Main Market (Nuremberg)

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The Hauptmarkt is the central square in the old town of Nuremberg .

Aerial view of the main market from the southwest, above the Frauenkirche

The weekly market takes place on the approximately 5,000 square meter open space on weekdays . When the main market is used by the Christkindlesmarkt or other markets and events, the weekly market stalls are relocated to the surrounding pedestrian zone. The square, which was architecturally very important until it was largely destroyed in the Second World War, was only rebuilt very poorly and in a simplified manner in the post-war period, with the exception of the landmarks such as the Frauenkirche and the Schöne Brunnen .

location

Main market from the southeast, on the right the Frauenkirche, in the background the towers of the Sebalduskirche
View around 1900: on the left the Neptune Fountain (installed in the Nuremberg City Park in 1962), on the right the Schöne Brunnen , behind it the Sebaldus Church (around 1900)

The main market is centrally located in the old town on the right side of the Pegnitz in the old town of Sebald .

The square is almost trapezoidal with a length of around 56 meters on the north side, around 75 meters on the east and south sides and around 85 meters on the west side.

On the west side, the square is bounded by the north-south axis between the meat bridge in the south and the Nuremberg town hall in the north.

The main market is almost completely pedestrian, with the exception of a one-way street from Tuchgasse to Waaggasse with a taxi stand on the western edge. On its way between Rathausplatz and Waaggasse, bus line 36 touches the north-western part of the main market.

history

The Jewish Quarter

The area on which the main market is located today was a swamp area on the banks of the Pegnitz in the 12th century. At this time Jews came to the city who had presumably been expelled from the Rhineland . The swamp was left to them as a settlement area.

After the city ​​fortifications of Nuremberg , which previously consisted of two separate wall rings on the right and left of the Pegnitz, were closed around 1320, the Jewish quarter was located in the center of the city. With the consent of Emperor Charles IV , a pogrom took place in 1349 , in which almost 600 Jews were killed and the ghetto was destroyed.

The "Great Market"

The "Green Market", excerpt from the local newspaper from 1811

Instead of the demolished houses of the Jewish ghetto, two large marketplaces were built; on the one hand the fruit market in the northeast of the area, on the other hand the later main market, which was initially called "Green Market" or "Large Market". As a green market it took over the function of the milk market, which until then took place on today's Albrecht-Dürer-Platz and where mainly agricultural products were sold.

The square was only given the name "Hauptmarkt" in 1809 to improve its status compared to or to distinguish it from other marketplaces in the city. To 1809 parts were named the place after taking place there markets: The northwestern part between Waaggasse and School streets named calf market , the southern area was after the sale shopkeepers "Under the long Kräme" named, but was also named after Rieterschen house "Under the Rieter" . In the area of ​​the fish market on the west side of the square, the Nuremberg Stock Exchange was founded in the 16th century , this area was also called "Herrenmarkt" .

The Neptune Fountain (the largest Baroque fountain north of the Alps), commissioned in 1650 after the Peace of Nuremberg as a Friedensmal for the Thirty Years War and completed in 1668, could not be erected for financial and technical reasons (at that time insufficient water supply). The second casting, produced from 1890 onwards, was not installed until 1902.

The most important events in the life of the people of Nuremberg took place on the square, for example the annual Corpus Christi processions in the Middle Ages with the ordination of relics . Furthermore, the “ journeyman piercing ”, festive lance piercing by the Nuremberg patricians , was held for the last time in 1561.

A very special event was always the election of the emperor with subsequent coronation in Frankfurt am Main , because the emperors moved from Vienna via Nuremberg to Frankfurt. In Nuremberg, where they had a traditional residence with the Imperial Castle , tournaments, banquets, church services and other celebrations were held for them. The imperial regalia were also kept in the church of the Nuremberg Holy Spirit Hospital for several centuries since 1424 , since King Sigismund had given them to the free imperial city of Nuremberg "for perpetual safekeeping" . Before the coronations, they were brought to Frankfurt in a solemn and well-guarded escort, where they were received by a council member of the city accompanied by a cavalry regiment. The jewels remained in the custody of the emissaries from Nuremberg and Aachen (where some jewels were also kept) until the day of the coronation and were received again shortly after the coronation and ceremoniously returned to Nuremberg.

photos

Some new buildings were erected in the 19th century. The second cast of the Neptune Fountain from 1668 was placed on the main market in 1902.

