History of Kleinmachnow

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Coordinates: 52 ° 24 '  N , 13 ° 13'  E

Originally a manor , the Gutsdorf Kleinmachnow developed through the settlement projects of the 20th century into the Berlin suburb of today's character. During the division of Germany , Kleinmachnow was surrounded on three sides by the wall to West Berlin . The first years after reunification were marked by disputes over the return of land to previous owners. In the meantime, Kleinmachnow has become one of the most attractive residential areas in the so-called Berlin “ bacon belt ” and the metropolitan region of Berlin / Brandenburg .

Early history and the Middle Ages

Bäke in the former castle park

Like large parts of the geologically young surface of the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the Bäketal was largely swampy, although like many river valleys it was a preferred settlement area. After the Suebi had left their homeland on the Havel and Spree in the course of the migration of peoples in the 4th and 5th centuries , Slavic tribes moved into the presumably largely empty area in the late 7th and 8th centuries . The part of the name Machnow goes back to the Slavs who settled in the Teltow until the 12th century . Machnov describes a place that was created in a moss-rich (humid) area . The swampy depression was formed by the Bäke (formerly Telte ), which flowed from the Berlin-Steglitzer Fichtenberg to the Griebnitzsee . With the exception of a small remnant in Steglitz and in the Bäketal Kleinmachnow , the brook opened up in the Teltow Canal. Machnow was given the addition "small" to distinguish places of the same name. The additive used for a long time on the sand does not contradict the damp area , because naturally Slavs and Germans tried to use elevated, dry areas within the swamp for their houses and castles. Since the ice age out formed Teltow plateau largely of glacial till there were and these sites are very sandy.

The Alte Hakeburg, built around 1600, destroyed in 1943

In the course of the state expansion of the Margraviate of Brandenburg , founded by Albrecht the Bear in 1157 , the Ascanian margraves secured what was then the only Bäke crossing with a castle. The Ascanian castle was followed by at least one other castle, which for centuries belonged to the von Hake family like the entire village of Kleinmachnow . Until 1470 there was only one crossing in the extensive Bäke swamp area. The Knüppeldamm was located at the medieval castle and formed a strategically important point on the Leipzig - Saarmund - Spandau trade route . Only when the Brandenburg electors moved their residence from Spandau to Berlin in 1470, two more Bäke crossings were added. Until 1818, customs were an important source of income for the manor at the mill.

Kleinmachnow was first mentioned in a document in 1375 in the land book of Charles IV under the name Parvamachenow (Parva = small). At the beginning of the 15th century, the Junker Heinrich Hake from Lebus bought Gut Kleinmachnow with the existing castle.

Modern times until 1945

Hake's mansion, built by David Gilly , late 18th century.
Medusa portal and village church
Listed lock

The estate remained in the possession of the Hake family until the beginning of the 20th century. The village south of the Machnower See was an ensemble of a no longer existing permanent house (called Alte Hakeburg ), a likewise demolished, classical mansion by David Gilly with a richly furnished ballroom, the Medusa portal , which is now a listed building , the Kleinmachnower village church , a water mill (" Bäkemühle ”) and some residential buildings. From 1906 to 1908, the Neue Hakeburg was built on the Seeberg north of Lake Machnower by order of Dietloff von Hakes .

The construction of the Teltow Canal from 1901 to 1906 and the Kleinmachnow lock represented the turning point in the development of the village. The lock was a major attraction and attracted many Berlin day trippers to the nearby inns on the weekends.

After the city of Berlin expanded rapidly at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century , a large number of villa colonies were founded in the suburbs of Lichterfelde , Zehlendorf , Nikolassee and Wannsee , which opened up new living space in the countryside to the upper class and upper middle class of Berlin. Due to its great popularity as an excursion destination, Kleinmachnow moved into the focus of development companies who wanted to copy the commercial success of the other villa colonies.

Between 1903 and 1906, Zehlendorf-Kleinmachnow-Terrain AG was the first company to acquire a 264-acre property east of today's Zehlendorfer Damm from the Hake family in order to market it as a villa colony. The old Zehlendorfer villa colony was developed, parceled out and put up for sale. Because of the somewhat remote location compared to the colonies in Zehlendorf (the closest train station was Zehlendorf-Mitte ) and the lack of infrastructure, the sale was more difficult than expected. A total of ten larger country villas were built between 1906 and 1910. The First World War drove the construction company into liquidation.

