Heyde House (Unna)
Haus Heyde , also spelled Heide , was a noble residence in the far north of the Westphalian village of Uelzen , which has been part of Unna since January 1st, 1968 . Heyde was first mentioned in 1343. The estate was demolished in 1966.
Of the nine noble families who owned the moated castle, the last and most famous was the von Bodelschwingh family .
The noble owners
There is a risk of confusion with regard to the early history of Haus Heyde. There is and was an abundance of places and family names with Heide / Heiden in the different spellings in the German-speaking area . In North Rhine-Westphalia alone there were six different noble families called Heiden, each with its own coat of arms, and five Heyde houses .
Opper Heide / by Hilbecke
The first named owner of Haus Heyde near Unna was probably in 1343 a "Friderich opper Heide" or "van der Heide", of whom we only know that he was a "Witness to Unna" in that year. Perhaps he was a member of the von Hilbeck family , who lived in nearby ( Werl -) Hilbeck.
Blast
The first reliable documentary evidence of the existence of the aristocratic residence comes from 1422 and 1479 in relation to a knight named Henrike Sprenge "Herr zur Heyden und Borgmühlen". Borgmühl is an agricultural estate in (Unna-) Mühlhausen located 1.5 km to the south and still in existence today . The knightly family Sprenge , which probably died out at the end of the 15th century, played an important role in local history. The Unna city church still has a communion chalice , which was given to it by a Menricus Sprenge around 1400. Heinrich Sprenge was a knight in the Baltic in 1451 ; Johann Sprenge made a donation to the church in (Unna-) Lünern in 1467 .
From the bar
At the end of the 15th century, Haus Heyde was married to the widely ramified von der Recke family , who lived on the not far away "Haus zur Heyde" (now called Haus Reck ) in what is now Hamm - Lerche and for a long time the Drosten von Unna and Kamen posed. Because of the local proximity and the similarity of names, there are many unanswered questions.
From Torck
Around 1500 Jasper Torck bought the Heyde house near Unna from the Bruges house that still exists today in ( Bönen -) Lenningsen, then Droste von Unna and Kamen. He bequeathed it to his daughter Katrin, who was married to Matthias (or Thies) von Aldenbockum († 1506/07). Matthias became his successor as Droste von Unna and Kamen.
From Aldenbockum
In the 16th century, three generations of those from Aldenbockum owned and lived in Haus Heyde. The three knights - Thyes, Matthias and Johann - were respected, pious and socially minded men. In 1586 the brothers Johann and Diederich von Aldenbockum, together with other men, made a donation for the Kamen school. From the third, "Johann vonn Altenbokum zuer Heidenn" († before 1593), the extensive will is still preserved, which he wrote in 1585 together with his wife from his second marriage, Mette Bycker. In it they offer the poor in Unna an annual pension of five Malter Korn and the school in Hamm a one-time payment of 60 Reichstaler .
From Ascheberg
For almost the entire 17th century, five generations of the von Ascheberg family sat at Haus Heyde. Heberich (Heilwig or Sibrich), daughter of Johann von Aldenbockum and his second wife Mette, who inherited the Heyde house, had married a “Heidenreich von Ascheberg, Herr zu Byinck ”. Her son, Aldenbockum von Ascheberg († 1624), gave the Unna church a gold-plated silver sacrament chalice in 1620. Seven tombstones of those from Ascheberg can still be seen there today. It was this family who built the mansion , which was demolished in 1966, at the beginning of the 17th century . She became impoverished as a result of the Thirty Years' War .
From Palant
Johan Diederich Heidenreich von Ascheberg zu Byinck and Heyde, who died childless in 1712, bequeathed Haus Heyde to his sister's son, Jan Steffen Heidenreich von Palant zu Schadeburg (* 1705). He sold it - obviously without ever having lived in it and probably for lack of money - in 1743 to a noble "Obristwachtmeister" from the Sauerland in the service of Frederick the Great , namely to Christoph Friedrich Steffen von Plettenberg zu Lenhausen - Stockum (1698–1777).
From Plettenberg
Heydes' “big time” began with Christoph Friedrich Steffen von Plettenberg . He is also the first resident of Haus Heyde whose picture has been passed down. On March 9, 1734, he married Charlotta Sibilla Hendrina von Edelkirchen from a house in Heyde near Halver in the Sauerland (which later led to confusion in the Bodelschwingh family tree). Since he belonged to the Protestant line of von Plettenberg , he was not eligible for parliament in the Catholic Duchy of Westphalia , so he could not earn his living in this way and therefore entered Prussian services. After the fire in the main seat of his family branch, the Lower House in Lenhausen, in 1732, he sold the ruins and all of his Lenhaus property to the owner of the Upper House, Count Friedrich Bernhard Wilhelm von Plettenberg, who belonged to the Catholic line of Plettenberg-Lenhausen . With the proceeds and the proceeds from his participation in the First Silesian War (1740–1742) he financed the purchase price of 40,722 Reichstalers for House Heyde.
