Gilbertiodendron dewevrei

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Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Carob family (Caesalpinioideae)
Tribe : Detarieae
Genre : Gilbertiodendron
Type : Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
Scientific name
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
( De Wild. ) J. Leonard

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei is a plant from the genus Gilbertiodendron in the subfamily of caesalpinioideae (Caesalpinioideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The distribution area is in West and Central Africa . It supplies a timber for which the trade name Limbali is usedin German-speaking countries.

description

Appearance and bark

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei is a large, evergreen tree that reaches heights of 45 meters and a trunk diameter of 200 to 300 centimeters. The trunk is straight and cylindrical and can remain unbranched up to a height of 22 meters. It has a dense treetop and does not form buttress roots .

The rough bark is gray-brown to yellowish-brown with brown lenticels and over time it comes off in large scales. The inner bark is hard and thickly fibrous with a reddish brown color.

The seedlings germinate epigeously , the hypocotyl is 7 to 20 inches long and the epicotyl is 14 to 24 inches long. The primary leaves are arranged opposite one another with two large and two tiny leaflets.

leaf

The oppositely arranged and hanging leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is pinnate in pairs with two to five, usually three, pairs of leaflets . The petiole is thick and 0.5 to 1 centimeter long. The leaf spindle is 2 to 25 inches long, hairy and narrowly grooved on the upper side. The leaflet stalk is 1 to 16 millimeters long and thick. The oppositely arranged, leathery and mostly bare leaflets are elongated to elliptical, lanceolate or obscure-eilanceolate. They are 9 to 50 centimeters long and 3 to 20 centimeters wide, sometimes slightly asymmetrical, rounded to blunt and sometimes indented or rounded-pointed and have a rounded to heart-shaped base. They often have two to four small glands near the edge of the leaf and the lower part of the leaf surface is densely papillary . They are pinnate with 14 to 25 pairs of lateral nerves. The terminal leaflets are usually larger than the basal ones.

The 2 to 8 centimeters long and 1.5 to 4 centimeters wide stipules are ovate-lanceolate and fused and have two kidney-shaped appendages up to 2.5 centimeters long. They are more or less persistent.

Inflorescence and flower

The terminal or lateral total inflorescences are composed of 8 to 25 centimeters long, loosely seated and reddish hairy, panicley partial inflorescences. The flower stalks are 2 to 4 inches long.

The fragrant, hermaphrodite, stalked flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The 2–4 centimeter long pedicels are hairy rusty brown. The flowers are in each case of two large, thick and klappigen, contiguous, fleshy, and russet outside hairy, inside white boat-shaped and sepaloiden cover sheets lined. These two 1.5 to 2 centimeters long bracts are ovate to elliptical. The reddish sepals are briefly fused at the base and ovoid at a length of 5 to 8 millimeters. One of the unequal petals is large, white-reddish to -pupur in color, as well as with a thick, tubular rolled up, longer nail and a large and bilobed plate , it is 1.5 to 3 inches long and 2.5 to 3 inches wide, while the others are small, pretty, and 6 to 8 millimeters long. The three fertile, long stamens are 1.5 to 2.5 inches long and the six rudimentary stamens are 0.5 to 2 millimeters long. The only, upper and hairy, elongated carpel is 2 to 3 centimeters long with a long stylus with a cephalic scar .

Fruit and seeds

The 15 to 30 centimeters long and 6 to 10 centimeters wide, flattened and orange-brown legumes are oblong-oblong to ovoid or crescent-shaped. The legumes, which are short and densely haired in brown, have clearly recognizable, longitudinal veins and innumerable, transverse nerves. They open with two woody fruit flaps and contain four to six seeds .

The round to oblong or egg-shaped to triangular and slightly glossy brown, flat and slightly wrinkled seeds have a diameter of 4 to 5 centimeters.

Phenology

In Nigeria and Cameroon, the flowering period takes place between January and April and the fruit formation between July and October, but mostly between August and September.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 12.

Taxonomy

It was first described in 1904 by Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman under the name ( Basionym ) Macrolobium dewevrei in Études de systematique et de geographie botaniques sur la flore de Bas- et du Moyen-Congo , Volume 5, 1, p. 129. Jean Joseph Gustave Léonard introduced the genus Gilbertiodendron in 1952 in Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l'État à Bruxelles , Volume 22, p. 188, and assigned the species to the new genus under the name Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J.Léonard .

ecology

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei enters into symbioses with ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi , on which these fungi could be detected for the first time, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . The rapid colonization by these fungi gives the seedlings an advantage over less or more slowly colonized plants.

Semen production is high, with fattening years every 2 to 4 years. It is believed that the high production of semen is related to the fact that many semen are eaten by animals. It is believed that beetles in the Democratic Republic of the Congo can destroy 90% of the seeds in a fattening year.

The propagation of the seeds is done ballochor by catapult it out of the mature legumes. Since the seeds are large and heavy, however, there is only a limited spread; it is estimated that the species only spreads about 100 meters within 200 to 300 years. The natural regeneration is still plentiful in shady locations and the seedlings can withstand strong shade for a long time. The germination time is short and is usually between 5 and 7 days.

