Hassan Rouhani

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Hassan Rouhani, 2020
Signature of Rouhani

Hassan Rohani (also Rouhani or Rowhani ; Persian حسن روحانی, DMG Ḥasan-e Rūḥānī , pronunciation ? / i ; Birth name PersianAudio file / audio sample حسن فریدون, DMG Ḥasan Ferīdūn ; Born November 12, 1948 in Sorkheh , Semnan Province ) is an Iranian politician and a Shiite mujtahid (legal scholar) with the religious title Hodschatoleslam . He was the 7th President of the Islamic Republic of Iran since August 3, 2013 and was re-elected on May 20, 2017. For the presidential election in 2021 Rohani was not allowed to compete with the constitution. The ultra-conservative Ebrahim Raissiwas chosen as his successor with approx. 62%. This took over the official business on August 3rd.

Life

Hassan Feridon comes from an Islamic religious family. His father, a trader, was active in the opposition to the government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi .

At the age of twelve he began his training in the traditional Islamic school ( Hawza ) in 1960 , first in Semnan, then from 1961 in Qom . After six years of study, he was approved as a Shiite legal scholar ( Idschtihād ) . In 1969 he was admitted to Tehran University and graduated in law in 1972.

Since 1992 he has been the head of the Center for Strategic Research (CSR) in Iran. In the 1990s he continued his law studies at Glasgow Caledonian University , graduating in 1995 with a master's degree. He completed his doctoral degree (PhD), also in Glasgow, in 1999.

Political career

Iran - EU-3 negotiations on October 21, 2003
Hassan Rohani in a US field hospital after the earthquake in Bam (2004)
Presidential election in Iran 2017

Rohani followed Ruhollah Chomeini in 1978 in his French exile in Neauphle-le-Château . After the Islamic Revolution in 1979 he returned to Iran and became a member of the Islamic Republican Party (IRP). From 1980 he was a member of the Iranian parliament (Majles) . After the dissolution of the IRP in 1987, he became a member of Ali Chamene'i's party, Association of the Warring Clergy . However, he suspended this membership in 2009. Ten years earlier, in 1999, he had already joined the moderation and development party. In the First Gulf War (1980–1988) Rohani rose to high military positions. From 1983 to 1988 he was a member of the Supreme Defense Council, from 1985 to 1991 commander of the national air defense and from 1988 to 1989 adjutant to the deputy commander-in-chief of the armed forces. During the presidency of Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani , he became secretary of the National Security Council in 1989 , a position he held until 2005. He has been a member of the Arbitration Council since 1991 . Rohani was deputy president in the 4th and 5th legislative periods of the Majles (1992-2000). In this function, he headed the Iranian delegation to the German-Iranian parliamentary consultations in Bonn in April 1993. In 1998 he was elected to the Council of Experts , as was the case in the 2006 election , in which he reached 7th place in the Tehran district .

Chief negotiator in the nuclear dispute

In 2003, under President Chātami , Rohani was appointed chief negotiator for talks between the EU-3 (Great Britain, France, Germany) and Iran regarding its nuclear program . Under his leadership of the negotiations, a stop of uranium enrichment was achieved, at the same time Iran successfully prevented the involvement of the UN Security Council and continued to expand its nuclear facilities. In a speech on September 30, 2005, Rouhani described his work as chief negotiator as a great success:

“While we were negotiating with the Europeans in Tehran, we set up new facilities at the facility in Isfahan. Thanks to the calm atmosphere that we created, we were able to finish our work in Isfahan. "

- Hassan Rouhani

In 2011, after Rouhani resigned from his post on August 18, 2005 and was replaced by Ali Larijani by the new President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Rouhani defended his concessions in the nuclear negotiations as tactical in his memoirs:

“To those who have questions in their minds about the reasons for accepting the temporary, voluntary suspension of some of the nuclear activities in this period […] the accomplishments included the completion of the Isfahan uranium conversion facility; the assembly and construction of centrifuges; the Arak heavy-water reactor; continued activity for building a 40-megawatt reactor; the completion of the Natanz underground facility; the production of yellow cake; and the building of the P2 centrifuge. "

“Among those who still have questions about the reasons for accepting the temporary, voluntary postponement of some of the nuclear activities during this period [...] the accomplishments included the completion of the Isfahan uranium conversion facility; the installation and construction of centrifuges; the Arak heavy water reactor; continued activity in the construction of a 40 megawatt reactor; the completion of the Natans underground facility; the production of yellow cake ; and the construction of the P2 centrifuge. "