Because of the good rail connection between the Dreilinden station, which opened in 1913 with the Friedhofsbahn , to downtown Berlin, Berliners settled near the station. The Dreilinden colony was created, which was later to become the district of Kleinmachnow. The term colony should express the affiliation to Berlin, although it was several kilometers away in the forest. The plots were inexpensive, located close to the city center and belonged to Wannsee, a highly regarded residential suburb. Wannsee and the Parforceheide up to the main line were incorporated into Berlin in 1928. At that time, Kleinmachnow belonged to Berlin by post, could be reached by telephone using the Berlin area code, and was to be incorporated into Berlin several times. But the Kleinmachnower resisted, because the taxes in the Teltow district were lower than in Berlin.

On April 1, 1920, the manor district was dissolved and converted into a rural community. At the same time, the spelling Klein-Machnow , which has been in use since 1828, officially changed to Kleinmachnow .

New Hakeburg
Community housing estate

The settlement activity in Kleinmachnow, which almost came to a standstill in the First World War and the subsequent global economic crisis , picked up again through the activities of various settlement societies in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Kleinmachnow was developed in several tranches to the west. In contrast to the villa colony, value was now placed on affordable land and house acquisition for medium-sized families who wanted to fulfill the dream of their own home in the countryside. In later years, the non-profit settlement company of the building contractor Adolf Sommerfeld in particular opened up new settlement areas with the construction of standardized single-family houses in an almost industrial style. Even today, these houses form the town house settlement , large parts of Kleinmachnower appearance.

The von Hake family sold the Hakeburg to the Reichspost in 1937 because of financial difficulties . The then Post Minister Wilhelm Ohnesorge made the castle his private residence. Since Hitler came to power in 1933, Ohnesorge had been State Secretary, with membership number 42 "old fighters" of the NSDAP and holder of the Golden Party Badge. Starting in 1939, the Reichspost established a research institute on the northern edge of the densely wooded park, which dealt with issues of importance to the war effort: high-frequency technology for news and television, television recordings and radio measurements for aerial reconnaissance and night fighters, television-based tank and rocket control, infrared night vision devices, eavesdropping technology and cryptography.

Memorial plaque for slave labor

During the Second World War , the armaments company Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH , a wholly owned subsidiary of Bosch , produced parts for aircraft engines. The Kleinmachnow subcamp was located on the factory premises, where up to 5,000 people worked, including around 2,700 prisoners of war , forced laborers and concentration camp inmates . About 800 Poles were arrested during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 and transferred to the camp. Towards the end of the war, all prisoners were transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and driven from there on the notorious death march . In September 2006 a memorial was set up for the forced laborers between Stolper Weg and Stahnsdorfer Damm. The contours of two former barracks on the site were marked by steel bands. A steel plaque embedded in the floor provides information about the labor camp and the history of the place.

In the spring of 1943, the first bombs fell on Kleinmachnow during World War II. While bombing raids destroyed the manor, the old Hakeburg and most of the old village center in 1943, the lock and the new Hakeburg remained almost intact. At the end of April 1945, shortly before the surrender, the main battle line ran along the Teltow Canal directly below the new Hakeburg.

Divided Germany

Information board on
A115 about the division of Germany

In June 1946, the Reichspost was expropriated and the newly founded SED was the new owner of the Hakeburg including a forest and lake area of ​​more than 500,000 square meters. Between 1948 and 1954 the headquarters of the Karl Marx party college of the SED was located on the site . The leading teachers at the party university were old KPD functionaries. In addition to many party cadres , the double spy Carola Stern was trained here. The Hakeburg developed into the ideological center of the GDR. For a political career in the GDR, studying in Kleinmachnow was necessary. Only the courses at the party college of the CPSU in Moscow were of higher value .

The GDR authorities disliked the low number of 220 members in the SED . Kleinmachnow with its settlement houses and upper-class villas was not a communist stronghold. After a resolution by around 2,000 residents to the GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl against the traffic restrictions to West Berlin, the secretariat of the Central Committee , headed by Walter Ulbricht , passed a resolution on November 3, 1952 on "Provocations in Kleinmachnow". On February 9, 1953, the show trial of "nine pests and saboteurs from Kleinmachnow, who continuously carried out acts of sabotage, economic crimes and speculative transactions from 1945 to December 1952" began. The defendants, including the former mayors Fritz Rosenbaum and Fritz Liebenow, were sentenced to long prison terms. The rigid regime in the Soviet zone of occupation and the GDR led to a considerable loss of population through displacement until 1961.

