of the catalog covers on his website. If male artists were overrepresented for almost 20 years, the gender ratio was balanced for the first time in 1990 - “without any 'quotation'”, as Walter Momper acknowledged in his welcoming address. In 1991 around 300 artists from the eastern part of Berlin took part for the first time.

Despite financial hardship, all exhibitions were accompanied by a catalog, which could be printed on high-quality paper with material support from the Ruksal printing company. From 1987 onwards, the catalogs were supplemented by a hall plan, which made it easier to find the artists in the independent department and in the groups.

exhibition

In the period between April and June of each year, the organizers invited to the FBK in the exhibition halls at the West Berlin radio tower for four weeks. “Drawings, pictures, spatial, sound and video installations, sculptures, collages, photography” were presented. There were also depressing performances or humorous inventions such as a potency machine (1986) or an art authorization machine (1989). Over the years, not only has the exhibition itself developed, but also the accompanying program. Prints and small sculptures were sold in a bazaar. There were tours on Saturdays. A traditional morning pint with jazz music and conversations enjoyed increasing popularity. A children's studio was open every day. Here the children could paint themselves, guided by artists. The partly changing program included readings specifically by women as well as music from historical instruments. The exhibition management also took care of the appearance of the exhibition. However, there was no funding for a flag project that was repeatedly proposed to the Senate, so the artists ultimately realized it at their own expense. In 1989 "the visitors to the 19th FBK were greeted with 70 colorful, never-before-shown flags [...]" - in front of the entrance to the exhibition halls. In 1991, as in previous years, a graphics competition was held for students at the HdK. In 1992 the picture panels project was started, which presented 30 large-format paintings as eye-catchers on the outside of the exhibition halls. Art talks were first introduced in 1993 , in which artists and visitors alike participated. They took place every day and were supposed to help "develop a way of thinking with your eyes". A video that was published on YouTube on October 5, 2010, uses the example of the 19th FBK to give an impression of the typical atmosphere in just under five minutes.

media

The media coverage was a long time coming. While Leonhardt still had to express his hope in 1983 - 12 years after the opening - “that the media will finally support this exhibition more strongly”, he was able to announce in 1990: “The acceptance that we have found in the media recently has been positive and it seems to remain. "regularly reported the Berliner Morgenpost , which in 1986 devoted an entire, fully illustrated page of FBK.

“A forest of images rushes from Hall 20 on Hammarskjöldplatz to Hall 23 and waits for visitors to scour it. […] Because what are four halls for Berliners who are trained in Green Week ? [...] And then there is also the taste, which, as is well known, cannot be argued about! Ernst Leonhardt also likes to quote the words of the State Secretary to the Senator for Culture, Lutz von Pufendorf : If the Free Berlin Art Exhibition did not exist, it would have to be invented. "

- Renate von Eicken : Berliner Morgenpost of April 27, 1986

financing

In addition to numerous sponsors and catalog advertisers, the financing of the FBK by the Berlin Senate had grown continuously over twenty years from 120,000  DM at the beginning to a good 760,000 DM annually in 1993. In the meantime, the FBK's budget was fixed for three years in 1981 and slightly reduced in 1984. Well-known companies in the city helped fill in the gaps. Senator Volker Hassemer secured the 1985 budget, which increased over the next eight years. The rent increased considerably over the years and in 1995 was almost DM 400,000, so that only DM 360,000 of the Senate grants for the realization of the exhibition remained. This exhibition would no longer have been possible without donations from the artists. A year later, the Senate canceled the grants entirely. This sealed the end for FBK. In the anniversary exhibition in 1995, the organizers were still able to assume that savings would be made, but, as the then Senator for Culture Ulrich Roloff-Momin said, the FBK could still take place in a “two-year cycle”. Nothing came of it. Corresponding and also drastic appeals faded away:

“A city like Berlin, where internationally renowned artists are trained at famous universities, such a city must also take care of its artists and provide them with a forum. Not only imported art is respectable and noteworthy. A city without free art is dead. "

- Karin Rech : Catalog of the 24th FBK

numbers

The figures presented are incomplete. A first overview was published in the catalog for the 20th FBK for the years 1971 to 1989 and a second in the catalog for the 24th FBK for the years 1991 to 1993. Information about 1990 and the last two years is therefore missing.

