Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

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Mahmoud Ahmadineschād, 2009
Signature of Ahmadinejad

Mahmud Ahmadineschād ([ mæɦˈmuːd æɦmædiːneˈʒɔːd ]; listen to ? / I , PersianAudio file / audio sample محمود احمدی‌نژاد Mahmud Ahmadi-Nežād , DMG Maḥmūd-e Aḥmadī-Nežād ; other spellings: Ahmadinejad , Ahmadinezhad and Ahmadinejad ; *  October 28, 1956 in Aradan near Garmsar ) is an Islamic fundamentalist Iranian politician. He was the sixth President of the Islamic Republic of Iran from August 3, 2005 to August 3, 2013, and was succeeded by Hassan Rouhani .

Life

Mahmud Ahmadineschād's family comes from Aradan, a small village near the town of Garmsar in the Semnan Province in northern Iran, about 80 kilometers from Tehran . He was born the fourth of seven children to the Sabaghian family, Ahmad and Syedeh Chanum . In the region characterized by agriculture and cattle breeding, the father saw little prospect for his family and in 1957 decided to move to Tehran. At the same time he changed the family name to Aḥmadī-nežād (roughly: "from the sex / tribe of the Aḥmadīs"), which was very common at that time among families who moved from the province to the capital.

In Tehran, his father took up a job in the metalworking industry, which over time helped him to modest prosperity. The Ahmadineschād family lived in the Narmak district of Tehran with residents from the middle class. The Ahmadineeshads' house was very simply furnished; the family lived modestly. The father invested money mainly in the education of his children. He made it possible for his son Mahmud to attend the renowned and expensive Daneshmand private school. Mahmud also received private English lessons in addition to his English lessons at school. He graduated as one of the best students in his year.

In 1975 he took part in the nationwide university entrance exams "Konkur" and reached 130th place. He received approval and enrolled in civil engineering in 1976 . Under the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , Ahmadineschād joined the association of "Students Who Follow the Line of the Imam" ( Daneschjuyane Chate Emam ) as a student . A photo shows him directly at Khomeini's car during his return on February 1, 1979. During the Iran-Iraq war he volunteered and in 1980 joined the Iranian Revolutionary Guard as a Basij-e Mostaz'afin instructor, where he worked until Commander of a technical unit rose.

In 1986 Mahmud Ahmadineschād resumed his studies and completed a degree in civil engineering at the University of Science and Industry in Tehran by 1989 . He received his doctorate in 1997 on the subject of monorail in the field of "Transport and Transport Planning".

In 1980, before the First Gulf War , Ahmadineschād married Azam al Sadat Farahi , with whom he has three children: two sons (Mehdi and Ali Reza) and a daughter. His wife, who hardly appears in public, has, like her husband, an engineering degree in mechanics and also studied educational science, which she teaches. After accompanying her husband to Malaysia in 2005, Azam al Sadat Farahi appeared publicly only twice in person and once in a letter to Husni Mubarak's wife . Despite her seldom public appearances, she is still assigned a considerable influence on Ahmadinejad's politics. An influence of her public appearances on the outcome of the Iranian presidential elections in 2009 was also suspected.

Ahmadinejad's sister Parvin was elected to Tehran's city council in December 2006; In the same year his father Ahmad died at the age of 82.

Political career

After the Iran-Iraq war , his political career began as the mayor of the cities of Maku and Choy in the province of West Azerbaijan . He was also appointed advisor to the governor of the western Iranian province of Kurdistan for two years in the 1980s . From 1993 to 1997 he was governor of Ardabil Province . During his tenure in Ardabil, Ahmadineschād was named "the best governor of the country" three times in a row. From 1997 he worked as a research assistant at the Tehran University of Science and Industry. At times he wrote as a freelance journalist for conservative newspapers.

