Frauenkirche (Nuremberg)

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woman Church

West facade of the church

Basic data
Denomination Roman Catholic
place Nuremberg , Germany
diocese Archdiocese of Bamberg
Patronage Maria
Building history
Client Emperor Charles IV
Building description
inauguration 1358
Architectural style Gothic
Function and title

Parish church of the parish of Our Lady Nuremberg

Coordinates 49 ° 27 '14.4 "  N , 11 ° 4' 40.8"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 27 '14.4 "  N , 11 ° 4' 40.8"  E

The Frauenkirche , today the Roman Catholic parish church of Our Lady , is one of the most important churches in Nuremberg on the east side of the main market . It was built at the instigation of Emperor Karl in the Parlerzeit from 1352 to 1362 as a hall church with three by three bays ; On the west side, facing the market, there is a vestibule, in the east a two-bay choir with a 5/8 end adjoins the width of the central nave . The western gable with a tracery tabernacle for the so-called “ Männleinlauf ” from 1509, which is still in operation, was designed by Adam Kraft . Many sculptures of high quality have been preserved from the construction period around 1360 (some of them have been heavily restored).

history

The interior of the Frauenkirche, copper engraving from 1696

The church was built on the site of the synagogue destroyed by the plague pogrom in 1349. The client was Emperor Charles IV. Research repeatedly cites Peter Parler , the builder of St. Vitus Cathedral , as the architect , without this being able to be proven. The altars at the choir entrance were consecrated in 1358, and the building was completed in the 1360s. The chapel subsequently served as an imperial court chapel and as a meeting place for the aristocratic Fürspännergesellschaft . In connection with the baptism of the imperial heir to the throne Wenzel in the nearby church of St. Sebald in 1361, the presentation of the imperial regalia from the handling of the Michael choir has been handed down. However, the arbor in front of the west facade of the Frauenkirche was not intended for regular instructions from the imperial regalia, but rather for the instruction of the extensive own valuable relic possessions, which u. a. Charles IV had donated. The unusual three-dimensional program of the portals and keystones of the church refers to the birth of the imperial heir to the throne, Wenceslaus.

In the years 1442 and 1443 Heinrich Traxdorf from Mainz built a "medium and a small organ". In 1487 the sacristy, which had burned down in 1466, was restored. In the years 1506–1508 Adam Kraft created a new west gable. Lutheran since the Reformation in Nuremberg in 1525, the church was transformed into a sermon church by adding galleries. After Nuremberg fell to the new Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 , a Roman Catholic parish was able to form, which acquired the building in 1810 and had it completely renovated by Lorenz Rotermundt by 1816 . 1946–1953, war damage was repaired; only the walls of the nave and the facade were preserved. 1989–1991 the structure was repaired. A Star of David with the year "1349" was placed in the floor of the choir to commemorate the pogrom against the Jewish settlement on Hauptmarkt in 1349. Since 2003 the outer west facade has been renovated.

Furnishing

Interior view of the Frauenkirche

In the interior of the Frauenkirche numerous works of art from the Middle Ages have survived, which, however, often did not come into the church until the early 19th century, when it was refurbished for Catholic worship after centuries of Protestant use, e.g. B. the so-called Tucher Altar (around 1440/1450; comes from the demolished Augustinian Church), Peringsdörffer's sandstone epitaph by Adam Kraft (around 1498, also from the Augustinian monastery). From the medieval original furnishings of the Frauenkirche have been preserved: Stone sculpture cycle from around 1360 in the choir (including Adoration of the Kings, St. Wenceslas, Man of Sorrows); Annunciation angels and chandelier angels from the circle of Veit Stoss (early 16th century), remains of the first high altar retable around 1400 (the painted panels are now in the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg and in the Frankfurt Städel, clay figures in the Prague National Gallery). The successor on the high altar, the so-called Welser table from the early 16th century, is only preserved today in fragments (wing parts in the Germanic National Museum). The famous so-called “Nuremberg Tonapostel” from around 1400 (today Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, and St. Jakob Church) also come from the Frauenkirche. A rosary tablet from the area around Veit Stoss is now also in the Germanic National Museum.

organ

Prospectus of the Klais organ

The existence of an organ in the Frauenkirche can be traced back to the year 1442.