During the documented period, the number of exhibitors increased from 750 to 2,400, with certain fluctuations between 1983 and 1989. The number of participating groups rose from 25 to 82 with a peak of 91 groups in 1992. The number of visitors fluctuated between 12,400 and 34,000 with a peak in 1978. The donations that the Berlin Senate made available for hosting the exhibition rose relatively continuously from 150,000 DM to a good 750,000 DM in 1993. In addition, there were sponsors and the artists themselves made financial contributions through the sale of exhibition objects. Nevertheless, money was always scarce, as evidenced by the constant warning words from Ernst Leonhardt in the catalogs lay down. The exhibition area had grown to 9,000 m² over the years. But the rent also grew. It has increased sixfold from the beginning to the end.

With the exception of the first two years, sales always - and steadily growing - amounted to a six-figure sum, only to decline again shortly before reaching half a million in 1992. Leonhardt regretted: “Still not more than about 5% of the visual artists can live from their work.” There were discussions about the often modest purchase by the Berlin Senate in the single-digit percentage range of the budget earmarked for art purchases. "Ridiculous, say the disappointed, that not even 5% of the 670,000 DM of the budget were bought at the FBK, although the Senator himself considers this exhibition to be the most important of the year in Berlin."

Numbers 1971–1980

FBK	Attendees	groups	Visitors	Affection	of which rent	sale	Purchase of the Senate	Purchase of the federal government
1971	739	25th	12,400	150,000 DM	65,000 DM	52,500 DM	18,000 DM	-
1972	940	29	18,000	185,000 DM	80,000 DM	75,000 DM	18,417 DM	-
1973	1,164	32	23,000	202,000 DM	90,000 DM	120,000 DM	22,069 DM	-
1974	1,553	40	28,000	250,000 DM	95,000 DM	147,000 DM	23,897 DM	-
1975	1,564	54	29,500	270,000 DM	55,000 DM	130,000 DM	25,856 DM	25,000 DM
1976	1,635	61	30,000	330,000 DM	50,000 DM	111,000 DM	23,572 DM	-
1977	1,673	65	34,000	345,000 DM	50,000 DM	153,000 DM	23,500 DM	16,500 DM
1978	1,806	74	36,000	409,000 DM	110,000 DM	205,000 DM	26,500 DM	5,400 DM
1979	1,832	76	32,000	450,000 DM	120,000 DM	282,000 DM	25,000 DM	135,000 DM
1980	1,975	76	26,000	523,600 DM	150,000 DM	256,000 DM	52,000 DM	64,000 DM

Figures 1981–1989

FBK	Attendees	groups	Visitors	Affection	of which rent	sale	Purchase of the Senate	Purchase of the federal government
1981	1,962	69	27,000	560,000 DM	150,000 DM	261,000 DM	26,000 DM	63,000 DM
1982	2,026	62	29,000	565,000 DM	180,000 DM	294,000 DM	40,000 DM	97,000 DM
1983	2,300	68	29,000	565,000 DM	195,000 DM	331,800 DM	37,000 DM	77,250 DM
1984	2,150	61	27,500	559,350 DM	210,000 DM	231,100 DM	33,000 DM	51,500 DM
1985	2,100	70	27,500	595,000 DM	225,000 DM	191,100 DM	33,000 DM	51,500 DM
1986	2,400	77	33,900	612,000 DM	240,000 DM	250,300 DM	10,800 DM	26,800 DM
1987	2,250	77	29,000	630,000 DM	260,000 DM	305,200 DM	59,560 DM	18,800 DM
1988	2,300	72	28,200	641,775 DM	280,000 DM	303,000 DM	38,300 DM	33,300 DM
1989	2,100	78	31,800	648,740 DM	300,400 DM	377,000 DM	39,300 DM	16,000 DM

Figures 1991-1993

FBK	Attendees	groups	Visitors	Affection	of which rent	sale	Purchase of the Senate
1991	2,300	84	29,000	727,085 DM	335,500 DM	430,767 DM	16,000 DM
1992	2,300	91	18,839	785,780 DM	355,750 DM	310,199 DM	33,350 DM
1993	2,400	82	21,500	761,000 DM	376,000 DM	324,614 DM	4,500 DM