Mayor of Tehran

In the city council elections in 2003, he was elected mayor of the capital Tehran with a low turnout (30 percent) , but at the same time retained his teaching position at the university. Until 2005, Ahmadineschād lived modestly in a simple three-room apartment in the east of Tehran and drove a 30-year-old Peugeot. He linked his modest lifestyle with a strict rejection of the western way of life and made this public in the presidential election campaign. During his tenure, he closed fast-food restaurants, banned David Beckham posters and banned the public playing and production of Western music. In 2005 Ahmadineschād moved to the exclusive northern district of Tehran near the Niawaran Palace . He carried out government business in part from the former natural history palace of the Saadabad palace complex .

First presidency

Ahmadineschād ran in the ninth Iranian presidential election on June 17, 2005 against six other candidates accepted by the Guardian Council from over a thousand registered candidates. Since none of the seven candidates was able to achieve an absolute majority in the first election , a run-off election had to decide on the next Iranian president on June 24th . Serious allegations of election manipulation were made after the first election.

Ahmadinejad in September 2005 at the UN headquarters

In the runoff election - the turnout was 59.6% - Mahmud Ahmadineschād received 61.69% of the votes cast, or 17,284,782 votes in absolute terms. Based on the elections of recent years, the Conservatives had an average of five to eight million votes. Ahmadinejad, however, received more than seventeen million votes in the runoff election. On August 3, 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadineschād was officially installed in office.

Second presidency

In the presidential election on June 12, 2009 , Ahmadinejad was re-elected. He prevailed over three applicants chosen by the Guardian Council from nearly 500 registered candidates. After counting 87 percent of all votes, the Iranian electoral authority announced the incumbent Mahmud Ahmadineschād as the winner on June 13th. She said that he received almost 62.6 percent of the vote and 33.7 percent of the vote for the moderate candidate Mir Hossein Mousavi .

The moderate, conservative opponent Mousavi, who was supported by parts of the reform camp, protested "sharply against numerous and visible irregularities" in the election and announced that it would not recognize a victory by Ahmadinejad. The spokesman for the Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, stated on June 22, 2009 that there was no record of any major irregularities in the election and that the panel did not believe that the election could be canceled. This means that Ahmadineschād is the winner of the Iranian presidential elections in 2009. This was judged skeptically or even negatively by numerous Western politicians. The official election result sparked protests that lasted for months in Tehran and other major cities in the country, which resulted in substantial countermeasures by state organs and mass arrests.

Conflict with Khamene'i and end of mandate

Since a - also public - dispute between Ahmadineschād and head of state Ali Khamenei in the spring of 2011, the relationship between the two has been considered broken. Before the Iranian parliamentary elections in 2012 , the Guardian Council rejected six clerics and six lawyers, who are believed to be supporters of Ahmadinejad, as candidates. The British Guardian reported on government blockades of websites that are leaning towards him. This approach was seen as a power-political attack by Khamenei against his rival. Ahmadinejad was seen as the big loser in the election. The director of Middle East Studies at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and exiled Iranian Haleh Esfandiari suspected in 2012 that Ahmadinejad had overestimated his power and underestimated the Khamenei and was increasingly unable to act.

In June 2012, Ahmadineschād announced in a newspaper interview that after his second term in office in 2013 he would retire from politics and work as a researcher at a university. It is possible that he will continue to be politically active there, but not in a party or political grouping. On August 3, 2013, he resigned from the presidency.

Post presidency time

According to media reports, Ahmadineschād had his own website Dolate Bahar (Government of Spring), which is now offline.

Religious orientation

Ahmadinejad's family was considered deeply religious in the neighborhood; the father, who could not read or write well, was known for his recitations from the Koran . Mahmud, apolitical during his school days, took over his father's religious views. During his student days Mahmud came into contact with Ali Shariati's theses and the Shiite state ideology of Ruhollah Khomeini ; In 1978 he became a supporter of Khomeini. Mahmud's wife Azam al Sadat Farahi is considered a "true Hezbollahi ".