- Hassan Rouhani : Memoirs

2013 presidential election

On April 11, 2013, Hassan Rouhani, who is considered moderate by Iranian standards and who is politically close to former President Rafsanjani, announced his candidacy for the June 2013 presidential election . He stressed that he wanted to introduce a civil rights charter, rebuild the economy and improve cooperation with the world community. Because of his moderate views and his close ties to Iran's leading clergy, Rouhani had been expected to have good prospects in the presidential elections in June 2013. In terms of constructive interaction with the world community, he preferred negotiations as the best way out of the dispute over the Iranian nuclear program. His goal is to have the sanctions lifted that led to a devastating economic crisis . During the election campaign, Rouhani vigorously defended his approach as chief negotiator and insisted in a TV interview that the nuclear program had never been halted even under his leadership of the negotiations, and that the Iranian nuclear program had been successfully expanded.

"Prudence and hope" is the motto of the government he wants to form. According to Bahman Nirumand , his book on the nuclear conflict is "one of the best sources in which the conflict and its political and economic background are described in detail."

According to preliminary information from the Interior Ministry, Rouhani won the election in the first round with 18,613,329 votes and a rate of 50.71 percent. He became the new Iranian President and successor to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad .

Domestic politics

In August 2013, Rouhani nominated the conservative cleric Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi as Minister of Justice. He was elected by the Iranian parliament on August 15, 2013 by 201 votes in favor and 64 against, with 19 abstentions .

Human rights situation

Shortly before a visit by Rouhani to the UN General Assembly in New York on September 25, 2013, both Rouhani and the highest religious and political leader Ali Khamene'i announced that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard should stay out of politics in the future. The Guard maintains close ties to Rouhani's predecessor Ahmadinejad and had a corresponding influence on his politics during his presidency. In addition, around a dozen political prisoners were released early on September 18, 2013. Among them were Nasrin Sotudeh, an internationally known human rights activist, as well as former Deputy Foreign Minister Mohsen Aminsadeh and a few others who had been arrested in connection with the protests against the Iranian presidential election in 2009 . Some observers saw this as Rouhani's first attempt to implement his election promise to allow more political freedoms in Iran in the future, but at the same time as a signal for a future easing of Iran's relations with Western countries. Others, such as Human Rights Watch , welcomed the releases but demanded that Iran must first prove that this was more than a symbolic gesture, for example by immediately taking concrete steps to secure the unconditional release of hundreds of other political prisoners. The regime must also ensure that those released are not again targeted by the security forces and the judiciary.

Iranian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi also sharply criticized President Hassan Rouhani's human rights record and accused the government of lying about the release of political prisoners. None of their expectations are met. According to Ebadi, Rohani may have “the reputation of a moderate reformer”, but so far has been sending the “wrong signals” with regard to human rights. Ebadi and Amnesty International also point to a significant increase in executions since Rouhani took office. According to a UN report dated October 23, 2014, a total of 852 people were demonstrably executed between July 2013 and June 2014 in the first year of Rouhani's term in office, which means a significant increase in the number of executions.

freedom of speech

According to observers, freedom of expression and the press have deteriorated since Rouhani's inauguration with a “downright hunt for bloggers and internet activists”. The Pharrell Williams song Happy , recorded in May 2014 in Tehran, led to the arrest of seven people. Rouhani sat down with the words: Happiness is a right of our people , for their release.

Foreign policy

Rohani, Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Sochi, November 2017

Israel

In a reaction to Rouhani's election victory in June 2013, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned against overestimating the Iranian nuclear program , as “in Iran only revolutionary leader Ali Khamenei [decide]” . When Iranian news agencies reported in August 2013 that Rouhani had said on the occasion of al-Quds Day that the "Zionist regime" had "been a wound in the body of the Muslim world for years" and had to be "removed," Netanyahu said that Rouhani so that it shows its "true face earlier than expected" . Iranian media later corrected their report. Rohani had said: "For years, there is a wound in the body of the Islamic world in the shadow of the occupation of the holy land of Palestine and our beloved in our region Al [Q] uds ." All Muslims should so Rohani on, the al-Quds Use the day to remember this wound and to protest “against the crimes of the Zionist regime” .