Artist (selection)

Shahla Aghapour - Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann - Günter Anlauf - Manfred Beelke - Wolfgang Bier - Gisela von Bruchhausen - Franziskus Dellgruen - Jürgen Draeger - Otto Drengwitz - Rainer Fetting - Hans-Jürgen Gaudeck - Eva-Maria Geisler - Harald Gnade - Arwed D. Gorella - Volkmar Haase - Ingrid Hartlieb - Ilja Heinig - Irene Herre - Jörg Hoffmann - Thomas Hornemann - Peter Robert Keil - Matthias Koeppel - Ingo Kühl - Dietmar Lemcke - Ernst Leonhardt - Dieter Masuhr - Reinhard Matz - Helmut Middendorf - Michael Otto - Louise Rösler - Salomé - Karl-Ludwig Sauer - Gerhard Scheibe - Johanna Schoenfelder - Ulrich-Oliver Selka - Vera Solymosi-Thurzó - Walter Stöhrer - Herbert Strässer - Fred Thieler - Rainer M. Thurau - Klaus Tober - Heino D. Tripmacker - Jürgen Waller - Helmut Wolff - Karlheinz Ziegler - Hans-Joachim Zeidler

Board members and organizers

Board members and organizers 1971–1975

FBK	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975
1. Chairman	Hans-Joachim Zeidler	Hans-Joachim Zeidler	Hans-Joachim Zeidler	Hans-Joachim Zeidler	Arwed D. Gorella
2nd chairman	Dietmar Lemcke	Dietmar Lemcke	Dietmar Lemcke	Dietmar Lemcke	Dietmar Lemcke
Treasurer
Secretary	Arwed D. Gorella	Arwed D. Gorella	Arwed D. Gorella	Arwed D. Gorella	Matthias Koeppel
executive Director	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick
Exhibition management	Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann Fritz Blau Eugen Clermont Bert Düerkop Matthias Koeppel Dietmar Lemcke Hans-Joachim Zeidler	Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann Fritz Blau Eugen Clermont Bert Düerkop Matthias Koeppel Dietmar Lemcke Hans-Joachim Zeidler	Manfred Beelke Eugen Clermont Bert Düerkop H. Oskar Gonschorr Matthias Koeppel Günter Ohlwein Dieter Ruckhaberle Gert Vangermain	Manfred Beelke Eugen Clermont Bert Düerkop H. Oskar Gonschorr Günter Anlauf Dieter Ruckhaberle Gert Vangermain	Manfred Beelke Wolfgang Bier Bert Düerkop Ernst Leonhardt Dieter Masuhr Karlheinz Ziegler
Technical management					Uwe Witt

Board members and organizers 1976–1980

FBK	1976	1977	1978	1979	1980
1. Chairman	Arwed D. Gorella	Jürgen Waller	Jürgen Waller	Günter start-up	Günter start-up
2nd chairman	Dietmar Lemcke	Matthias Koeppel	Matthias Koeppel	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt
Treasurer
Secretary	Matthias Koeppel	Günter start-up	Günter start-up	Gisela Lehmann	Gisela Lehmann
executive Director	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick
Exhibition management	Günter Anlauf Manfred Beelke Wolfgang Bier Bert Düerkop Ernst Leonhardt Dieter Masuhr Karlheinz Ziegler	Manfred Beelke Gisela Lehmann Ernst Leonhardt Joachim Liestmann Dieter Masuhr Peter Müller Karlheinz Ziegler	Manfred Beelke Gisela Lehmann Ernst Leonhardt Joachim Liestmann Dieter Masuhr Peter Müller Karlheinz Ziegler	Manfred Beelke Martin Fricke Joachim Liestmann Dieter Masuhr Peter Müller Karin Rech Karlheinz Ziegler	Manfred Beelke Martin Fricke Joachim Liestmann Dieter Masuhr Peter Müller Karin Rech Karlheinz Ziegler
Technical management	Uwe Witt	Uwe Witt	Uwe Witt	Uwe Witt	Uwe Witt