The expectation of the return of the 12th Imam, who disappeared in the 10th century, is an integral part of Shiite theology. The concept of the Mahdi as the coming figure of the redeemer for justice, sometimes handled abstractly in Shiite mythology, is considered a religious truth for Ahmadine Shad. When he was inaugurated in 2005 , he was approached by the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei: "What if he did not appear?" Ahmadineschād replied, "I assure you, I really believe that he will come soon."

After his appointment by the leader of the revolution Khamenei, he visited the Khomeini mausoleum as a first official act in order to show his political direction. In the course of his tenure, quotations from Khomeini became the catchphrase for Ahmadineschād, who was patronized in the runoff election for president against Rafsanjani of Khamenei. Ahmadineschād shows the public his closeness to Mesbah Yazdi and the ultra-conservative organization called Hojjatieh . Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi Mesbah Yazdi is head of the Imam Khomeini Institute , Center for Islamic Education and Scientific Studies in Qom . In his government budget, Ahmadineschād spent 7 million dollars on the design of the Jamkaran Mosque , which as a large mosque is to become the global Shiite center in the long term. Mesbah Yazdi and his followers announced the return of the Hidden Imam (the Mahdi ) for the year 2007. Ahmadineschād was accused by numerous Shiite clergy of taking up this eschatological tendency in a populist manner, among other things by giving his speech on September 17, 2005 at the 60th General Assembly of the United Nations with an apparition (light) in connection and thus presented himself as the chosen champion of the Savior. Ahmadineschād also used other UN general assemblies and international appearances to invoke the "Mahdi cult":

“Without a doubt, the Promised Imam and the Great Reformer and ultimate Savior and final messenger from Heaven will come and together with all worshipers and those who demand justice and practice philanthropy, build a bright future and fill the world with justice and beauty. This is [...] God's promise [,] and God keeps his promise. "

- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

The western version of a new world order, according to Ahmadineschād, is nothing more than an attempt to prevent the return of the Mahdi and his world order. It is his mission in Iran to prevent this and to pave the way for the Mahdi at the end of his term of office.

Domestic politics

In his heavily populist election campaigns, Ahmadineschād called for a return to the values ​​of the Islamic revolution of 1979 as well as more social and legal justice. His target group was and is primarily the rural population of Iran, whose advocate he gladly declares himself. The poorer layers of Iran expected from Ahmadine Shad a fairer distribution of Iranian oil revenues. For this reason, after the election, Ahmadineschād introduced a draft law to the Majlis to build the 1.3 billion Imam Reza Care Fund with funds from the state-run National Iranian Oil Company . At first, observers seemed quite conceivable a confrontation between Ahmadinejad and the wealthy classes, but this did not materialize. Since his time with the Revolutionary Guards, Ahmadineschād has supported the hardliner wing of the country's Islamist political-religious leadership. In his role as mayor of Tehran, in a letter to the ruling mayor of Berlin in March 2004 , he criticized the erection of a memorial plaque for the victims of the Mykonos attack . He threatened to put up a plaque in Tehran denouncing the supply of chemical weapons technology to the Iraqi regime led by Saddam Hussein . The Berlin Court of Appeal had ruled in 1997 that the assassination attempt had been "initiated by the rulers of Iran".

After a tour of the Iranian space agency and an exhibition on Iranian space successes on February 4, 2012, Ahmadinejad reportedly told the Iranian media that he was ready to be the first Iranian to fly into space.

Domestic criticism

During an event at the Sharif University of Technology in Tehran on December 11, 2006, Ahmadinejad was first publicly criticized and received with boos. Students chanted "Death to the Despot" and kept interrupting his speech. An open letter from students to Ahmadine Shād criticized him for failing to keep his promise of more free, public dialogue.