  • From the north with Frauenkirche (left) and Schönem Brunnen (right), 1707

  • Looking South, 1714

  • View of the Frauenkirche, 1839

  • From the southwest, 1891

20th century

During the floods of 1909, the main market was also flooded. Towards the end of the Weimar Republic and in the early period of National Socialism the main market became the central place of the party rallies of the Nazi party used and for parades. On March 25, 1933, the name was changed to "Adolf-Hitler-Platz".

In 1934, the National Socialists had the Neptune fountain , which they called the “Jewish fountain”, removed. The reason was that he disrupted the marches and the founder, Ludwig Ritter von Gerngroß, was of Jewish faith. The original (1650) dedication as a Friedensmal, as well as the symbolic meaning for international understanding between Russia and Germany (from the duplication of the fountain first poured in St. Petersburg in 1890) was not in line with the political intentions of the Nazi era compatible. The instruction to move the Neptune Fountain away from the Hauptmarkt was issued by Hitler personally before April 6, 1934.

The old town was badly damaged in the air raids on Nuremberg , which began on August 29, 1943. Above all, on January 2, 1945, high-explosive bombs and incendiary bombs hit the Sebalduskirche , the town hall and the merchant and patrician houses on the main market.

When the US Army took Nuremberg on the evening of April 20, 1945 after the Battle of Nuremberg , it renamed the place “Iron Mike Place” as part of their victory parades. Iron Mike was the nickname of the commanding general of the 3rd Infantry Division , John W. O'Daniel . O'Daniel immediately ordered the renaming to "Roosevelt Place" in honor of the president who had died eight days earlier. A few days later, the square was renamed Hauptmarkt again.

For many years the main market looked like a ghostly backdrop; In 1950, for example, the Schöne Brunnen walled in to protect it from bombing stood lost between ruins and deserted open spaces. The closed spatial impression of the pre-war period could not be restored after the reconstruction, as the multifaceted facades were not restored.

  • Pegnitz flood 1909

  • Deployment of SA and SS departments at the Nazi party rally in 1934

  • Hitler on the main market in 1935

  • The Frauenkirche in January 1945

  • Main market between Tuchgasse and Waaggasse, 1959

Development

Main market with the colonnades built in 1809 and demolished in 1895
Schöne Brunnen and Frauenkirche, 1965

Of the meat shop on the west side of the main market, only the ox portal and the butcher's fountain, which had been created by Hans Werner around 1600, survived the Second World War, along with a few fragments. Chörlein is still in two neighboring houses , one of the houses (Hauptmarkt 9 / Tuchgasse 2) houses the Korn & Berg bookstore .

In the Hauptmarkt 25 property on the corner of Waaggasse, two shops called Marktgewölbe served as meeting rooms for the Nuremberg Stock Exchange. Later the house became the seat of the Board of Commerce and later the Chamber of Commerce , today the Nuremberg Chamber of Commerce and Industry for Middle Franconia. The house is a popular photo opportunity because of the sgraffito , which depicts a medieval Nuremberg merchants' procession.

On the north-western edge of the square are the Sebalduskirche and the Wolff'sche building of the Nuremberg town hall .

The Frauenkirche was built on the east side of the main market in 1352 . It is located where the synagogue of the Jewish quarter stood before the pogrom of 1349 . The art clock called " Männleinlauf " on the west facade of the building facing the main market, which commemorates the decree of the Golden Bull , is one of the city's most important sights.

In 1809 , Carl Haller von Hallerstein set up permanent market stalls, the colonnades, on the main market . They limited the space to the west, north and east. Contemporaries criticized the obstruction of the view of the beautiful fountain and the perceived loss of the representative character as a generously laid out marketplace; the buildings were called "disfigurement". In 1895 the colonnades were torn down again.

In addition to the beautiful fountain , the baroque Neptune fountain was the second market fountain on the square from 1902 to 1934 .

In 1971, as part of the Urbanum Symposion , various sculptures were created that are still in public space. On the northern edge of the Hauptmarkt, on the corner of Rathausgässlein, there is the Stein am Hauptmarkt in Nuremberg made of black Swedish granite by Karl Prantl .

Right next to the stone on the main market in Nuremberg was a memorial to the separation of Germany until 1973. The memorial was a replica of the Berlin Wall with a sign saying “A wall separates the German people”.

Events

The Nuremberg main market during the Bardentreffen, 2008
The soccer globe on the main market, 2005

In addition to the weekly market (Green Market), the marketplace is also often a venue for celebrations.

In front of the Schopper 's house (Hauptmarkt 15), the healing ceremony took place from 1425 as part of the Easter mass . During the Reichstag , tournaments and other popular amusements were held in the main market.