In September 2013, Rohani congratulated all Jews on the Jewish New Year through his English-speaking (but not through his Persian-speaking) Twitter account with the words:

"As the sun goes down here in Tehran, I wish all Jews, especially Iranian Jews, a blessed Rosh Hashanah."

This is considered to be a unique event in the history of the Islamic Republic. In 2014, Rouhani used al-Quds Day for anti-Israeli rhetoric and declared that there could be no diplomatic way out for the Palestinians, only that of resistance:

"What the Zionists are doing in Gaza is inhuman genocide , so the Islamic world today must unanimously declare its hatred and resistance to Israel."

- Hassan Rouhani

At a panel discussion at the 44th annual meeting of the World Economic Forum , however, Rouhani denied inquiries from WEF founder Klaus Schwab whether he was also seeking friendly relations with Israel, which the Islamic Republic of Iran has not yet recognized:

“We have hostilities with some countries to resolve differences. We want healthy relationships with all countries [...] that we have officially recognized. "

Nuclear dispute

In his first press conference, Rouhani stated that he wanted to resume the nuclear negotiations, which Iran had broken off on December 1, 2009, with the aim of lifting the sanctions. The West must understand, said Rouhani, that results can only be achieved through talks and not through threats. He also announced that the future negotiations will be conducted directly by the Iranian Foreign Ministry and that Said Jalili (until then chief negotiator and known as a hardliner) would be removed, which was well received in large parts of the Western press.

Regarding the Iranian nuclear program , Rouhani commented in an interview on September 19, 2013:

“We have never aspired to or desired an atomic bomb, and we will not. [...] We just want peaceful nuclear technology. "

Previously, an exchange of letters between Rohani and the US President Barack Obama had already started , which according to both sides led to the initiation of direct talks between the two states. In a reply to Federal President Joachim Gauck , who had congratulated the new Iranian President on his election victory, Rouhani described Germany as the most important EU partner for Iran and emphasized that he wanted to continue “always good political and economic relations” with the Federal Republic.

civil war in Syria

His offer to mediate in the Syrian civil war , in which Iran is involved on the side of Bashar al-Assad , attracted international attention in mid-September 2013. Critical voices noted that Rouhani was pretending to be "a neutral observer" even though Iran had long been a party to the war.

factories

  • Memoirs of Hodschatoleslam val Muslim Dr. Hassan Rouhani. The Islamic Revolution (1341-1357) . Markaz-i Asnād-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, Tehran 2009, ISBN 978-964-419-036-0 (Original title: Chāṭirāt-i Ḥudschat al-Islām va al-Muslimīn Duktur Ḥasan Rūḥānī. Inqilāb-i Islāmī .).