In February 2007, the Jomhuri Eslami newspaper , which is considered the mouthpiece of Supreme Revolutionary Leader Khamenei, also published an open letter to the president. In it, Ahmadineschād was accused of stubbornness in the negotiations over the nuclear conflict and the rhetorical question was asked whether it was possible that Ahmadineschād wanted to divert attention from domestic political problems with his approach. In another article, the same newspaper called Ahmadinejad's behavior "dangerous for Iran" and his behavior as president "immoral, illogical and reprehensible". Even at public sessions of parliament, Ahmadinejad was accused of saying that his promises regarding lower unemployment and hunger were just empty promises and slogans and that his foreign policy had massively damaged the country's reputation. According to the Iranian central bank, the inflation rate (as of September 2007) should be 15%.

In May 2007, Ahmadinejad greeted his former primary school teacher with a kiss on the hand at a public event. The Iranian media accused the president of "indecency". According to the moral code in force in Iran, a man must not touch a woman in public. It was the first time in the 28-year history of the Islamic Republic that a statesman publicly ignored the instruction.

In January 2008, by order of Supreme Legal Scholar Khamenei, Ahmadinejad had to enforce a law designed to improve the gas supply for residents of remote villages. The associated grab into the country's currency reserves of one billion dollars (700 million euros), which Ahmadinejad had refused until then, meant for him - according to commentators - a major defeat.

In 2010, Ahmadineschād expressed the opinion that the Islamic Republic of Iran must represent Islam, which is shaped by Iranian culture, because the Iranians were culturally far superior to those who brought Islam to Iran. Sadegh Larijani described the propagation of an Iranian Islam as an “unforgivable mistake” and a wrong path that is incompatible with the principles of Islam. According to Larijani, there is no Islam that is shaped by a people or a race. Prior to the 2012 parliamentary elections, Ahmadinejad was accused of attempting to undermine clerical power and the primacy of the legal scholar with his strong emphasis on nationalist policy content, which appeals to many Iranians .

Foreign policy

For Mahmud Ahmadineschād, who is considered an ardent admirer of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the anti-Americanism of his model is the driving and unifying force that consolidates his power in Iran. The biographer Kasra Naji sums this up in a nutshell: "Ahmadinejad against the world".

Nuclear dispute

In the dispute over the Iranian nuclear program , Ahmadineschād denies the use of nuclear energy for war purposes. In an interview in 2007 he said, for example, “We don't need an atomic bomb. We don't need that. What should we do with a bomb? (…) The atom bomb is of no use in political relations today. (...) If it were useful, it would have prevented the collapse of the Soviet Union. If it were useful, it would have solved the Americans' problem in Iraq. The time of the bomb is over. ”At the same time, Ahmadineschād's bellicose rhetoric against Israel has made a significant contribution to distrust of Iran's nuclear program since his presidency and also forbade the UN Security Council to interfere . AhmadineShad repeatedly accused the West of using the Security Council as an instrument of threat. The resolution 1737 of the UN Security Council he called on 24 December 2006 as a "piece of torn paper", with which the Iranians should be intimidated; He describes Resolution 1929 of the UN Security Council as "used handkerchief, ready for the garbage can".

Israel and the Middle East Conflict

Since the beginning of his presidency in 2005, the main features of Ahmadinejad's international appearance have included aggressive anti-Israeli statements, including a call to fight against Israel, denying Israel's right to exist , predictions of extermination, anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial . Ahmadineschād usually makes these statements in front of a large international audience, such as United Nations events or during specially launched anti-Israel and anti-Semitic events such as the conference “A World Without Zionism ” in 2005 or the Holocaust Denial Conference in Iran in 2006 .