In addition to Bardentreffen , the Nuremberg Old Town Festival and the Christkindlesmarkt, other markets take place on the main market, including the asparagus market, the Easter market, the autumn market and the Trempelmarkt, one of the largest flea markets in Germany.

As part of the 950th anniversary of the city of Nuremberg in 2000, the historic mile Nuremberg was inaugurated, the main market is represented with three stations on the tour (the ox portal at the meat house, the beautiful fountain and the main market itself).

The carnival fair took place on the main market until 2006; from 2007 it was moved to Jakobsplatz in order to reduce the number of days on which the market had to be moved in favor of the market traders.

Between July 19 and September 4, 2005, the football globe , part of the cultural program to get in the mood for the 2006 Football World Cup , stopped at the main market; During the 2006 tournament, the main market was the location of a “kick & groove park”. A controversial sculpture by the artist Olaf Metzel with the title Goodbye made of towered stadium seats that enveloped the beautiful fountain.

The victory celebrations of 1. FC Nürnberg are also held on the main market. Most recently, more than 20,000 fans celebrated winning the DFB Cup there on May 27, 2007 .

In September 2005, the District Ride in Nuremberg was held for the first time , a freeride mountain bike event with 40,000–60,000 spectators. The start was at the Kaiserburg , the goal was the main market. Due to the unexpected success, the major sporting event was repeated in 2006, 2011 and 2014 and will take place for the fifth time in 2017.

Monument protection

The following buildings on the main market are under monument protection (list starting in the south in a clockwise direction):

  • Meat bridge
  • Hauptmarkt 1: Ochsenportal at the Fleischhaus, see also: Fleischbrücke # Other
  • Hauptmarkt 1: Fleischhauerbrunnen, wall fountain (around 1600) at the former meat shop
  • Tuchgasse 1: The wooden chorus on the house
  • Hauptmarkt 9 / Tuchgasse 2: Wooden choir made from the remains of a choir from the early 18th century with additions, it has been on the new building of the Korn & Berg bookstore since 1975
  • Hauptmarkt 25/27: Haus der Wirtschaft (Chamber of Commerce and Industry), semi-detached house with turret
  • Winklerstraße 26: Sebalduskirche
  • Rathausplatz 2: Nuremberg town hall , Wolff'scher building
  • Hauptmarkt 18: New Town Hall
  • Beautiful fountain
  • Hauptmarkt 14: Frauenkirche

  • Hauptmarkt 9 / Tuchgasse 2 with a small choir

  • Hauptmarkt 27 (Haus der Wirtschaft), on the right, Schöner Brunnen

  • Fleischhauer fountain

literature

Web links

Commons : Hauptmarkt (Nuremberg)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Erich Mulzer: Neptune's random journeys (history of the Neptune fountain). In: Nürnberger Altstadtberichte, Ed .: Altstadtfreunde Nürnberg e. V., issue 13 (1988)
  2. ^ Herbert Maas: Nuremberg street names. The problem of naming streets in a modern city. In: Communications from the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg. 1994, p. 160 , accessed January 6, 2008 .
  3. ↑ Minutes of the secret meeting of the city council on April 18, 1934 / Stadtarchiv Nürnberg AvN, C7 / 1 GR 5354 / No. 20
  4. ↑ Franconian daily newspaper, party organ of the NSDAP from June 12, 1934
  5. ↑ Note on the files of the municipal building department (Ref X.6) from April 30, 1934: "(...) Precisely because the fountain is from a Jew and is so ostentatious in the middle of Adolf-Hitler-Platz (note renaming of the main market 1934- 1945) it has to be removed! - Nuremberg City Archives AvN, C7 / 1 GR No. 5354 / serial No. 26.
  6. ^ Anton Bosch: The Peace of Westphalia and the Neptune Fountain , Nuremberg / Munich 2004
  7. ^ Anton Bosch: Two Nuremberg Neptune Fountains Make European History , Nuremberg / Munich 2004
  8. ↑ City Archives Nuremberg C7 I 5354 sheet 75, there: "... The Chancellor (has) ... requested the removal of the Neptune fountain ... before this year's party congress"
  9. ↑ Removal of the memorial on the main market
  10. ^ City of Nuremberg: New location for the “Tolle Tage” carnival event - Green Market remains on the main market. Press release 81, January 29, 2007
  11. ^ City of Nuremberg: Enthusiastic reception for the club's cup heroes, press release 534, May 27, 2007
  12. ↑ September 2017: 5th District Ride in Nuremberg
  13. ↑ History of the house at Hauptmarkt 27

Coordinates: 49 ° 27 ′ 14 ″  N , 11 ° 4 ′ 37 ″  E