literature

Web links

Commons : Hassan Rohani  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Press TV Hassan Rohani (accessed June 14, 2013)
  2. ↑ With the addition of val Muslimīn
  3. ↑ Raeissi to be the new President in Iran (accessed June 20, 2021)
  4. ^ Funke: The choice of Hasan Rouhani. 2013, pp. 36–37.
  5. ↑ csr.ir ( Memento from May 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Center for Strategic Research (CSR) (accessed June 15, 2013)
  6. ↑ He did his doctorate under his family name Hassan Feridon → see: huffingtonpost.co.uk (accessed June 15, 2013)
  7. ↑ Title of the doctoral thesis: The flexibility of SHARIAH (Islamic law) with reference to the Iranian experience (1998)
  8. ↑ ARIABARZAN MOHAMMADIGHALEHTAKI: Organizational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) . 2012 ( dur.ac.uk [accessed June 20, 2021] Durham University).
  9. ^ The Rise of the Iranian Moderates. November 17, 2019, accessed June 20, 2021 .
  10. ^ Funke: The election of Hassan Rouhani. 2013, pp. 37–38.
  11. ↑ Hassan Ruhani, the Subtle Oppressor , Die Welt, June 21, 2013.
  12. ^ Fear of the new gentleness , FAZ, June 24, 2013
  13. ↑ Rouhani's speech to the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution: “Beyond the Challenges Facing Iran and the IAEA Concerning the Nuclear Dossier” , accessed on February 24, 2014
  14. ^ New head of government: Moderate Rouhani wins Iran's presidential election , Spiegel Online, June 15, 2013.
  15. ↑ Iran's double talk ( Memento of February 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Calgary Herald, December 4, 2013
  16. ↑ TV interview with Rouhani during the election campaign ( memento of July 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on February 24, 2014).
  17. ↑ The Iranian President Rouhani asks: "We should have stopped the nuclear program?" ( Memento from April 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), From Tunis to Tehran (Jungle World Blog), August 7, 2013.
  18. ^ After Rohani's Election: How Washington Should Engage Iran ( Memento from February 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), goingtotehran.com (book blog), June 18, 2013, accessed on February 24, 2014.
  19. ↑ boell.de (PDF; 291 kB) Iran Report 06/2013
  20. ↑ See also → National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy
  21. ↑ presstv.ir Rohani becomes Iran's new President (accessed June 15, 2013)
  22. ↑ president.ir - see khodnevis.org ( Memento from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) & irannewsupdate.com ( Memento from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ↑ Persian news agency Farsnews, August 15, 2013: Urgent: Iranian Parliament Gives Vote of Confidence to Majority of Rouhani's Proposed Ministers
  24. ↑ a b Thomas Pany: The slow end of the enemy image of Iran? . Telepolis, September 19, 2013, accessed the following day.
  25. ↑ Nina Fargahi: Tehran releases political prisoners . NZZ, September 19, 2013, accessed the following day.
  26. ^ President Rohani: Iran releases prominent regime critics . Spiegel Online, September 19, 2013, accessed September 20, 2013
  27. ↑ Iran frees political prisoners ahead of Hassan Rouhani's UN visit , The Guardian, September 18, 2013.
  28. ^ Nobel laureate Ebadi criticizes the human rights situation in Iran , Deutsche Welle, December 9, 2013.
  29. ^ Nobel laureate Ebadi criticizes Rouhani and Westen , orf.at, November 5, 2013.
  30. ↑ Ebadi criticizes Rohani's Rights Record Radio Free Europe , November 6, 2013.
  31. ↑ IRAN. President Rouhani must deliver on human rights promises. In: Amnesty International. November 25, 2013, archived from the original on January 3, 2014 ; accessed on May 21, 2017 (English).
  32. ↑ See UN report on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran of October 23, 2014; accessed November 2, 2014, p. 4, Fig. 1. ( Memento from March 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 784 kB)
  33. ↑ Matthias Lauer: Iran: For Facebook posts on death row. In: publikative.org. January 26, 2015, archived from the original on March 16, 2015 ; accessed on March 17, 2015 .
  34. ↑ Der Spiegel 40/2014, p. 114 (online: Not happy anymore )
  35. ↑ Hans-Christian Rössler: Fear of the new gentleness. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 24, 2013.
  36. ↑ Lisa Erdmann: Iranian media correct controversial Israel quote. In: Spiegel Online , August 2, 2013.
  37. ↑ twitter.com Hassan Rouhani (accessed September 6, 2013)
  38. ↑ Christoph Sydow: Iran's President congratulates Jews on the New Year celebrations. In: Spiegel Online , September 5, 2013.
  39. ^ President Ruhani sends congratulations on the Jewish New Year. In: Die Zeit , September 5, 2013.
  40. ↑ a b spiegel.de Gaza conflict: Millions of Iranians demonstrate against Israel (accessed on July 27, 2014)
  41. ↑ The Standard: Iran advertises, Israel warns
  42. ↑ Christoph Sydow: Iran wants to resume nuclear talks with the West. In: Spiegel Online , August 6, 2013.
  43. ↑ "We condemn the Holocaust" In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , September 6, 2013.
  44. ↑ a b sueddeutsche.de Rohani declares no use of the atomic bomb (accessed on September 20, 2013)
  45. ↑ Iran's President names Germany's most important EU partner. In: Spiegel Online , September 22, 2013.
  46. ↑ Rohani offers himself as a mediator ( Memento from September 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tagesschau , September 20, 2013.
  47. ↑ Reinhard Baumgarten: Moderate in tone, tough in the matter ( Memento from August 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tagesschau , September 18, 2013.
  48. ^ Rohani wants to mediate in the Syria conflict , Spiegel Online , September 20, 2013.
personal data
SURNAME Rouhani, Hassan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES حسن روحانی (Persian); Rowhani, Hassan; Feridon, Hassan (maiden name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION Iranian clergyman and politician
BIRTH DATE November 12, 1948
PLACE OF BIRTH Sorkheh