The State of Israel, which Ahmadineschād usually does not name by name and mostly refers to as the “Zionist regime”, is for him an “eyesore [that] must be removed from the center of the Islamic world.” According to Ahmadinejad, Israel's existence is “ an injustice and per se a constant threat ”. Another statement by Ahmadinejad, which has often been translated as saying that Israel must be " wiped off the map ", sparked a dispute. The Islamic scholar Katajun Amirpur complained that Western agencies had provided a wrong translation. In fact, however, the translation came from the Iranian state media ISNA , IRIB and from the homepage of the president himself. Amirpur translated the sentence “īn režīm-e ešġālgar bāyad az ṣafḥe-ye rūzgār maḥw šawad” with “This occupying regime must be taken from the pages of history (literally: times) disappear ”. MEMRI translated the sentence with "The occupying regime must be erased from the annals of history". The Federal Agency for Civic Education chose the version “The regime that is occupying Jerusalem must be erased from the annals of history”. Ahmadineschād began his speech with the words that the audience should “cry out from the heart” the slogan “Death to Israel” [marg bar Isrāyīl]. When he was repeatedly asked in an interview in 2006 whether he really wanted Israel to be "wiped off the face of the earth", Ahmadinejad did not deny it. Originally the controversial phrase comes from Ruhollah Khomeini . In the summer of 2008 Ahmadineschād quoted the revolutionary leader ( "O dear Imam [Khomeini]! You said the Zionist Regime that is a usurper and illegitimate regime and a cancerous tumor should be wiped off the map." ) And made his statement ( "I should say that your illuminating remark and cause is going to come true today. " ). On several occasions, Ahmadineschād suggested “transferring” the State of Israel to Europe or North America. The Holocaust is a lie that served as a pretext for founding Israel. If the Europeans felt guilty, however, they should have found a new home for the Jews.

Ahmadineschād accuses Israel of genocide and an inhuman and racist policy towards the Palestinians , an advocate of which Ahmadineschād is happy to declare himself. Ahmadineschād is considered a supporter of the Islamist Hamas , for which Iran is the most important donor and arms supplier. Ahmadineschād holds regular anti-Israeli speeches on al-Quds-Day , initiated by Ruhollah Khomeini , on which traditionally calls for solidarity with the Palestinians and the "liberation of Jerusalem" are made. Ahmadineschād considers Zionism to be “racism personified”; in addition, “Zionist circles” are responsible for the Iraq war. Israel only goes unpunished because the Jews ruled the world through “complicated networks” and engaged in “modern slavery”. A spokeswoman for the German UN embassy described such statements as "unacceptably anti-Semitic". A spokesman for the US representatives also accused Ahmadinejad of choosing “hateful, insulting and anti-Semitic rhetoric”.

These and similar statements by Ahmadinejad are usually sharply criticized and rejected by Western states, but also by those in charge of the United Nations . The then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan commented on a speech by Ahmadinejad to the United Nations in 2005 with the words: “The UN Secretary General was horrified to read the comments on Israel by the President of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He reminds all member states that Israel is a longstanding member of the United Nations with the same rights and obligations as any other member. ”The incumbent UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon declared after Ahmadinejad's appearance at a UN event in Geneva in 2009 He had “never seen such a“ destructive action by a UN member ”.” During Ahmadinejad's speeches at the United Nations, delegates from Western countries left the hall several times in protest.

Holocaust denial

Ahmadineschād has questioned the Holocaust several times and also explicitly denied it. Between 2005 and 2006 he repeatedly questioned the historical authenticity of the Holocaust, including during the 2006 Holocaust Denial Conference in Iran , to which internationally known Holocaust deniers were invited. The Holocaust was instrumentalized as a myth to establish a Jewish state in the Islamic world. In an interview with Spiegel in 2006, Ahmadineschād said that if the Holocaust had happened, Europeans and Americans would have been responsible for the crimes against the Jews and a Jewish state should have been established on their soil. Today, however, the German people are no longer guilty and must recognize that they are a "hostage of Zionism".

In a speech on " al-Quds-Day " on September 18, 2009, Ahmadinejad said the Holocaust was "a false claim, a fairy tale that was used as a pretext for crimes against humanity".