From the end of the Second World War and during the time of the GDR , Kleinmachnow was considerably or completely cut off from Berlin. Access from Berlin-Zehlendorf to Kleinmachnow was also no longer possible for Berliners from September 1952. After the Wall was built in 1961, the greater part of the Kleinmachnow district boundary formed the border to West Berlin. The residential development on the border was only accessible under strict access restrictions. With the construction of the wall, Dreilinden was separated from Berlin-Wannsee and became part of Kleinmachnow.

Border crossing point Drewitz

In today's Dreilinden district , the Drewitz border crossing point was enclave-like, militarily secured, and the Allied crossing Checkpoint Bravo between West Berlin and the GDR on today's Autobahn 115 . In 1969, the original route of the autobahn built in 1940 was re-routed due to the borderline and relocated eastwards past Kleinmachnow.

Between 1965 and 1969 the Hakeburg was temporarily the seat of the intelligence club Joliot-Curie . The Intelligence Club was a response from the Politburo to the growing dissatisfaction of the Kleinmachnow intelligentsia because of the longer travel times to East Berlin and the interruption of the usual cultural contacts to West Berlin. The club did not achieve any significance beyond the region.

The German-German transit agreement of 1971 led to the reopening of the Teltow Canal, which was closed in 1948 and through which large European-class ships can sail to Berlin. On November 20, 1981, the border crossing point on the Teltow Canal went into operation, which was called "Wasser-GÜSt-Kleinmachnow" in official GDR parlance.

Memorial stone for victims of the division of Germany

In 1973/74 the Central Committee also set up a central special school in the Hakeburg. The focus of teaching was the further training of leading cadres for agitation, propaganda and culture and the qualification of party school teachers. In 1979 the Hakeburg was refurbished and in 1980 it was converted into a guest house for state guests. Fidel Castro , Yasser Arafat , Nikita Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev lived here . From 1980 individual chairs of the party college returned to Kleinmachnow.

When trying to get from the GDR or East Berlin over the Wall to West Berlin, over 120 people lost their lives until the fall of the Wall in 1989. Among them are four victims of the Wall in Kleinmachnow . At Adam-Kuckhoff-Platz, today's weekly market, a memorial stone commemorates the victims of the German division. The cross for Karl-Heinz Kube is only a few steps away. The 17-year-old was shot while trying to climb the wall on December 16, 1966.

Recent past

After 1990 the principle of return before compensation was applied by the federal government at that time, which particularly affected Kleinmachnow. Claims for return were based on more than half of the existing apartments as well as built-up and vacant lots. The state compulsory administration of the houses was lifted by law, so that property owners who had not lived in the GDR could regain their rights. The tenants were left with their rental agreements and a limited right of first refusal. That is why the first tenants 'association in Brandenburg was founded in Kleinmachnow in 1990 , as was the citizens' movement and party Kleinmachnow Citizens against Expulsion , which in 1994 received around 25 percent of the vote. The dispute between the owners, who were regaining the rights to their land and houses, and the tenants made headlines in the early 1990s. The citizens' movement achieved its greatest success with the provision of extensive financial resources by the state and the federal government for renovation, new construction and the acquisition of land. In 1992, the construction and renovation of apartments began in the August-Bebel-Siedlung , which were made available to the residents affected by restitution. The development of a building area south of the Stolper Weg and the discounted delivery at half the market value to Alt-Kleinmachnower defused the heated atmosphere. Despite the unavoidable emigration, a total of more than 2,000 affected long-established citizens were able to stay in Kleinmachnow and find an apartment in new residential areas.

