Presidential election in Iran 2013

Ballot

The date for the first round of the Iranian presidential elections in 2013 was June 14, 2013. For the first time, local elections were held at the same time. The official registration of the candidates took place until May 11, 2013. According to the Iranian Interior Minister and election officer Mostafa Mohammad Najar , 50,283,192 Iranians were eligible to vote; 130,000 ballot boxes in 60,000 polling stations were ready for voting. The election winner with 50.71% of the vote was Hassan Rohani .

prehistory

Reform of electoral laws

On December 2, 2012, the Iranian parliament passed a proposal for reforming the electoral law with 144 votes in favor, 91 rejections and 11 abstentions. According to this, in the future the candidates in the presidential elections should be able to demonstrate higher educational levels than the state examination , they should not be younger than 45 years and not older than 75 years. Furthermore, the suitability of each candidate should be confirmed by at least 100 political figures and their religious integrity by 25 members of the Expert Council. After all, only those who had been a member of parliament for at least eight years or who had served as ministers, state secretaries or equivalent positions in the military should be allowed to run for election.

Immediately afterwards, the government criticized the bill, calling it unconstitutional. The State Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior, Solat Mortasavi, compared the new electoral law with a "statute of a stock corporation", which would be "intended for the victory of a certain parliamentary group". There are four elections in Iran, Mortasavi continues, “the parliamentary election, the local election, the election of the president and the election of the council of experts. For all four elections, the regulations are laid down in the constitution of the Islamic Republic. Parliament was not authorized to amend the constitution; this was reserved for the Guardian Council alone. Article 57 of the Constitution expressly emphasizes the separation of powers and Article 60 stipulates that elections should be conducted by the executive. ”According to the President of Parliament Ali Larijani , Parliament expected that the Council of Guardians would not approve the bill. In this case, Parliament would bow to the will of the Guardian Council and not turn to the Arbitration Council .

The Guardian Council decided on the reform of the electoral law on January 28th, approving 21 of the 94 originally planned amendments. These largely affect the government's influence on the conduct and monitoring of the elections. In the past, the election committee had been entirely under the control of the Interior Ministry. Following this reform, a new committee consisting of the Interior Minister, a Member of the Bureau of Parliament, the Prosecutor General, the Information Minister and seven representatives from the public (religious, political, cultural and social) will monitor the Ministry of Interior's activities in relation to the elections . However, this commission is still headed by the Interior Minister. The seven public representatives and four deputies are appointed by the Minister of the Interior and / or the Attorney General. This body is to begin its work three months before the election day. Parliament will therefore play a role in monitoring the elections for the first time in over thirty years. The sole control by the interior ministry appointed by the incumbent president meant that critics suspected conflicts of interest.

The new electoral law also affects the conduct of the election campaign. Live broadcasts of candidate debates on state television and advertising for individual candidates on state television will be prohibited in future, unless this has been approved by an official body.

The changes proposed by Parliament regarding the qualifications of presidential candidates were not approved by the Guardian Council. Under the new law, a candidate for president must:

• Be a religious figure with a political interest
• Be of Iranian origin and an Iranian citizen
• Have leadership and management skills
• Be of good repute, trustworthiness, and piety
• To be faithful to Islam and to the foundations of the Islamic Republic of Iran

This corresponds exactly to the text of the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and does not include any changes.

Election campaign and "Free elections"

Head of State Ali Khamene'i spoke about the upcoming elections for the first time on January 8, 2013 at a reception for the citizens of Qom . He believed that if everyone obeyed the law, the elections would be carried out correctly and warned that candidates could try to get what he put through illegally. He was referring to the unrest after the 2009 presidential election . He asked the candidates to stand by the constitution with the greatest of conviction. He urged voters to take part in the elections, according to a statement in the state media that this was their right and their duty. Regarding the demand for free elections, Khamene'i stated on the same day:

“Don't keep talking about free elections. In which country are elections as free as in the Islamic Republic? Of course, elections must be free. We have had elections 34 times since the Islamic Republic was founded. Which shouldn't have been free? [...] The laws, regulations and regulations of the elections are all correct, [...] and they guarantee a healthy election. "

- Ali Khamene'i.

