Parforce heather
The Parforceheide between the south of Berlin and the east of Potsdam is one of the last larger contiguous forest areas in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region . Although located in Brandenburg , part of the forest is owned by the State of Berlin. The basis for this was created by the permanent forest contract or contract of the century of 1915. An area of around 2350 hectares has been designated as the Parforceheide landscape protection area since 1997 . One of the aims of the Protection Ordinance is to preserve "the function of the area as a climatic compensation area in the south of the Berlin metropolitan area". The name goes back to par force hunts , for which King Friedrich Wilhelm I had a hunting lodge built in the forest in 1730 .
Geography and geology
location
Until the beginning of the 20th century, the northern boundary of the Parforceheide was formed by the Bäkefluss , which largely merged into the Teltow Canal . The historical map from 1903 next to the table of contents also shows the Bäkefieß (with its old name Teltefließ ) at the top of the picture . Since its construction between 1900 and 1906, the Teltow Canal has closed the forest to the north, and the Dreilinden forests follow even further north on the other side of the canal . Between the Teltow Canal and the forest, the narrow strip of Berlin Albrechts Teerofen slides east , which extends into Brandenburg, so that a narrow strip of forest lies along the canal in Berlin.
To the east, the forest area is closed on the one hand by the extensive park landscape of the south-west cemetery Stahnsdorf and the Wilmersdorfer Wilmersdorfer Waldfriedhof Stahnsdorf , whose area was part of the Parforceheide until the cemeteries were laid out in 1909 and 1920 respectively. On the other hand, the only village in the immediate vicinity of the forest, Güterfelde , the former Gütergotz , limits the Parforceheide to the east. The Güterfelder Heide , which is shown on some maps , is assigned to Parforceheide by the responsible Nudow Forestry Office.
The western boundary forms the street that connects Berlin with the former Steinstücke exclave and which is still part of Berlin today.
The new Potsdam development areas Drewitz , Am Stern and Kirchsteigfeld join to the west of Steinstücke ; From Stern, the western boundary runs parallel to the A 115 motorway . Before that, the motorway cuts through the forest, which is connected by two pedestrian bridges over the carriageway; a rest area built in 2004 on the A 115 bears the name Parforceheide . The southern end of the forest area is at the intersection of the Güterfelde-Philippsthal and Drewitz- Ludwigsfelde roads . Other smaller forest parcels are outside the delimitation and are not specified here for the sake of clarity.
Worth mentioning is the almost 22 hectare arable land of the Mark desert , which lies in the middle of the Parforceheide and was cultivated as an exclave by a Berlin farmer from Zehlendorf until 1988 .
Ice Age, Sand and Pine
The Parforceheide belongs geologically to the Berlin-Brandenburg landscape of Teltow , the name of which goes back to the original term "Telte" for the Bäkeflow. The Teltow is a typical slab north of the Brandenburg ice edge . It was formed a little more than 20,000 years ago in the Vistula Ice Age . For the most part, it is occupied by flat undulating ground moraine surfaces. The special feature of the Parforceheide is that the typical moraines boulder clay is largely absent and therefore older deposits, meltwater sands of the advance phase of the ice sheet at the surface are pending. They are on average 15 to 20 meters thick. Brown earths developed on the sands in the post-glacial period , but they are only poorly productive. The dry sandy soils typical of the Teltow shape the character of the Parforceheide forest, which was given the name “heather”, which is only used in eastern Germany for forest locations remote from the groundwater. With its sparse pines , the forest provided ideal conditions for King Friedrich Wilhelm I's need to draw the wide aisles through the wood necessary for parforce hunt.
history
Parforce hunt and star
The hunts , which were operated with passion since the 16th and 17th century European courts, gave the Parforceheide the name. The form of hunting requires paths that are as flat and free as possible in a forest that is as light as possible with little undergrowth, as the riders have to follow the packs of dogs that chase the game until they are exhausted. This hunt is now banned in Germany and was even banned in England in 2005, a country with a particularly cultivated hunting tradition and an influential hunting lobby. The hunt was in Parforceheide especially the wild boar which and to a lesser extent fallow deer . Even then, deer are said to have only existed in small stocks in the forests near Berlin.