Town house in the Sommerfeld settlement

The clarification of the claims of previous owners is not complete. An intense legal dispute has been going on since 1997 over the ownership structure of around 1,000 pieces of land in the Sommerfeld estate. The legal dispute is one of the largest property law cases in Germany. In 1927, Adolf Sommerfeld , a Jewish building contractor, purchased one million square meters of land from Dietloff von Hake . In the same year he founded a non-profit settlement company and held 80 percent of the shares. The aim was to parcel the land and sell it to settlers. Because that was more difficult than expected, in March 1933 Sommerfeld signed a contract with the Deutsche Land- und Baugesellschaft (DLB) for the sale of 100 plots for resale to those willing to build. According to the contract, Sommerfeld should only receive his money after the DLB had sold the parcels. It didn't come to that. In April 1933 the entrepreneur was attacked and shot at by the National Socialists . The family fled Germany. Shortly afterwards the company was "Aryanized" . In 1950 Adolf Sommerfeld got his business back without the land that had since been sold or its monetary value. Shortly after the fall of the Wall, his heirs also waived their return. Unlike the Jewish Claims Conference (JCC) as a representative of the interests of survivors of the Holocaust . In 1992 she filed a global restitution application , which was rejected by the State Office for the Settlement of Unresolved Property Issues (Larov) between 1997 and 1999 with several notices. The JCC finally gave up its efforts because of a supposedly low chance of success. In 1997, the Berlin lawyer Christian Meyer bought what he believed to be legitimate claims from the JCC. He has come to an agreement with the current owners in around 100 cases, but has so far refused a “general settlement” (as of September 2007).

The Potsdam Administrative Court decided on the claims in two proceedings. With the justification of a provision added in 1997 in the Property Act - called "Lex Kleinmachnow" - the court rejected the claims in one proceeding. The inserted provision excludes retransfer or compensation if the owner did not sell Jewish property directly to those willing to build, but to a development or settlement company. In a second proceeding, the judges ruled that the Kleinmachnow community, as the owner of at least five former Sommerfeld properties, does not enjoy this settlement protection and has to transfer the properties. An appeal against this decision was not permitted. In 2005, the Federal Administrative Court approved an appeal against an administrative court judgment in one case, but not in another. In 2007 the Federal Administrative Court refused a transfer back because the later owners had not bought the houses from the private person Sommerfeld, but from the settlement company at a normal price. One at the Federal Constitutional Court led constitutional complaint was not adopted in September 2009 for decision.

Rathausmarkt

With the “center concept”, Kleinmachnow is striving to distribute new shops in the town in order to enable the citizens to shop within short distances: the Fuchsbau-Eck opened in 1993; 1995 the new building complex at Uhlenhorst; 1996 the weekly market on Adam-Kuckhoff-Platz, the former checkpoint at Düppel on Karl-Marx-Straße; In 1997 the new residential and business complex was built on OdF-Platz; In 2002 new shops opened on Meiereifeld / Thomas-Müntzer-Damm. With the construction of a new town hall with residential and commercial buildings on Förster-Funke-Allee, a new town center was created in April 2004, the town hall market.

Due to the green surroundings and the convenient location between Berlin and Potsdam, the place has developed into one of the most popular (and most expensive) peripheral communities in Berlin. Kleinmachnow is primarily characterized by the high proportion of around 75 percent single-family houses and 16 percent two-family houses. Apartment buildings are available on a smaller scale. The communal living space of 1,300 apartments is managed by gewog Gemeinnützige Wohnungsgesellschaft Kleinmachnow mbH , founded in 1991 . Kleinmachnow is still in high demand as a place to live. The standard land value in 2006 was between 210 and 240 euros per square meter.

Religions

In 1817, both Protestant denominations within Prussia were united into a single regional church , the Uniate Church . Thus the Protestant congregations of Potsdam belonged to the Evangelical Church in Prussia, the head of which was the respective King of Prussia as summus episcopus . After the state church regiment was abolished in 1918, the provincial church of Brandenburg was a founding member of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union . In 1947 it became an independent regional church as the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg with a bishop at its head. In 2004 the church merged with the Evangelical Church of Silesian Upper Lusatia to form the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia .

Historic street names

Some streets in Kleinmachnow were renamed during the GDR era. With the exception of " Leninallee ", which was given its historical name "Hohe Kiefer" again after the fall of the Wall , and " Philipp-Müller-Allee ", now again "Zehlendorfer Damm", no street was renamed. Below is an overview of the historical street names at the time the villa colony was built:

Current name Historical name
Karl-Marx-Strasse Spandauer Weg
Ernst-Thalmann-Strasse Hook heather
Rudolf-Breitscheid-Strasse Kurmärkische Strasse
Clara-Zetkin-Strasse Hakestrasse
Gradnauerstrasse Dietloffstrasse
Klausenerstrasse Georgstrasse
Thomas-Müntzer-Damm Warthestrasse
Käthe-Kollwitz-Strasse Wissmannstrasse
Wilhelm-Külz-Weg Märkische Strasse
Heinrich-Mann-Strasse Hollmannstrasse
Geschwister-Scholl-Allee Heimdallstrasse
Max-Reimann-Strasse Quaststrasse