The demand for “free elections” is supported by ex-president Rafsanjani , ex-president Mohammad Chātami and even the incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . The Iranian parliament warned against this in a resolution on January 13, 2013:

"We warn all people and the media who speak of free elections that they should learn from the fate of the conspirators and remember that the Iranian martyrs have not made eternal friends with anyone."

- Iranian parliament

Two groups of so-called “reformers” have written to the head of state Ali Khamene'i asking for a meeting to exchange their views on the upcoming presidential elections with the revolutionary leader. Mohammad Javad Haqshenas, deputy chairman of the Reform Party, said in this letter that Mohammad Chātami was the reformer's preferred candidate for the presidential elections, but that his decision was still pending.

Registered applicants

Official registration ended on May 11, 2013; 686 candidates have registered, including a .:

conservative

• Ali Fallahian , Minister of Intelligence from 1989 to 1997
• Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf , acting Lord Mayor of Tehran since 2005
• Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel , MP and member of the Security Council and Arbitration Council
• Manutschehr Mottaki , Iranian Foreign Minister from 2005 to 2010
• Ali Nikzad , Acting Minister for Roads and Urban Development in the Ahmadinejad Cabinet
• Mohsen Rezai , member of the arbitration council , already a candidate in the 2009 presidential election
• Mohammed Saeedikia , former minister under Presidents Rafsanjāni and Chātami and most recently for housing and urban development from 2005 to 2009 under Ahmadinejad
• Hassan Sobhani , professor of economics at Tehran University and member of parliament from 1996 to 2008, declared his candidacy to be an explicitly independent candidate from political groups
• Ali Akbar Velayati , former foreign minister and currently foreign policy advisor to the head of state Ali Khamene'i

Supporters of Ahmadinejad

• Davoud Ahmadinejad, the elder brother of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
• Esfandiar Rahim Maschaie

Reformers and Moderates

• Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
• Hassan Rohani , former member of the Iranian Security Council (1998–2005) and chief negotiator in international talks on the Iranian nuclear program

Admitted applicants

The Guardian Council decided on May 21, 2013 on the qualifications and admission of the candidates. After that, eight candidates were admitted; Ali-Akbar Hāschemi Rafsanjāni was surprisingly disqualified. Rafsanjani is said to have stated in advance that he did not have the strength for the presidency due to his old age. Rafsanjani is reported to have said about his non-nomination: “We cannot do anything now. They did what they wanted. With these people, our country no longer needs external enemies. ”Following the elections, Rafsanjani said that Iran had“ the most democratic of all elections in the world ”.

• Mohammad Reza Aref
• Said Jalili
• Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
• Mohammad Gharazi
• Gholam Ali Haddad nobility
• Mohsen Rezai
• Hassan Rouhani
• Ali Akbar Velayati

Aref and Hassan Rohani are considered reform-oriented, the other candidates belong to the “loyal followers of the revolutionary leader”. In the Iranian media, Gharazi is also assigned to the reformers.

criticism

A representative of the "Green Movement", Mostafa Tajsadeh, who has been imprisoned since the protests after the Iranian presidential elections in 2009 , described the ruling system in Iran as "absolute monarchy" after the candidates were selected. After the “robbery of free elections”, the reformers had no choice but to boycott. The US Secretary of State John Kerry described the selection process as opaque. A Guardian Council that did not emerge from elections excluded hundreds of potential candidates on the basis of unclear criteria. The Guardian Council only paid attention to “who represents the interests of the regime”. RAND Corporation analysts rate the candidate selection as "selecting a president" and the candidates themselves as "either loyal to Khamenei or practically irrelevant". For Bijan Djir-Sarai this election is “a farce even by Iranian standards!” The regime was “well prepared for this election in order to rule out in principle anything that could look like unrest or change” Criticized and spoke about "those who would think that there was a large, silent population against the system". He referred to the anniversary of the Islamic revolution when the masses shouted "Death to the USA". Khamenei also asked in which country the candidates were as equitable in the media as in Iran, referring to the balanced airtime among the Iranian presidential candidates. Khamenei also referred to capitalist societies in which one could gain a power-political advantage through financial resources and appropriate campaigns.

Campaign theme

The main topic of the election campaign was domestic politics, in particular the country's economic situation. In addition to 45-minute television interviews, group discussions of the candidates took place on television. The first such event was broadcast on May 31, 2013.