The seeds of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei are often eaten by a wide variety of insects and also often by mammals , including antelopes , e.g. duikers , brush-eared pigs , giant forest pigs , African elephants , rodents and primates . In the Central African Republic, many seeds are eaten by western lowland gorillas during fattening years . Forest buffalo and bongos eat the seedlings and primates the young leaves of older trees. Elephants sometimes dig up large areas of young trees to get to the root system consisting of roots, mycelia and rotting leaves. Seeds injured by insects are often attacked by fungi and older trees can be attacked by the giant porling relative Rigidoporus microporus .

Occurrence

The distribution area of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei is mainly in the Guineo - Congolese region in West and Central Africa . They occur from Nigeria to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the south to northern Angola in the states of Angola, Equatorial Guinea , Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon , Cameroon , Nigeria, Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic and are among the most common trees there.

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei often grows gregariously in damp, swampy or partially submerged locations, in depressions , floodplain valleys and along rivers, but often also on plateaus or hills at altitudes below 1000 meters. The mean annual amount of precipitation in its area of ​​distribution is between 1600 and 1900 mm with a dry season of over 2 months. They form large pure stands with a size of sometimes over 100 square kilometers. In these areas, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei makes up 70 to 90% of the canopy . These pure stands have a low diversity among the tree species, so on average there are only 18 tree species per 0.5 hectare, which reach a diameter of breast height greater than 10 centimeters. The dense and opaque crowns and the thick layer of litter make it almost impossible for these species to germinate. The seeds of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei do not prevent this, however, as they have a particularly large amount of endosperm on which they can "feed" for a long time.

The shade-loving tree species does not tolerate full sun locations, but light incidence of light is beneficial for the growth of the seedlings. It forms a deep taproot in sandy, deep and well-drained soils, while the lateral roots are strong on rocky soils .

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei is currently not at risk of exploitation and some stocks are in protected areas.

use

Wood

The medium to heavy wood is well suited for floor coverings, stairs, window frames, doors, bridge ceilings, vehicle bodies, pit punches, toys, railway sleepers and for boat building. However, it is not suitable as firewood. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the inner bark is used to bind and make ribbons for carrying baskets. In the north-east of the country the tree is traditionally used to build houses.

The heartwood is pale brown to dark reddish-brown and becomes darker in the air. It clearly stands out from the grayish or yellowish, 5 to 10 centimeters wide sapwood . The grain is straight or wavy and the bulk density is around 750 to 850 kg / m 3 . According to DIN EN 13556 , in which the nomenclature of the commercial timbers used in Europe is specified, the standard German name is Limbali with the abbreviation GBDW , although other types of Gilbertiodendron are also sometimes called that.

Food and medicine

The seeds contain poisonous compounds that are only slowly broken down. They are roasted or cooked in times of food shortages in Central Africa, or they are boiled and then ground into flour, which is then used to make porridge. The ground seeds are also wrapped in the leaves of Megaphrynium macrostachyum and then roasted. They are also eaten by the Baka in Cameroon after they have been cooked and the seed coat removed.

In the Congo, the powdered bark is used to treat dysentery and sprinkled on wounds. The leaves are used against infertility, asthma and to support childbirth. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the tree sap is used in circulations , a brew from the bark is drunk to combat gastritis , diarrhea and blennorrhea and to heal wounds . A juice from the bark mixed with that of Tephrosia vogelii is used to treat otitis and crushed remains of the dried bark are used for burns.

ingredients

The wood consists of 38 to 42.5% cellulose , 34.5 to 36.5% resin , 14.5 to 15.5% pentosans , 0.8 to 1.6% inorganic components and 0.03 to 0 .04% silica .

Seeds from the Democratic Republic of the Congo have a physiological calorific value of 1478  kJ / 100 g (353  kcal / 100 g) and contain 9.4 g water, 4.8 g protein , 0.6 g fat, 82.3 g carbohydrates , 1 , 5 g fibers and 1.5 g inorganic ingredients per 100 g.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x RHMJ Lemmens, D. Louppe, AA Oteng-Amoako: Timbers 2 . PROTA = Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, 2012, p. 804 ( Gilbertiodendron dewevrei on pp. 356-361 in the Google book search).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f data sheet at Legumes of the World by Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. ( Memento of the original from October 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Last accessed on May 6, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kew.org
  3. ↑ Gilbertiodendron dewevrei at PROTA4U . ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.prota4u.org
  4. ^ Gilbertiodendron dewevrei at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ^ Gilbertiodendron dewevrei at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 6, 2015.
  6. ^ British Mycological Society. Symposium, Susan Isaac: Aspects of Tropical Mycology . Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 325 ( Gilbertiodendron dewevrei on p. 193 in the Google book search).
  7. ↑ a b Stephen Blake, J. Michael Fay: Seed production of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Congo, and its implications for large mammals , Cambridge University Press, 1997. Last accessed on May 7, 2015.
  8. ↑ Bryan G. Bowes: Trees & Forests, A Color Guide: Biology, Pathology, Propagation, Silviculture, Surgery, Biomes, Ecology, and Conservation . CRC Press, 2010, pp. 288 ( Gilbertiodendron dewevrei on p. 100 in the Google book search).
  9. ^ JG Fleagle, Charles Janson, Kaye Reed: Primate Communities . Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 329 ( Gilbertiodendron dewevrei on p. 4 in the Google book search).
  10. ↑ Jörg Pfadenhauer, Frank Klötzli: Vegetation of the Earth: Basics, Ecology, Distribution . Springer-Verlag, 2015, p. 645 ( Gilbertiodendron dewevrei on p. 110 in the Google book search).

Web links