literature

  • Nicola Bröcker, Andreas Jüttemann, Celina Kress: 100 years of neighborhoods. In the metropolitan region: Kleinmachnow & Zehlendorf. Working group BJK Kleinmachnow-Zehlendorf u. a. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-00-033521-1 , exhibition catalog.
  • Nicola Bröcker: Kleinmachnow near Berlin. Living between town and country 1920–1945. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-7861-2629-4 .
  • Nicola Bröcker, Celina Kress: Settle southwest. Kleinmachnow near Berlin - from a villa colony to a town house settlement. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Lukas-Verlag für Kunst- und Geistesgeschichte, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-936872-30-9 (1st edition 2004).
  • Helfried Winzer: Gutsdorf Kleinmachnow 100 years ago. With village stories by Alfred Waßmund and postcards from the Wallberg collection. Edited by Nicola Bröcker. Lukas-Verlag for art and intellectual history, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-936872-72-4 .
  • Guide to Demographic Change 2020. Analyzes and action plans for cities and municipalities. Bertelsmann Stiftung Publishing House, Gütersloh 2006, ISBN 3-89204-875-4 .
  • Bärbel Engel, Karl-Heinz Wallberg (Hrsg.): Kleinmachnow - pictures from old times. Magenow Verlag, Kleinmachnow 2003.
  • Hubert Faensen : Keeper of secrets Hakeburg. Example of a change in function: mansion, ministerial residence, research institute, SED party school (= Brandenburg historical booklets 6). Brandenburg State Center for Political Education, Potsdam 1997, ISBN 3-932502-00-0 ( digitized version ).
  • Hubert Faensen: High tech for Hitler. The Hakeburg - from research center to management training center. Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-86153-252-2 .
  • Hubert Faensen, Bertram Faensen, Reinald Ellinger: The old church in Kleinmachnow. Parish Church Council of the Evangelical Resurrection Church Community in Kleinmachnow, Kleinmachnow 1997, ISBN 3-00-017417-6 .
  • Heinz Koch: Chronicle of Kleinmachnow. 3. Edition. Haude & Spener, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-7759-0331-3 .

Web links

Commons : History of Kleinmachnow  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gerhard Schlimpert: The place names of the Teltow (= Reinhard E. Fischer (Hrsg.): Brandenburgisches Namenbuch. Volume 3; = Berlin contributions to name research 3). With a contribution to the history of the settlement by Gudrun Sommer. Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 1972, ISBN 3-7400-0575-0 , p. 131.
  2. Andreas Jüttemann: The traffic-historical landscape around Dreilinden .
  3. Hubert Faensen: Hakeburg's secret bearer . Example of a change in function: mansion, ministerial residence, research institute, SED party school (= Brandenburg historical booklets 6). Brandenburg State Center for Political Education, Potsdam 1997, ISBN 3-932502-00-0 ( digitized version ); Hubert Faensen: High tech for Hitler. The Hakeburg - from research center to management training center. Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-86153-252-2 .
  4. Forced labor for Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH . Berlin history workshop
  5. Kleinmachnow has a memorial for forced laborers since yesterday . In: Märkische Allgemeine , September 2, 2006
  6. "Pests and saboteurs from Kleinmachnow before court" - The background to a show trial in February 1953 . berlin.de
  7. 50 years ago: Strike against speculators and saboteurs - the expulsion of homeowners from Kleinmachnow . ( Memento from January 31, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Deutschlandradio Berlin, February 6, 2003
  8. Hartmut Häußermann , Birgit Glock, Carsten Keller: Winners and losers in Kleinmachnow: The perceptions of restitution among those affected. Working Paper No. 3
  9. Administrative Court Potsdam: Case Number: 1 K 4239/98 and 1 K 4241/98, decisions of 17 February 2005 and March 10, 2005
  10. No retransmission. Heirs are allowed to keep Jewish properties . In: Berliner Zeitung , August 19, 2005
  11. BVerwG: Decision of March 6, 2006, Az. 8 B 87.05, full text
  12. BVerwG: Decision of February 28, 2006, Az. 8 B 89.05, full text
  13. BVerwG: Decision of June 21, 2007, Az. 8 C 9.06, press release
  14. BVerfG, decision of September 16, 2009 , Az. 1 BvR 2275/07, full text.
  15. Housing stock ( Memento of the original dated September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Economic development Teltow / Kleinmachnow / Stahnsdorf @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wirtschaft-am-teltowkanal.de