A Holocaust denial conference was held in Tehran from December 11-12, 2006 to reinforce his statements. 67 foreign guests from thirty countries took part, including numerous Holocaust deniers and right-wing extremists such as Fredrick Toben , the Ku Klux Klan activist David Duke , the neo-Nazi Robert Faurisson and Moishe Friedman , member of the anti-Zionist and ultra-orthodox Neturei Karta .

Relationship to right-wing extremism

Holocaust denial is considered the strongest common point of reference between Ahmadine Shād and German right-wing extremists . Ahmadinejad's remarks regarding the Holocaust and its threats to the State of Israel repeatedly met with approval and approval from right-wing extremists. The monthly newspaper Nation und Europa titled one of its issues with the words "Thank you, Mr. President". In the run-up to the 2006 World Cup, right-wing extremist groups campaigned for Ahmadinejad to visit Germany. During the Holocaust denial conference initiated by Ahmadineschād, to which European right-wing extremists were invited, he himself gave the closing speech and was congratulated by the Australian Holocaust denier Fredrick Toben, who stated: “Dr. Ahmadineschād, you have freed us from the dogma of the Holocaust ”Right-wing extremist parties like DVU and NPD showed their solidarity with the“ true leader of the Iranian people ”even after Ahmadineschād's re-election as Iranian president in 2009. The Hamburg historian Volker Weiß sees it as the "evocation of fascist leader myths."

United States

Ahmadinejad also repeatedly attacked the US for its foreign policy during his presidency . The main focus was on the US's involvement in the Middle East conflict and the Iraq war, but also on its leadership role in global politics.

On May 9, 2006, Ahmadineschād wrote an open letter to the then American President George W. Bush , in which he portrayed US foreign policy as immoral and criminal and declared democracy a failed form of society that had to bow to divine will. The letter contained 63 question marks on eight pages. In connection with visits to the United Nations in New York, Ahmadineschād also sought direct confrontation with American politicians and the population. On September 24, 2007, at the suggestion of Richard Bulliet , he was invited to a discussion at Columbia University in New York . During the much discussed performance, laughter and boos were registered in the hall when he replied to a question about the execution of homosexuals and the oppression of women in Iran: “Women in Iran enjoy great freedoms. […] Our nation is free ”and when asked:“ There are no homosexuals in Iran like in your country. (…) I don't know who told you that we have something like that. ”However, there was also several applause, for example when he called for the self-determination of the Palestinian people, the reference to the death penalty in the USA and the criticism US policy on the use of nuclear energy. In April 2008 in Qom , he voiced doubts about the September 11 terrorist attacks and untruthfully alleged that the names of the dead had not yet been disclosed. At the 61st General Assembly of the United Nations on September 24, 2010, he claimed that a majority of US citizens, many states and politicians believed that “some elements in the US government orchestrated the attack to affect the shrinking American economy and theirs Grip on the Middle East as well as to save the Zionist regime ”. The US had used the attacks as a pretext for invasions. He also added up the approximately 3,000 deaths in the attacks against “hundreds of thousands of dead in Iraq and Afghanistan” and accused the West of “unbelievable crimes”. During the speech, 32 delegations, including those from the USA and Germany, left the plenary session. The German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle described the speech as "absurd and hurtful". US President Barack Obama said the same day in an interview on the BBC's Persian broadcaster that the speech was offensive and hateful, especially in Manhattan near Ground Zero for the families who lost their loved ones there. This is inexcusable and contrasts with the reaction of the Iranians on September 11th, who lit candles and thus expressed a natural human sympathy and compassion. This shows a deep rift between the current government of Iran and the vast majority of Iranians who have treated this issue with respect and thought. Nevertheless, the diplomatic offer to Iran to start talks on its nuclear program remains in place.

Iraq

In March 2008, Ahmadineschād, the first President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, made an official state visit to neighboring Iraq . In the run-up to the historic visit , Ahmadinejad declared that he would stay out of Iraqi domestic politics. According to the Baghdad newspaper al-Sabah , he countered allegations by the USA and Sunni parties in Iraq that Tehran was supporting Iraqi Shiite militias with weapons and military training : "Such allegations have their origin [...] in the American failure in Iraq" . "A stable Iraq will benefit the entire region," he told his Iraqi counterpart Jalal Talabani during the visit. The most important point of discussion was a loan of USD 1 billion promised by the Iranian government. Critical points such as the controversial demarcation of the Shatt al-Arab were not discussed.