Today's organ goes back to an instrument that was built in 1957 by the organ building company Johannes Klais (Bonn) with 26  stops on three manuals and a pedal . It had electrical action and hung as a swallow's nest on the head wall of the aisle. In the mid-1980s, the instrument was rebuilt and expanded and has now been placed on the church floor. 20 registers were taken over from the previous instrument from 1957. The Schleifwindladen instrument today has 42 stops on three manuals and a pedal. The game actions are mechanical, the stop actions are electric. The console is attached to the organ base.

I main work C – a 3
1. Dumped 16 ′
2. Principal 8th'
3. Double flute 8th'
4th Gemshorn 8th'
5. Octave 4 ′
6th Pointed flute 4 ′
7th Fifth 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
8th. Super octave 2 ′
9. Mixture V
10. Cornet V 8th'
11. Trumpet 8th'
II Positive C – a 3
12. Bourdon 8th'
13. Quintad 8th'
14th Principal 4 ′
15th Flute covered 4 ′
16. Nasard 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
17th Octave 2 ′
18th third 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′
19th Larigot 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
20th Scharff IV
21st Cromorne 8th'
22nd Vox humana 8th'
Tremulant
III Swell C – a 3
23. Wooden principal 8th'
24. Reed flute 8th'
25th Gamba 8th'
26th Vox coelestis 8th'
27. Violin principal 4 ′
28. Flûte octaviante 4 ′
29 recorder 2 ′
30th Plein jeu V
31. Basson 16 ′
32. Trompette harmonique 8th'
33. Hautbois 8th'
Tremulant
Pedal C – a 1
34. Principal bass 16 ′
35. Sub-bass 16 ′
36. Fifth 10 2 ⁄ 3  ′
37. Octave 8th'
38. Tube bare 8th'
39. Tenor octave 4 ′
40. Rauschpfeife IV
41. trombone 16 ′
42. Trumpet 8th'

Exterior of the church

Men running down

Men running down
Men run in full HD
Front view of the entire clock

With this term, the vernacular describes the art clock with the revolving of figures on the west gable of the church, which is activated by a mechanism when it hits midday at noon and sends the seven electors on a paying tour around the emperor three times. The Männleinlauf was founded in 1356 by Emperor Charles IV in memory of the Golden Bull . Its first 23 chapters are known as the Nuremberg Code of Law, they were drawn up there and promulgated on January 10, 1356 at the Nuremberg Court Convention. An art clock on the completed Frauenkirche is guaranteed as early as 1361: The church's salary book specifies the “tip” for the sacristan that he received for maintenance. 150 years later, to commemorate this day in 1506, the decision was made to renovate it and work began. The art clock was completed in 1509. It is an astronomical clock and is one of the moon clocks with a moon ball . Above the main portal, the electors and the emperor should be represented in an ornate clockwork. In the years 1506–1509 the master locksmith Jörg Heuss and the coppersmith Sebastian Lindenast the Elder made the clock. The work was designed and built by Heuss, while Lindenast supplied the copper-driven figures. The cost was approximately 1640 guilders. The dial, the figure of the emperor and that of the fanfare players still date from this period. A blue and gold moon ball above the dial shows the phases of the moon . In 1823 the figures of the society, those of the seven electors and a herald, were sold because of their metal value and were later replaced by wooden ones. During the Second World War, the work was kept in the Nuremberg art bunker .

Procedure:
At noon at twelve o'clock after the hour has passed (including a short waiting time for the work to start) the two fanfare players raise their instruments three times. Then the flute player (who plays silently) and the drumstick come into action above them, then the bust of the crier who silently moves his mouth and rings a bell, and a bust that holds up a book and points to it. With a constant double bells (in the wrought-iron turret, two men dressed in Turkish costumes alternately hit a bell with a hammer), two doors open to the left and right of the emperor, enthroned in golden regalia.
Now the real men run begins :
The seven electors come out of the right door, run towards the emperor and turn in the middle to him and back again in the direction of the run. The figure of the emperor greets with the scepter. After going around three times, the whole train disappears inside the clock.
The figures of the electors are endowed with the attributes of the ore offices . The three archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier each hold a parchment as a sign of their chancellor status. The King of Bohemia is depicted in a royal robe with a crown and scepter and holds a cup in his right hand as a sign of the giver of ore . The subsequent Count Palatine near Rhine as an archdeader carries a (silver) bowl, the Duke of Saxony as Archmarschall carries a sword as an attribute and finally the Margrave of Brandenburg as ore treasurer a key. The elector's regalia is not shown correctly in the figures. The attributes also partly do not match the medieval ones ( coronation of the Roman-German kings and emperors ).