Mohammad Reza Aref set himself apart from his competitors by mentioning the name of Mir Hossein Mousavi , who was under house arrest, during his mandatory 45-minute television interview , thereby breaking an unwritten law. He explicitly addressed the minorities in Iran several times and criticized the rhetoric of the incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . He noted a division in society between the generations and saw the failures of the "first generation" of the Islamic Revolution. The question of the Iranian nuclear program has become a political matter. Despite the civil nature of the nuclear program, it had become a problem that could only be solved politically. Aref spoke out in favor of improving foreign policy relations and scientific and cultural exchange.

Said Jalili put his emphasis on the fight against corruption and pointed out the human and economic potential of the country, which he saw under-exploited due to mismanagement. In this context, he referred to the motto that Head of State Ali Khamenei had proclaimed for the past year: "The year of national production". Administration and the executive branch could orientate themselves on this motto. Jalili made statements on family and women's policy based on remarks by Khamenei, who pointed out the importance of the family as the basis of society and said that the participation of women in all areas was part of the revolution, but the most important thing was their commitment at home . Jalili regards women in Western cultures as being exploited from an exclusively economic point of view and called for the defense of women's rights worldwide. Jalili, who was a close confidante of the clergyman Mesbah Yazdi , was regarded by political observers as the favorite of the revolutionary leader Ali Khamenei .

Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf criticized growing poverty and discrimination in a televised address. In terms of foreign policy, too, Iran could only be successful if these internal problems were overcome. He called for a systematic approach, for which he had prepared in cooperation with experts and elites.

Mohammad Gharazi announced that if he wins the election he will form an "anti-inflation government" with a focus on controlling expenditure on public projects. He wants to boost domestic production and completely stop all imports. He praised Ahmadinejad's government for some of its development projects, but criticized their cost, which was four times the average. He also announced that if Tehran were elected he would split up into six provinces, each with its own governor. He sees decentralization as the way out of stagnation and underdevelopment. He said that people should be allowed to take responsibility for their affairs.

Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel called the economic problems Iran's greatest concern. Above all, he wants to stabilize the money market and food prices, and he also considers the amount of money too high. He wants to start at these points in order to get the economic problems under control. Liquidity must be diverted into production in order to create jobs and not be wasted on useless projects. He urged spending discipline for the public sector and the fight against poverty. Haddad-Adel saw the western sanctions against Iran as an economic war against the independence of Iran. Only national unity could lead to the sanctions being overcome. Haddad-Adel announced the slogan "Piety and Wisdom" as the motto of his possible presidency. The second focus of his government should be cultural policy. Against drug addiction and the high divorce rate, he advocated “simple marriage” and said that young people should be encouraged to marry and live modestly within their means, then some social problems and moral evils could be reduced.

Mohsen Rezai relies on privatization in his economic policy and wants to keep state institutions out of concrete business activities. He strives to make the economy more independent of direct oil trade and to promote the production and export of non-petroleum products. He continues to focus on the expansion of tourism and foreign trade.

Hassan Rouhani caused a sensation in his TV interview. In contrast to most of his competitors, he went on the offensive, criticizing Ahmadinejad's presidency and the state broadcaster IRIB . He corrected statements made by the moderator on his negotiations with Western countries about the Iranian nuclear program and highlighted his successes in this regard. The US sharply criticized Rouhani for its sanctions against Iran. Rouhani named unemployment, inflation and the misappropriation of 3,000 trillion tomans (USD 2.8 billion), which were uncovered in 2011, as his country's biggest problems. He indirectly accused President Ahmadinejad of being involved. Rouhani classified himself as "moderate", he had worked with all directions, extremism was far from him. The first goal of his presidency is to stabilize the Iranian economy as quickly as possible (“one month and 100 days”). On the subject of elections, he said that they testified to the democratic nature of Iran and that he called for increased party-political engagement as the basis of national sovereignty. In front of students, he expressed the hope that the elections could counteract the social division and that as president he would campaign for the release of those detained after the riots in 2009. In his opinion, this problem could be resolved within a year.

Ali Akbar Velayati promised free health care in the event of his presidency. He also commented on foreign policy: Iran's security depends on good relations with its neighbors, so regional cooperation must be developed. Velayati enjoyed the support of the "United Lecturers of the Theological College in Qom " whose director is Mesbah Yazdi .