The hunting facilities in Brandenburg were not suitable for this type of hunting. At the beginning of the 18th century, the “soldier king” Friedrich Wilhelm I found ideal terrain in the Parforceheide - which has been called this since that year - and between 1725 and 1729 had a space of around one hundred square kilometers prepared for parforce hunt. In about seven kilometers from the Royal City Palace was a central place from which a star-shaped 16 straight double aisles (racks) were beaten in the woods - with names like priests frame , wide frame , tower frame or way to Kohlhasenbrück . This star is still there, but only eight radially leading paths or streets have been preserved. Today it belongs to the Stern district of Potsdam named after him . There used to be the name Big Star - not to be confused with the Big Star of the same name on the Victory Column in Berlin.
Jagdschloss Stern
The writer Theodor Fontane hiked through the Parforceheide over the Stern to Güterfelde in 1869:
“From Kohlhasenbrück we take a southerly direction, meander on footpaths through a well-tended wood and then step into a clearing from which we can see the frames radiating through the forest. This clearing is called the 'star'; in the middle of it, surrounded by a few acacias, a hunting lodge of the same name. "
However, the Stern Jagdschloss, which the Prussian monarch had built in the forest in 1730, is more of a smaller country house than a castle . According to Fontane, the house was
“A Dutch building, executed in a square in red brick, with a gable in the front, a hunting horn over the door and an etched star in the central window. It consists only of a dining room, a kitchen and a bedroom, three rooms that have retained their character up to the hour. "
A character that Fontane is anything but taken with, because the sight of the panels with their hunting trophies in the dining room make the poet of the Mark lament a "deep and sudden [n] decline of art", "beyond was art, barbarism on this side. ”The royal bedroom reminded Fontane“ of the deposits of an old ship's cabin ”and seemed to him like an eerie cave.
We learned from Adelheid Schendel in the brochure Jagdschloss Stern published in 1987 by the palace administration that the palace is a representative example of the “spartan, simple way of life” of the soldier king, as opposed to his pompous predecessor [...] . After that it is a simple Dutch house on Brandenburg soil. While the hall is still designed in a sophisticated way, "an important of the already rare examples of spatial art from the era between Schlüter and Knobelsdorff ", "the other rooms in the castle show the simple functionality of Dutch town houses". Adelheid Schendel also describes the bed more realistically than Fontane: "The bed in the bedroom, which is inserted into a wooden wall between staircase doors, is reminiscent of ship bunks or bed shutters in Frisian fishermen's and seaman's houses."
In the 1980s, the hunting lodge received a thorough renovation, but was closed again in 2005 due to renewed renovation work. In addition to the main building on which the Dutch Quarter in Potsdam was based, the old castellan's house, which was probably built in 1714, was still preserved. After the par force hunts were stopped under Frederick the Great and revived under Friedrich Karl von Prussia , this form of hunting finally came to a standstill at the beginning of the 20th century.
Berlin property in Brandenburg
Berliner Luft - The permanent forest contract
Today, the Stern and Jagdschloss are located directly next to Autobahn 115 and are shielded from the high volume of the six-lane traffic artery with privacy screens and noise protection screens. A former aisle leads through a tunnel under the motorway towards the east into the Parforceheide, to the west the new building districts in the “Stern” district, which were built right into the Parforceheide. The fact that large parts of the forest landscape have been preserved despite the immediate peripheral location to the greater Berlin and Potsdam areas and despite massive, irreparable interventions in the landscape protection area with buildings such as the motorway-like Nuthe expressway and the Potsdam motorway junction, is ultimately due to a decision the Berlin city fathers back in 1915 and 1920 when the greater Berlin area was founded.
The permanent forest contract , also known as the contract of the century , which the municipal association of Greater Berlin concluded in 1915 with the Royal Prussian State, stipulated that the Parforceheide must remain in place as a source of air for Berlin. For 50 million gold marks, the Zweckverband bought large parts of the forest, a total of around 10,000 hectares, from the foresters' offices in Grunewald , Tegel , Grünau , Köpenick and Potsdam from the Prussian state and undertook not to cultivate or sell the acquired forest areas, but rather to use them as recreational areas in the long term to obtain.
In addition to the ecological and recreational aspects, which were already important at the time, the background to the acquisitions was the securing of the water supply for the rapidly growing population in the greater Berlin area and the containment of the escalating land speculation.