Christkindlesmarkt

At the opening of the Nuremberg Christkindlesmarkt , the Christ Child speaks the prologue on the balcony of the Frauenkirche (2009)

At the opening of the Nuremberg Christkindlesmarkt , the Christkind speaks the prologue on the gallery of the Frauenkirche, below the Männleinlauf, in the direction of the main market.

Church book

Hans Stromer and Wilh. Ebner commissioned the painter Albrecht Glockendon to paint a miniature for a church book , which was completed in 1518.

photos

  • Outside view

  • Layout

  • In January 1945

  • West portal, archivolt with sculptures

  • West portal, northern gusset, with prophet and gargoyles

  • Frauenkirche at night

  • Pergenstorffer epitaph

  • Cloth altar

  • West facade

  • West facade with the main market

  • Main entrance

  • Entrance hall ceiling

  • Clock above the main portal

  • inside view

literature

  • Robert Leyh: The Frauenkirche in Nuremberg. Catholic Parish Church of Our Lady . Photos Reinhard Bruckner. [Engl. Translated from the caption: Margaret Marks]. Munich; Zurich: Schnell and Steiner, 1992, 56 pp., ISBN 3-7954-0721-4 (Large Art Guide; Volume 167)
  • Günther Bräutigam book review Robert Leyh: The Frauenkirche in Nuremberg . Munich; Zurich: Schnell and Steiner, 1992, p. 264 f. - online
  • Dehio manual : Bavaria I. Franconia . 2nd edition, Munich 1999, p. 739 ff.
  • Bernhard J. Huber, Hans R. Mackenstein: The male running at the Frauenkirche in Nuremberg and its history. In: Annual journal of the German Chronometry Society. Volume 44, 2005, pp. 127-160.
  • Gerhard Weilandt: On the origin of the Nuremberg Tonapostel. A current contradiction and some new discoveries. In: Kunstchronik 56 (2003), pp. 408–414.
  • Gerhard Weilandt: The high altar retable of the Nuremberg Frauenkirche. A major work of art around 1400 (location studies V) . In: Art as an instrument of power. Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire under the Luxembourgers in a European context , ed. v. Jiří Fajt / Andrea Langer, Berlin / Munich 2009, pp. 196–220.
  • Günter Heß, Viktoria Huck: 500 years of men running , ed. v. Catholic Parish Office of Our Lady, Nuremberg, 2009
  • Gerhard Weilandt: The longed-for heir to the throne - the image programs of the Frauenkirche in Nuremberg between rule practice and reliquary cult in the age of Emperor Charles IV. , In: Church as a construction site. Great sacred buildings of the Middle Ages , ed. v. Katja Schröck / Bruno Klein / Stefan Bürger, Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-412-20976-6 , pp. 224–242.

Web links

Commons : Frauenkirche  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ More about the organ of the Frauenkirche ; see. also the information on the organ builder's website
  2. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from September 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.belocal.de
  3. ↑ a b http://www.nordbayern.de/2.192/who-is-who-beim-mannleinlaufen-1.605922
  4. ↑ Gudrun Wolfschmidt (Ed.): Astronomy in Nuremberg - on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the death of Bernhard Walther and the 300th anniversary of the death of Georg Chr. Eimmart. tredition science, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-86850-609-9
  5. ↑ a b http://www.uhrenlexikon.de/begriff.php?begr=M%E4nnleinlaufen
  6. ↑ DIRECTORY OF THE v.DERSCHAUISCHE Kunstkabinett zu NÜRNBERG .... Nuremberg, at the obligated auctionator Schmidmer., 1825., 250 p., Directory of rare art collections., 1825., Google Books, online , p. 83, (31.)