• 

  Said Jalili

• 

  Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf

• 

  Mohsen Rezai

• 

  Hassan Rouhani

Withdrawal of the application

Haddad-Adel announced on June 10 and Aref on June 11, 2013 that they were withdrawing their candidacy.

Election forecasts

In a telephone poll by iPOS (Information and Public Opinion Solutions), Ghalibaf was way ahead of the other candidates in the first week of June, but was overtaken by Rouhani three days before election day. This appeared as a favorite after the polls; all other candidates had no chance.

Election result

Majorities by constituency: Hassan Rohani Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf Said Jalili Mohsen Rezai





The polling stations opened at 08:00 local time (03:30 GMT ). Due to the high voter turnout stated by the state, the closing of the polling stations was postponed a total of four times by one hour each, the last time until 11 p.m. (18:30 GMT). Additional ballot papers were requested for Tehran Province , as the turnout there was over 70%. The start of the counting of votes was announced for midnight. The result should then be announced within 24 hours.

According to the incumbent Interior Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najar , the candidates had three days to raise any objections after the results were announced. After counting 18% of the votes, Rouhani was ahead with 52% of the votes: a trend that continued even after a quarter of all votes had been counted. According to the Interior Ministry, the turnout was 70.7%. Rouhani won the election with 50.71% and 18,613,329 votes in the first round. He was the new President-elect of Iran. Ali Chamene'i , the chief legal scholar and leader of Iran, congratulated Rouhani on his election victory the following day.

Candidates		be right	%
	Hassan Rouhani	18,613,329	50.71
	Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf	6,077,292	16.55
	Said Jalili	4,168,946	11.35
	Mohsen Rezai	3,884,412	10.58
	Ali Akbar Velayati	2,268,753	6.18
	Mohammad Gharazi	446.015	1.21
	invalid votes	1,245,409	3.39
	total	36,704,156	100

literature

• Henner Fürtig : Iran. 2013 presidential elections with a surprising outcome. GIGA Focus, No. 6/2013.

Web links

Commons : Iran Presidential Election 2013  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• boell.de Dossier: Presidential Elections in Iran
• Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (English)