Alliance policy

Mahmoud Ahmadineschād casting his vote in the 2016 parliamentary election

Ahmadinejad’s confrontational course towards the USA, the West in general and the UN Security Council was accompanied by intense contact between Ahmadinejād and other polarizing heads of state. This included the Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez , who, like Ahmadineschād, was largely isolated in the western world. Both cultivated their trade relations through mutual visits, around September 2007. His travels in Latin American countries in particular are intended to prove that Ahmadinejad is by no means isolated. “Together you just feel stronger in the fight against the USA. [...] The fact that their 'revolutionary' colleague Ahmadinejad ”, as Gerhard Dilger writes,“ is pursuing a social project on the other side of the globe that contradicts modern socialism in almost all points is not worth a single word to them. ”

Another head of state, the dictatorial Belarusian President Lukashenko , described Ahmadinejad as one of my best friends during his stay in Minsk in May 2007 . Observers saw in this alliance, however, rather “hatred of America, of European values ​​and the common image of a pariah outlawed around the world”.

Syria, led by Bashar al-Assad, assured Ahmadineschād of its support in the nuclear dispute on the occasion of a state visit to Damascus . Syria and Iran had formed a "united front against arrogance and dominance," said Ahmadinejad during a visit on January 21, 2006. On October 22nd, 2007, the state of Armenia awarded Ahmadinejad an honorary doctorate from the State University of Yerevan . Armenia recognized the award as a contribution to justice, sincerity, morality and perfection. On November 8, 2007, the Armenian President Robert Kocharyan received the Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammed Najar for a discussion on military cooperation and emphasized the good development of Armenian-Iranian relations.

After American and European threats of sanctions over the Iranian nuclear program, Ahmadineschād sought alliance with the governments of Turkey, Russia and Brazil, which instead of the sanctions policy pursued in the UN Security Council relied on diplomatic negotiations.

In January 2012, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in political science from the University of Havana in Cuba . As justification for the award of the honorary doctorate, the rector of the University of Havana, Gustavo Cobeiro Suárez, declared that Ahmadineschād was defending the right of peoples to self-determination against foreign aggression.

Assassinations

On December 14, 2005, an attack was carried out on the president's car in the province of Sistan and Balochistan near the city of Zabol. One of the President's bodyguards was killed and another injured.

On August 4, 2010, on the way to a speech in the stadium of the western Iranian city of Hamadan, an attack on Ahmadineeshad's vehicle convoy was said to have been committed. Several people were injured. Ahmadinejad himself is said to have remained unharmed.

literature

  • Kasra Naji: Ahmadinejad. The secret history of Iran's radical leader. University of California Press, Berkeley 2008. ISBN 978-0-520-25663-7 .