Returned by the Treuhand in 1995
Parts of the Parforceheide belonged to the purchased area, which also came formally legally to Berlin property in 1920 when the Zweckverband passed into the legal successor city of Greater Berlin. From a legal point of view, this part of the forest has the status of “private property of the Berlin forests in the state of Brandenburg”. After the final division of Germany and the founding of the GDR in 1949, West Berlin was cut off from the Parforceheide outside of it. Also, East Berlin lost possession on the Parforceheide than 1952 all forests located outside of Berlin to public property were explained and in the management of the state of Brandenburg or the Potsdam district came.
After the reunification of the separate parts of the city and the return of the forest areas in the surrounding area by the Treuhandanstalt in 1995, part of the forest again belongs to the city of Berlin and is managed by the Dreilinden district forester . Of around 29,000 hectares of total forest area in Berlin, 16,000 hectares are today in Berlin and 13,000 hectares outside in Brandenburg. The Berlin part of the Parforceheide lies mainly in the area between Albrechts Teerofen , Kohlhasenbrück , Steinstücke and the south-west cemetery Stahnsdorf , which is also a Berlin area in Brandenburg (owned by the Evangelical Church). There are also scattered smaller areas in Berlin, such as at Güterfelder Haussee.
In addition to the Berlin part of Parforceheide and the Brandenburg part, for which the Revierförsterei Nudow (formerly Forsthaus Ahrensdorf) is responsible, there is the Federal Republic of Germany as the third owner, which holds the former military areas of the GDR in the forest region near Güterfelde as a federal forest .
Ecology I: flora and fauna
Since the "division of Berlin's forests into an eastern and a western part [...] lasted less than a generation of trees", the differences in forest development are "not so serious", according to Reiner Cornelius, despite different positions, and can be closer to nature on the path taken today Stock forms can be balanced out relatively easily. In addition, the GDR guidelines on forest management were comparatively moderate up to 1975 and during the subsequent intensified economic forest use in East Germany, the Berlin forests, also outside of them, received special careful treatment. The forest suffered considerably more damage before the division of Germany.
The forest Parforceheide
In Berlin and the surrounding Brandenburg region there are no longer any natural forest communities, and the Parforceheide also belongs to the artificially established forest communities. The first reclamation and drainage after the founding of the Mark Brandenburg in the middle of the 12th century changed the natural forest structure. The pressure of the growing cities gave rise to pitch distilleries such as Albrecht's tar furnace , and the wood of the forest was used extensively for building houses and firing. The later electoral-royal hunting operations also had an impact on the condition of the forest. Around 45% of the forests fell victim to the most sustainable overexploitation during the Second World War and in the times of need in the first post-war years. The reforestation of the bald areas took place around 1950 to a large extent with the fast-growing pine . Therefore, the Parforceheide today consists to a relatively high proportion of around 50-year-old pure pine stands. In addition, there are older, still preserved pine remnants, because the pine found the promotion of forestry in the centuries before , because it thrives well on the nutrient-poor but loose sandy soil of the Teltow and the profitable plantings gave preference to quickly usable main tree layers (the coniferous forest grows quickly into Money) .
The natural forest communities before 1200 existed on the high-surface sands of the Berlin glacial valley made of pine and oak forests . The proportion of pine was well below 50% - its current proportion in the greater Berlin-Brandenburg area is around 70%, in the Parforceheide, according to information from the respective forest houses in the Brandenburg part, 80 to 85% and in the Berlin part around 90%. With their equally low demands on the nutrient and water supply, oak, beech and birch in particular complement the pine forest.
Alluvial forest remains and bodies of water
In addition to these stocks, the Parforceheide at Hirtengraben, especially in the meadow and pool area of the Großer Rohrlake, has small remnants of valuable swamp and floodplain forests , which, however, are dying according to the forestry department. The reason is primarily the drying up of the Hirtengraben in its upper course, which in turn is caused by the lowering of the water level at the Güterfelder Haussee.
Haussee and Hirtengraben
The shallow Ice Age lake lies to the east on the edge of the forest directly in front of the village of Güterfelde , its area is almost 5 hectares. The Haussee designated "the Parforceheide pearl" because of its forest location and beach as threatened after posting the near extensive irrigation fields in the late 1980's, the silting . Although a € 1.2 million renovation of the lake stopped this process in 2003, it did not prevent the water level from being more than a meter too low today. The Hirtengraben as a natural outflow of the lake therefore no longer receives any feed. Since the Hirtengraben is the only larger river in the Parforceheide and crosses the entire forest from east to west, the consequences for its water balance are dramatic and lead to the death of the last swamp forests, which are dependent on high moisture.