Remarks

1. ↑ Ali Larijani , a possible presidential candidate, would have met the requirements; Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi , the other candidates in the last Iranian presidential elections in 2009 , do not have a state examination, as do revolutionary leader Ali Khamene'i .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ electionguide.org Democracy assistance & elections news from the Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening (CEPPS)
2. ↑ Press TV 60,000 polling stations set up in Iran (accessed June 14, 2013)
3. ↑ boell.de ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 273 kB) Iran Report, Heinrich Böll Foundation, January 2013 
4. ↑ Iran election watch are the recent changes to Iran's Electoral Law? ( Memento of the original from April 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 10, 2013 
5. ↑ german.irib.ir January 8, 2013
6. ↑ german.khamenei.ir German-language page of the revolutionary leader, January 8, 2013
7. ↑ boell.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 288 kB) Iran Report 02.2013  
8. ↑ Khatami is to become the reformist's presidential candidate  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. mehrnews.com March 4, 2013, accessed March 5, 2013  
9. ↑ Two reformist groups write letter to Khamenei about upcoming presidential elections irandailybrief.com of March 5, 2013 cited Persian mehrnews.com, accessed March 5, 2013
10. ↑ more news from May 12, 2013  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 686 candidates register in presidential election (accessed May 25, 2013)  
11. ↑ farsnews.com  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on May 11, 2013)  
12. ↑ Press TV : presstv.com ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. February 19, 2013, accessed March 5, 2013 
13. ↑ Iran's ex-FM announces candidacy for 2013 presidential election ( memento of the original from March 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Press TV February 27, 2013, accessed March 3, 2013 
14. ↑ Fars news : Archived copy ( memento of the original from April 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Iran's Road Minister to Run in Presidential Election, March 31, 2013, accessed April 2, 2013 
15. ↑ Tehran Times : minister announces candidacy for presidential election  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated January 18, 2013, accessed March 10, 2013  
16. ↑ Tehran Times : professor Hassan Sobhani announces presidential candidacy of January 19, 2013, accessed March 10, 2013
17. ↑ farsnews.com  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on May 11, 2013)  
18. ↑ farsnews.com  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on May 11, 2013)  
19. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung : April 11, 2013 , accessed April 28, 2013
20. ↑ Spiegel online : Rafsanjani is not allowed to run for the Iran election (accessed on May 21, 2013)
21. ↑ iranpolitik.com (accessed July 7, 2013)
22. ↑ Böll.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 291 kB) Iran Report 6/2013 (accessed June 1, 2013)  
23. ^ Wiener Zeitung Rafsanjani thanks Iranians for "historic election (accessed July 6, 2013)
24. ↑ hairetz.com (accessed on May 21, 2013)
25. ↑ Die Zeit : Iran's ex-President Rafsanjani is not allowed to run for elections (accessed on May 21, 2013)
26. ↑ Böll.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 291 kB) Iran Report 6/2013 (accessed June 1, 2013)  
27. ↑ Press TV : Gharazi says will see election bid to end (Press TV English, accessed May 29, 2013)
28. ↑ Böll.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 291 kB) Iran Report 6/2013 (accessed June 1, 2013)  
29. ↑ zeit.de presidential elections (accessed on June 13, 2013)
30. ↑ dradio.de from June 13, 2013 Election in Iran is a farce (accessed on June 14, 2013)
31. ↑ [1]
32. ↑ Press TV : Iran presidential candidates take part in first televised debate (Press TV English, accessed May 31, 2013)
33. ↑ iranpulse ( Memento of the original from June 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed May 30, 2013) 
34. ↑ Fars : Jalili Plans to Speed ​​up Iran's Trend of Progress If Elected in Election  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed May 31, 2013)  
35. ↑ Press TV : Jalili urges proper management of national potentialities (Press TV English, accessed May 31, 2013)
36. ↑ iranpulse ( Memento of the original from June 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on May 31, 2013) 
37. ↑ Böll.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 291 kB) Iran Report 6/2013 (accessed June 1, 2013)  
38. ↑ Press TV ( Memento of the original from May 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed June 2, 2013) 
39. ↑ presstv.ir (accessed May 30, 2013)
40. ↑ Press TV : must take charge of their own affairs: Gharazi (accessed May 31, 2013)
41. ↑ Press TV ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed June 2, 2013) 
42. ↑ Press TV ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed June 2, 2013) 
43. ↑ More news : Haddad-Adel: Cultural issues will be my second priority  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed June 2, 2013)  
44. ↑ Press TV : Rezaei pledges popular, multicultural economy (accessed June 2, 2013)
45. ↑ youtube.com (accessed May 30, 2012)
46. ↑ iranpulse ( Memento of the original from June 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed May 30, 2013) 
47. ↑ presstv.ir (accessed May 30, 2013)
48. ↑ presstv.ir (accessed May 30, 2013)
49. ↑ youtube.com (accessed May 30, 2013)
50. ↑ Press TV : Velayati promises free healthcare (accessed June 2, 2013)
51. ↑ Press TV : Iran must develop ties with neighbors: Velayati (accessed June 2, 2013)
52. ↑ The United Lecturers of the Theological College in Qom supports Velayati (accessed June 10, 2013)
53. ↑ bbc.co.uk Iran's Mohammad Reza Aref quits presidential race (accessed June 11, 2013)
54. ↑ ctvnews.ca Hardline candidate Gholam Ali Haddad Adel withdraws from Iran election (accessed June 12, 2013)
55. ↑ washingtonpost.com A rare Iran presidential poll shows Tehran mayor Ghalibaf as runaway favorite (accessed June 14, 2013)
56. ↑ [2]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on June 14, 2013)  
57. ↑ presstv.ir (accessed June 14, 2013)
58. ↑ Fars News [3]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved June 14, 2013  
59. ↑ Tasnim News from Iran Daily Brief, June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013
60. ↑ sueddeutsche.de Reformer Rohani surprisingly far in the lead (accessed on June 15, 2013)
61. ↑ presstv.ir Rohani far ahead in Iran's presidential election so far (accessed June 15, 2013)
62. ↑ presstv.ir (accessed June 15, 2013)
63. ↑ presstv.ir Leader congratulates Iranians (accessed June 16, 2013)
64. ↑ presstv.ir (accessed June 15, 2013)
65. ↑ princeton.edu ( Memento of the original from November 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 2013 Presidential Election (accessed June 21, 2013)