Board members and organizers 1981–1985

FBK	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985
1. Chairman	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt
2nd chairman	Günter start-up	Günter start-up	Günter start-up	Günter start-up	Peter Müller
Treasurer				Peter Müller	Günter start-up
Secretary	Karin Rech	Karin Rech	Karin Rech	Karin Rech	Dieter Ruckhaberle
executive Director	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick	Otto Maßnick
Exhibition management	Manfred Beelke Martin Fricke H. Oskar Gonschorr Rudolf Hübler Joachim Liestmann Peter Müller Lo Zahn	Manfred Beelke Martin Fricke H. Oskar Gonschorr Rudolf Hübler Joachim Liestmann Peter Müller Lo Zahn	Manfred Beelke H. Oskar Gonschorr Rudolf Hübler Joachim Liestmann Peter Müller Norbert Stratmann Lo Zahn	Manfred Beelke H. Oskar Gonschorr Rudolf Hübler Joachim Liestmann Norbert Stratmann Lo Zahn	Manfred Beelke H. Oskar Gonschorr Joachim Liestmann Norbert Stratmann Mara Hahlbrock Ernst v. Hopffgarten Dieter Tyspe
Technical management	Otto Maßnick Dieter Zahn	Otto Maßnick Dieter Zahn	Dieter Zahn	Dieter Zahn	Dieter Zahn
com. executive Director				Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt

Board members and organizers 1986–1990

FBK	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990
1. Chairman	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt
2nd chairman	Günter start-up	Günter start-up	Günter start-up	Peter Müller	Peter Müller
Treasurer	Peter Müller	Peter Müller	Peter Müller	Karin Rech	Karin Rech
Secretary	Dieter Ruckhaberle	Dieter Ruckhaberle	Dieter Ruckhaberle	Norbert Wirth	Norbert Wirth
executive Director	Bärbel Stegmess	Bärbel Stegmess	Bärbel Stegmess	Bärbel Stegmess	Bärbel Stegmess
Exhibition management	Manfred Beelke H. Oskar Gonschorr Joachim Liestmann Norbert Stratmann Mara Hahlbrock Ernst v. Hopffgarten Dieter Tyspe	Manfred Beelke Gisela v. Bruchhausen H. Oskar Gonschorr Joachim Liestmann Norbert Stratmann Ernst v. Hopffgarten Dieter Tyspe	Bernd Beck Gisela v. Bruchhausen H. Oskar Gonschorr Peter Kurz Gisela Lehmann Dieter Masuhr Karin Rech	Bernd Beck Gisela v. Bruchhausen H. Oskar Gonschorr Peter Kurz Gisela Lehmann Dieter Masuhr	Christian Buchloh H. Oskar Gonschorr Norbert Fritsch Joachim Liestmann Martin Noll Oda Schöller Jan-Michael Sobottka
Technical management	Werner Ahrens	Werner Ahrens	Werner Ahrens	Werner Ahrens	Werner Ahrens

Board members and organizers 1991–1994

FBK	1991	1992	1993	1994
1. Chairman	Karin Rech	Karin Rech	Karin Rech	Karin Rech
2nd chairman	Peter Müller	Peter Müller	Peter Müller	Peter Müller
Treasurer	Eleonore Fuchs	Eleonore Fuchs – Heidelberg	Eleonore Fuchs – Heidelberg	Eleonore Fuchs – Heidelberg
Secretary	Norbert Wirth	Norbert Wirth	Norbert Fritsch	Norbert Fritsch
executive Director	Bärbel Stegmess	Bärbel Stegmess	Bärbel Stegmess	Bärbel Stegmess
Exhibition management	Christian Buchloh Norbert Fritsch H. Oskar Gonschorr Joachim Liestmann Martin Noll Oda Schoeller Jan-Michael Scobottka	Christian Buchloh Norbert Fritsch Manfred Fuchs H. Oskar Gonschorr Joachim Liestmann Martin Noll Oda Schoeller	Christian Buchloh Manfred Fuchs H. Oskar Gonschorr Joachim Liestmann Martin Noll Carola Peitz Oda Schoeller	Christian Buchloh Manfred Fuchs Joachim Liestmann Martin Noll Oda Schoeller Oliver Scholten Anna foreman
Technical management	Werner Ahrens	Detlef Mallwitz	Detlef Mallwitz	Detlef Mallwitz
Honorary Chairman	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt	Ernst Leonhardt

