Fichtenberg (Berlin)
| Fichtenberg | ||
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 Fichtenberg, on the right the Botanical Garden |
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| height | 68 m | |
| location | Berlin ( Germany ) | |
| Coordinates | 52 ° 27 '23 " N , 13 ° 18' 42" E | |
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At 68 meters above sea level, the Fichtenberg is the highest point in the Berlin district of Steglitz . It is located between Schloßstraße and the Botanical Garden . The village of Stegelitze , first mentioned in 1242 and later called Steglitz , developed around the mountain . The mountain was called Kiefernberg until around 1900 . The term Steglitzer Fichtenberg , on the other hand, was common before 1900 for the hills east of the village that were later called Rauhe Berge .
The area around the mountain was already considered a preferred residential area with a corresponding ambience in the 19th century and even today it is still one of Berlin's dignified villa districts. In addition, the Fichtenberg forms the source of the historically and scenically interesting Bäke River . An imposing water tower is a landmark on the top of the mountain.
Geology and early history
Ice Age, Stone Age and Iron Age
Geologic is the Fichtenberg part of Berlin Brandenburg Teltow , a flat wave high surface with an up to 15 meters thick layer of gravel , marl and sand , the water masses of the defrosting glacial between the Endmoräne Flaming or the upstream Baruther glacial valley and the Berliner Urstromtal before about 15,000 years ago in the Brandenburg stage of the last ice age .
As a lofty, dry hill on the marshy Bäketal with its fish-rich lakes, the Fichtenberg was a preferred settlement area very early on, as the find of 8,000 to 10,000 year old stone axes from the last period of the Paleolithic, i.e. from the time in this area, attests the last ice age was just coming to an end. People from the Middle Stone Age left flint chisels on the mountain . During excavations on the hospital grounds of the Free University - today the Benjamin Franklin campus of the Charité Berlin - which is directly adjacent to today's Bäkepark, archaeologists came across a village from the Iron Age around 2,500 years ago. The rural settlement was on a slope above the river and swamp area and consisted of post houses with adobe walls.
Slavs and Ascanians
After the Suebi , the Elbe Germanic branch of the Semnones , had left their home on the Havel and Spree in the direction of Upper Rhine, Swabia , in the course of the migrations in the 4th and 5th centuries , Slavic migrants moved in the late 7th and 8th centuries Tribes in the presumably largely deserted and wooded area. The Slavic era came to an end with the founding of the Mark Brandenburg by the Ascanian Albrecht den Bären in 1157 and the subsequent expansion of the German state to the east. In the course of the skilful settlement policy of the Ascanian margraves , large parts of the Bäketal were developed, new villages with churches were built in quick succession, and some existing Slavic settlements were expanded.
Founding of the village at the foot of the Fichtenberg
At least according to legend, the Siedlungsruf the Askanier came the possibly eponymous Lord of bar braid by and founded on the southeastern foot of the spruce hill a Angersdorf his mansion at the western exit. What is certain is that a village emerged on the mountain that was first documented as Stegelitze in 1242 in a deed of donation from Heinrich von Stegelitze , in which he transferred the village of Arnestrop ( Ahrensdorf ) to the Lehnin monastery . It is unclear whether his ancestors were actually founding fathers and brought the name with them or whether Heinrich von Stegelitze took the name here (or earlier) from Slavic. Schlimpert assigns Steglitz to the Slavic animal name for goldfinch (Sceglica to scegel) . It can also be interpreted as “settlement on the mountain slope”, because the frequent ending -itz corresponds to the settlement and could be composed of stygl = inclination , slope .
The area assigned by the margrave included the later Schmargendorfer , Schöneberger and Mariendorfer Feld and extended south to the former Birkbusch , a particularly swampy area at the confluence of the Lanke ( Lankwitz ) in the Bäke; Birkbusch and Lanke are buried today and almost completely built over. Also in the 13th century, Flemish settlers founded the village of Lichtervelde ( Lichterfelde ) a few kilometers downstream , which became part of Steglitz in 1870 and, together with Steglitz, became part of Greater Berlin in 1920 .
Location and history
The hill is centrally located in the immediate vicinity of Schloßstraße and borders directly on the botanical garden . The SS Economic and Administrative Main Office had built a bunker under the green area at the end of today's Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg (formerly: Dietrich-Schaefer-Weg). A former entrance can still be seen today in the area of the western children's playground. There were further entrances to the bunker at the edge of the botanical garden below the park. The location of the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office was around 500 meters away on Unter den Eichen 126–135. It was Soviet and other forced laborers from the Lichterfelde subcamp, Wismarer Straße 26-36, who were supposed to build the bunker adjacent to the Botanical Garden. A stumbling stone at this point reminds of Wilhelm Nowak , who was executed there on August 22, 1944 after attempting to escape using choking algae as a deterrent . The Fichtenberg park has been named after the resistance fighter Ruth Andreas-Friedrich since 1988 .
Today the Fichtenberg is built in such a way that it is difficult to see, even when driving through neighboring streets like Grunewaldstraße . However, if you turn off Grunewaldstrasse into Schmidt-Ott-Strasse , it goes - by Berlin standards - uphill quickly and “steeply” and after the “summit” just as steeply back down into Rothenburgstrasse . The Fichtenberg Oberschule , which bears the name of the mountain, is also located on Rothenburgstrasse .
Since 1886, the summit has been crowned by an imposing, 40-meter-high water tower designed by the architect and state building officer Otto Techow . The landmark of the mountain has been used for some time by the Institute of Meteorology of the Free University of use, and in addition to offices and practice rooms, the " weather station 10381" at the - unique in Germany at least - students in late and night shifts, the long series of observations of the station Dahlem maintained .