Due to the rain supply, the trench carries a little water on its last meters in the Parforceheide. It runs under the autobahn through to Drewitz (seldom marked footpath to the right and left) into the individually designed Kirchsteigfeld district, which was built by an international architectural ensemble after the fall of the Wall . Here the Hirtengraben still has a flowing character - much to the advantage of this showpiece of architectural postmodernism , which included the Hirtengraben as a central part of the landscape-defining elements in the project. The Hirtengraben continues through a park laid out on both sides to the recently dammed and protected biotope “Der Teich”. The further, currently underground course through the old town of Drewitz is to be exposed. The last piece of Hirtengraben flows openly again and flows into the Nuthe , which flows almost two kilometers west of the forest parallel to the Havel in a south-north direction .
Bruchwald on the Teltow Canal
In addition to the house lake, there are various small ponds and ponds in standing water. The only larger body of water in the catchment area of the Parforceheide, the Teltow Canal , only has a water-ecological impact on a limited area of forest that runs parallel to the canal due to its northern edge location. There are still swamps of the former Bäketal with old oak trees and alluvial forests. At the end of the Teltow Canal near Kohlhasenbrück (see there), only a few meters behind the edge of the forest, the Bäkewiese nature reserve has been designated since 1988, which is home to an impressive cormorant colony between the canal and Griebnitzsee .
Other flora
A naturally developed layer of herbs and a richly structured woody layer with the corresponding fauna are no longer present in the Berlin-Brandenburg forests and also in the Parforceheide. According to information from district forester Bernd Krause, however, extensive heather areas have developed in recent years , and a clear return of the blueberry has been recorded. The late bird cherry and buckthorn can be found to a significant extent on taller shrubs . The alder buckthorn, which can grow up to six meters high, is covered by the acidic loam-clay soils of the Teltow, whose dry and nutrient-poor sandy areas are also sufficient for undemanding grasses such as fescue and lichens .
fauna
Even at the time of the electoral parforce hunt, there were hardly any deer left. It doesn't happen at all today; Between 1980 and 1990 there were some fallow deer again for a short time. In the 21st century the Parforceheide has a high population of roe deer and wild boar . According to information from Bernd Krause, the number of roe deer is around eight per 100 hectares, and that of wild boar around six per 100 hectare. In relation to the total area of the Parforceheide nature reserve with 2350 hectares, the total number is around 190 deer and 140 wild boars. Despite intensive hunting, the numbers are increasing. Occasionally, Berlin imports from the Grunewald are added: In February 2005, a group of black smocks swam through the nearby Griebnitzsee and, to the annoyance of Brandenburg, devastated 1,300 m² of meadows in the forest.
The already high number of foxes continues to rise, badgers and stone marten remain stable in their population with a slightly increasing tendency and the number of polecats is falling. Birds include the hawk , the sparrowhawk and, above all, the black woodpecker , reptiles are represented by the slow worm , and amphibians are represented in large numbers by the common toad , whose population is developing well in the many small ponds. In the group of insects, the number of nests of the largest European folded wasps , the hornets , increases significantly, while the states of the red wood ant continue to decline in the Parforce heather. In older oak stands near the Teltow Canal, there is the endangered large oak buck or giant buck, which forestry had long classified as a pest . The imposing longhorn beetle , whose bent-back antennae can reach a length of ten centimeters in the male, is today strictly protected according to the Habitats Directive of the EU.
Ecology II: Ordinance on landscape protection area
Since the 1990s, the forest authorities have been working to slow down harmful developments and to gain natural areas. To do this, they rely on measures such as carefully pushing back non-flora tree species, avoiding clear-cutting , increasing the proportion of dead wood and avoiding fertilizers and pesticides .