Web links

• FBK catalogs at the German National Library (DNB)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Ernst Leonhardt: Foreword . In: 21st Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1991, p. 5 .
2. ^ Hans Joachim Zeidler: Opening speech . In: Catalog of the 25th FBK . September 26, 1971, p. 26–27 : "I apologize for the fact that we had to found an association, but the significant public funds with which this exhibition is financed can only be entrusted to a registered association."
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} In 25 years - board members and organizers . In: 25th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1995, p.  28-31 .
4. ↑ Hans-Joachim Zeidler: A little review of the FBK . In: 13th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1983, p. 6 .
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Nicole Bröhan: Free Berlin art exhibition in the halls at the radio tower: Colorful scene cross-section . In: Berliner Zeitung . April 2, 1994 ( berliner-zeitung.de [accessed October 10, 2016]).
6. ↑ Free Berlin Art Exhibition 1893. (PDF; 560 kB) Lithograph by Ludwig von Hofmann. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, pp. 32–33 , accessed on October 10, 2016 .  
7. ↑ above: As the first woman member of the Academy of Arts. Käthe Kollwitz. Humanistic press service, accessed on October 10, 2016 : "As early as 1895 she took part in the" Free Art Exhibition "in Berlin."  
8. ^ Association of Berlin Women Artists 1867 e. V. ( Memento of the original from November 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : see "1965".  
9. ↑ ^{a b} Ernst Leonhardt: Foreword . In: 13th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1983, p. 5 .
10. ^ Richard von Weizsäcker: Preface . In: 13th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1983, p. 3 .
11. ^ Richard von Weizsäcker in his preface to the 13th FBK .
12. ^ ^{A b} Walter Momper: Greeting . In: 20th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1990, p. 3 .
13. ↑ ^{a b} Karin Rech: Foreword . In: 21st Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1991, p. 5 .
14. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Ernst Leonhardt: After 25 years . In: 25th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1995, p. 7 .
15. ↑ ^{a b c} o. V .: The 25th Free Berlin Art Exhibition began yesterday at the radio tower: Colorful kaleidoscope . In: Berliner Zeitung . May 15, 1995 ( berliner-zeitung.de [accessed October 10, 2016]).
16. ↑ ^{a b} Ulrich Roloff-Momin: Greeting . In: 24th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1994, p. 3 .
17. ↑ ^{a b} Ernst Leonhardt: Foreword . In: 20th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1990, p. 5 .
18. ↑ Jürgen Draeger. The painter. 1959 - Great Berlin art exhibition. Retrieved October 10, 2016 .  
19. ↑ mass murder identity on YouTube
20. ↑ Renate von Eicken: Supermarket of the fine arts . In: Berliner Morgenpost (Berliner Illustrierte) . April 27, 1986: "And in between, like a red thread, the myth of sex - provocative in a man-high potency machine (the brave can test the abilities after throwing in a mark) ..."
21. ↑ ^{a b} Free Berlin Art Exhibition 1989 on YouTube
22. ^ FBK: Activities in the 18th FBK . In: 18th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1988, p. 25 .
23. ↑ FBK: Flag Project . In: 19th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1989, p. 26 .
24. ↑ Karin Rech: Foreword . In: 23rd Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1993, p. 5 .
25. ↑ ^{a b} Renate von Eicken, Christian Irrgang (photos): Supermarket of the fine arts . In: Berliner Morgenpost (Berliner Illustrierte) . April 27, 1986, p. 3 .
26. ↑ ^{a b} Karin Rech: Foreword . In: 25th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1995, p. 5 .
27. ^ Ulrich Roloff-Momin: Greeting . In: 25th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1995, p. 3 .
28. ↑ Karin Rech: Foreword . In: 24th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1994, p. 5 .
29. ↑ ^{a b c} FBK: 20 years FBK . In: 20th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1990, p. 391 .
30. ↑ ^{a b} FBK: Numbers of the FBK . In: 24th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1994, p. 361 .
31. ↑ ^{a b} Ernst Leonhardt: Foreword . In: 16th Free Berlin Art Exhibition . Catalog. Berlin 1986, p. 5 .