Gold Mark millionaires and a paper king
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The preferred, quiet location of the Fichtenberg attracted various prominent people, such as Erich Pommer , the producer of the films Metropolis and The Blue Angel , who lived here until he emigrated in 1933. The splendid mansions in the district were equipped with elevators early on, and there were huge greenhouses in the gardens. And the master builder of the landmark himself, Otto Techow, had built his own home, the Villa Anna , which is still undamaged and much admired, right next to the water tower on Paul-Henckels-Platz in 1884 - a winding brick building with playful turrets to the style of the neighboring water tower.
The actor Andreas Grothusen , who has lived on the mountain since around 1950, writes in his book Die There Droben , published in 2000 :
"They had ornate horse stables, large ice house , coach houses for the coaches, comfortable garages with in-house petrol pump for Maybach and Horch . It goes without saying that the gardens, which contained swan ponds, pavilions, grottos, marble statues and bowling alleys, were rightly called parks. At first, the Fichtenbergers, DIE DORT DROBEN, also had a special all-round view of Berlin's towers, the city of Charlottenburg , the fields of Dahlem , the Grunewald and the rapidly growing Groß-Lichterfelde .
Those domiciled in this way were professors en masse and bankers in abundance. Nationally known publishers (Wasmuth and Sachs) and well-known writers (Rudolf Paulsen, Otto zu Linde, Rudolf Pannwitz , Adolf Heilborn and Franz Kafka ). Lucky inventors who have become gold mark millionaires ( Carl Schlickeysen , who invented the steam brick press, and Max Krause, who had his idea of marketed letter paper packaged in portions, patented and thus became the German king of paper). "
Then Grothusen lists ministers, musicians, church princes, actors and Egyptologists , right up to Bully Buhlan , the hit star of the 1950s, who all made their home on the mountain.
Source of the bakery river
The Fichtenberg is the source of the Bäke , which rises on the southern slope. Today the brook is led underground through part of the Steglitz center and emerges on Haydnstraße, only to flow into the Teltow Canal after a walk of only about one kilometer through the "Bäkepark" named after it, opposite the port of Steglitz . Before the construction of the Teltow Canal (1900–1906), the Bäke absorbed the water from the entire southern outskirts of Berlin and flowed through a former ice age meltwater channel , the “Bäketal”. The course led past Lichterfelde , through Teltow and Kleinmachnow and ended between Zehlendorf and Potsdam-Babelsberg in the Griebnitzsee and thus in the Havel . The once water-rich Bäke drove several mills .
The Bäketal was largely used for the construction and running of the Teltow Canal, so that the Bäke has largely merged in this canal; two of the lakes it had formed were also destroyed when the canals were built. In addition to the short Berlin section in the Bäkepark, there is also a three-kilometer-long section of the Bäke south of the Teltow Canal, which is cut off by the canal from its original Fichtenberg source and is now fed solely from the meadows on the Kleinmachnower Weinberg and begins on the Schwarzen Weg. This piece of bakery leads past the Bäkemühle with a romantic, external water wheel , then through the former Schlosspark Kleinmachnow and a few meters after the lock Kleinmachnow also flows into the Teltow Canal.
Nevertheless, on this short stretch, the Bäke still forms part of the once extensive and varied landscape: the Bäketal, which has been designated as a nature reserve since 1995 (see in detail on this and the following name definition: Bäke ).
The stream that rises on the Fichtenberg gave the Teltow its name. According to Gerhard Schlimpert's analyzes, the word “Teltow” goes back to the original Germanic name Telte der Bäke , which in the Slavic era received the suffix -ow (ov) ( Tel-tova ) “and most likely the“ Land an der Telte ” '”Meant.
literature
- Friends of the landscape protection area Buschgraben / Bäketal e. V., Green League (ed.): Bäketal, Kleinmachnow. Friends of the landscape protection area Buschgraben / Bäketal, Berlin 1992 (Text: Gerhard Casperson. Photo: Ute Günther).
- Andreas Grothusen: The ones up there. (People and houses of the Steglitz Fichtenberg) (= Wubs Book. No. 6). Accurat-Verlag Heinicke, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-926578-39-4 .
- Herbert Lehmann: The Bäketal administrative district Berlin-Steglitz, in prehistoric times. Self-published, Berlin-Lichterfelde 1953, brochure.
- Max Philipp: Steglitz in the past and present. Kulturbuch-Verlag, Berlin 1968.
See also
Web links
References and comments
- ^ Reinhard E. Fischer : Brandenburg name book. Vol. 3: Gerhard Schlimpert : The place names of the Teltow (= Berlin contributions to name research. Vol. 3). Böhlau, Weimar 1972, ISBN 3-7400-0575-0 , p. 289.
- ^ Wilhelm Nowak . Stumbling blocks in Berlin. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
- ^ Pinkenburg: The high reservoir of the Charlottenburg waterworks on the Fichtenberg near Steglitz. In: Deutsche Bauzeitung . Vol. 21, 1887, pp. 169-172. Digitized
- ^ Franz Kafka moved to Berlin in 1923 and died a year later in Austria .
- ^ Reinhard E. Fischer: Brandenburg name book. Volume 3: Gerhard Schlimpert: The place names of the Teltow (= Berlin contributions to name research. Volume 3). Böhlau, Weimar 1972, ISBN 3-7400-0575-0 , p. 187.