Since 1994 there has been the novelty of a transnational forest framework planning (FRP) for Berlin and Brandenburg with the aim of coordinating the use , protection and recreational functions of the forest and securing them in the long term. This planning was partly reflected in 1997 in the ordinance on the approximately 2350 hectare landscape protection area, which expressly emphasizes the function of the area as a climatic compensation area in the south of the Berlin agglomeration as a protection purpose - entirely in line with the purpose of the 1915 association . The ordinance on the Parforceheide landscape protection area of the State of Brandenburg of November 12, 1997, which also applies to the Berlin and federal part of the Parforceheide, highlights the following further protection purposes as well as maintenance and development measures "this Pleistocene-shaped landscape":
Protective purposes
Excerpts from § 3 of the regulation:
- Conservation and restoration of the natural balance in relation to
- the functionality of the floors,
- the functionality of the water balance as well as the near-natural development of flowing waters,
- a spacious, structurally rich and partially undisturbed landscape as a habitat for a rich flora and fauna,
- the preservation of the largely culture-independent, diverse biotopes,
- the preservation of the near-natural, contiguous forests,
- [...]
- the importance as a buffer zone for the nature reserves enclosed by the area,
- the preservation, restoration and development of the beauty, diversity and character of a typical section of the young moraine landscape of the North German lowlands,
- the sustainable safeguarding of the recreational function.
Maintenance and development measures
Under Section 6, for example, measures are listed such as the maintenance of wet meadows by clearing bushes, mowing or pasture and the transfer of meadows on fens to extensive forms of management. Small bodies of water, ponds and ponds as well as ditches, insofar as they have replaced former streams , are to be renatured . The existing pine forest associations are to be "transferred to stands that are based on the potentially natural vegetation". In order to develop a nature-friendly recreational area , the ordinance provides for “a network of cycling, hiking and riding trails” and the old cobbled streets should be preserved as far as possible.
Claim and Reality
The ordinance on the landscape protection area did not prevent the described new districts of Potsdam, the Nuthe expressway and the six-lane expansion of the A 115 from being destroyed at the beginning of the 21st century . The current state of flora and fauna also shows that the LSG was not able to develop the desired effect in all areas.
- The required near-natural development of the flowing waters is offset by the drying up of the shepherd's pit,
- the required preservation of the natural vegetation contradicts the death of the last riparian forests and
- the required maintenance of the contiguous forests took a back seat to any major road construction.
Only eight years later, the requirements of this ordinance from 1997 are in important parts outdated by reality. In May 2004, against great opposition, the Brandenburg Nature Conservation Act was amended, with the result that the Nature Conservation Advisory Board of the Potsdam-Mittelmark district lost its previous right of objection, for example in planning proceedings. The seven-member voluntary advisory board, which included two very committed citizens from Kleinmachnow and Güterfelde who were concerned about the Parforceheide and the Bäketal, resigned as a whole.
Successful measures include increasing the proportion of dead wood, which on the one hand remains in its natural state and on the other hand is used to plant a very large number of Benjes hedges to promote near-natural vegetation. The expansion of cycling, riding and hiking trails is progressing; a new pedestrian bridge over the Nuthe expressway has been integrating the Große Rohrlake better into the network of trails from the direction of Stern since 2005.
In 2014, the application for a special helicopter landing pad from a Schönefeld furniture company in Parforceheide on the former military training area near Güterfelde am Haussee was publicly criticized.
literature
- Martin Klees: The Berlin forest ownership through the ages. In: Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift , No. 29/1963, ISSN 0002-5860 , p. 450 ff.
- Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg . Part 3. Havelland. (1st edition 1873.) Quotations from the edition of Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, Munich 1971, ISBN 3-485-00293-3 (quotations from the Gütergotz appendix , p. 442 f.).
Web links
- Ordinance on the "Parforceheide" landscape protection area of November 12, 1997. Brandenburg.de.
swell
- Detailed forestry information and development trends come partly from a conversation with district forester Bernd Krause in the district forester Nudow (formerly Ahrensdorf), Nuthetal municipality , March 15, 2005.
Individual evidence
- ^ Approval procedure for the special helicopter landing site at Güterfelde . State Office for Building and Transport, Brandenburg, accessed on April 18, 2016.
- ↑ Furniture boss should end up somewhere else - criticism of the Güterfelder helicopter landing pad . In: Potsdam Latest News , July 26, 2014, p. 18.
- ↑ Konstanze Wild: Furniture entrepreneur uses landing area . In: Märkische Allgemeine , June 26, 2014, accessed on April 18, 2016.
Coordinates: 52 ° 23 ′ 0 ″ N , 13 ° 10 ′ 0 ″ E