Web links

Commons : Mahmud Ahmadineschad  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Mahmūd Ahmadī-Nežād  - Quotes
Wikisource: Mahmud Ahmadineschad  - Sources and full texts (English)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Martin Gehlen : Who is Ahmadinejad? In: Der Tagesspiegel . June 14, 2009, accessed August 3, 2015 .
  2. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education : History of Iran: 1979–2009 - Between Revolution, Reform and Restoration , bpb.de , accessed on February 9, 2013
  3. ↑ Kasra Naji, p. 2 ff
  4. ↑ Jörg Lau : A false messiah . In: Cicero , March 2006.
  5. ↑ Alireza Jafarzadeh: The Iran Threat. President Ahmadinejad and the coming nuclear crisis . Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  6. ↑ Photo: Hatami, Tehran . In: Hans-Georg Ebert, Henner Fürtig , Hans-Georg Müller: The Islamic Republic of Iran. Historical origin - economic basis - constitutional structure . Edited by Günter Barthel. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-05-000079-1 , p. 212 ff.
  7. ↑ a b Kasra Naji, p. 29
  8. ↑ Meir Javedanfar: Meet Mrs. Ahmadinejad & Co . In: Middle East Analyst , February 1, 2009.
  9. ↑ Bahman Nirumand : Women on the Front Line. In: Die Tageszeitung , June 10, 2009. See Mr. Ahmadineschād shows his wife. In: Picture , August 18, 2008.
  10. ↑ Ahmadinejad's wife asks Mubarak's wife to facilitate dispatch of aid to Gazans ( Memento from June 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In: Iranian Students' News Agency , January 18, 2009.
  11. ↑ “ Despite the fact that Ahmadinejad's wife has been camera shy until recently, she too has had a strong influence on her husband. "Meir Javedanfar: Meet Mrs. Ahmadinejad & Co . In: Middle East Analyst , February 1, 2009.
  12. ↑ Neil Durkin: Can Mr Ahmadinejad's wife win the election for her husband? On: telegraph.co.uk, June 9, 2009.
  13. ↑ Kasra Naji, p. 1
  14. ^ Online news agency GlobalSecurity.org Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Biography
  15. ↑ a b iran-report No. 09/2005 In: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung ( PDF ; 98 kB)
  16. ↑ Victor Kocher: Clear confirmation of Ahmadinejad In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , June 13, 2009.
  17. ↑ Iran: Clear election victory for Ahmadinejad. In: diepresse.com , June 13, 2009.
  18. ↑ Mousavi calls Wahl a "dangerous staging" ( memento from June 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) on tagesschau.de
  19. ↑ Guardian Council rules out vote nullification Press-TV of June 22, 2009
  20. ^ Solidarity with Ahmadinejad Anton Maegerle in: Tribüne. Journal for the Understanding of Judaism 3rd Quarter 2009, Volume 48, Issue 191.
  21. ↑ Affected by the Tahrir virus. In: Die Zeit , May 26, 2011.
  22. ↑ Kambiz Tavana: The era of Ahmadinejad is coming to an end. In: Die Zeit , July 22, 2011.
  23. ^ A b Parisa Hafezi: Ahmadinejad seen big loser in Iran election on TheCitizen on February 18, 2012.
  24. ↑ a b Saeed Kamali Dehghan: Iran's censors wage web war against Ahmadinejad as elections loom in the Guardian on February 16, 2012.
  25. ↑ Iran's Ahmadinejad to leave politics, newspaper reports , CNN of June 17, 2012
  26. ↑ Ahmadineschād wants to withdraw from politics in 2013. In: N24 , June 16, 2012.
  27. ↑ spiegel.de January 4, 2018: Iran is looking for its scapegoat
  28. ↑ Kasra Naji, p. 10
  29. ^ Daniel Pipes: Mystical threat from Mahmoud Ahmadineschād. New York Sun, January 10, 2006.
  30. ↑ Peter Philipp: Portrait Mahmud Ahmadinejad: Back to the beginnings of the Islamic revolution. Qantara.de, December 30, 2005
  31. ↑ Kasra Naji, p. 92
  32. ^ The Imam Khomeini Education & Research Institute.
  33. ↑ Ulrich Ladurner : Letters to the Redeemer. In: Die Zeit , October 7, 2006.
  34. ↑ http://www.ag-friedensforschung.de/themen/UNO/gipfel2005-iran.html
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  57. ↑ Persian original of Ahmedi-Nedschad's speech of November 2, 2005 ( memento of February 20, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), ISNA
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personal data
SURNAME Ahmadineschād, Mahmud
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ahmadi-Nejad, Mahmud; محمود احمدی‌نژاد
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Iranian politician
DATE OF BIRTH October 28, 1956
PLACE OF BIRTH Aradan, Garmsar