Apparently Christoph Friedrich was a capable officer. In the Second Silesian War he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and received one of the two highest Prussian awards, the order Pour le Mérite . In the Third Silesian War, the Seven Years' War , he took part as major general . In the battle of Prague on May 6, 1757, in which he commanded two Prussian dragoons regiments, he was so badly wounded that he was unable to return to the field. In the following year Frederick the Great entrusted him with the care of the Remonten, the 3-4 year old young horses of the Prussian army. In 1761, at the age of 62, he retired from military service with the rank of lieutenant general due to illness. He then lived at the Heyde house and in 1768 bought the neighboring Gut Binkhoff . It was probably he - but maybe his son Henrich Ludwig (1744–1799) - who converted the Heyde house into a three-winged U-shape in the Baroque style and laid out the park, of which a number of trees have survived. After his death on March 17th, 1777 he was buried in the choir of the Unna city church; but his tombstone is no longer there.
His son and heir, Henrich Ludwig von Plettenberg (1744-1799), the 1767 Sophie Charlotte von Plettenberg-armies from neighboring (still existing) Water Castle House Heeren married could, in 1785, 6 km north to Good Bögge in today Bönen with Bandaged Acquire Gut Nordhof for 40,950 Reichstaler. As a result, the ownership of those from Plettenberg to Heyde roughly doubled.
From Bodelschwingh
Henrich Ludwig's eldest daughter Friederike von Plettenberg (1768–1850) - he had no sons - married Franz von Bodelschwingh- Velmede (1754–1827) in today's Bergkamen in 1785 . As a result, Heyde's house later came to the von Bodelschwingh family . Friederike and Franz became the first parents of a widely ramified family with important personalities, through which Haus Heyde became known nationwide. Four generations of those from Bodelschwingh lived in Haus Heyde, which "was the real center of the family at that time" until the fourth generation sold the estate to the city of Kamen in 1927 . The family had a second residence in the center of Hamm , mainly to give the children a good education.
Since Friederike's husband Franz was the heir of the Velmede and Töddinghausen estates in what is now Bergkamen, the couple owned six estates, making them one of the wealthiest in the area. After her husband's death in 1827, Friederike lived on Heyde until her death in 1850. Although small and delicate, she was of a very willful nature, who for her grandchildren - and many others - was "the most highly respected figure on earth". Her husband Franz, on the other hand, was seen as a landlord with a soft heart who was very lenient towards defaulting tenants.
The marriage had three children:
- Sophie (1791-1855), later heiress of goods Bögge and north courtyard, married in 1815 Constant Freiherr Quadt-Wykradt-Hüchtenbruck, a Prussian General of the Infantry ,
- Ernst (1794–1854), later heir to the Velmede and Töddinghausen estates, and
- Carl (1800–1873), later heir to the Heyde and Binkhoff estates.
Both brothers, who are among the most important personalities who produced the districts of Hamm and Unna , held high and highest offices with remarkably similar careers: District Administrator , District President , Prussian Finance Minister, Member of Parliament. Both resigned as ministers - Ernst in 1848 and Carl in 1866 - when government policy no longer corresponded to their basic conceptions.
Carl, who was Prussian finance minister for eleven years before his abdication, was also Commendator (= chairman) of the Westphalian Johanniter and was very committed to social issues. In 1827 he married Elise von Bodelschwingh-Plettenberg (1806-1889) from what is now Dortmund- Bodelschwingh . The fifth of their eleven children, Ida (1835-1894), married her cousin Friedrich von Bodelschwingh (1831-1910, son of Carl's brother Ernst ) in 1861 at Haus Heyde . Later she built up the von Bodelschwingh institutions in Bielefeld-Bethel with him . One of her sons, Pastor "Fritz" von Bodelschwingh (1877–1946), from 1910 head of the Bodelschwinghsche Gesamtanstalten, gave a vivid picture of the grandchildren's annual holidays on Heyde in his book From a bright childhood , which was published in 14 editions.
In the middle of the 19th century, prominent people frequented Haus Heyde who were friends with von Bodelschwingh, such as Baron von und zum Stein , the reformer of Prussia , Baron Ludwig von Vincke , the first President of the Province of Westphalia , and the later famous court preacher King Friedrich Wilhelm III. Rulemann Eylert , who wrote down some of his reflections on Heyde .
After Carl's death, his eighth child, the only surviving son Udo (1840–1921), inherited the family seat. He was a career officer who only stayed a few weeks each year on Heyde and ended his active career at the age of 49. Presumably he had contact with the imperial family, because on his grave slab in the family cemetery in Velmede it says: “Udo Freiherr von Bodelschwingh, Königlicher Oberst a. D., master of ceremonies and chamberlain . "
After Udo's death, Haus Heyde inherited his eldest daughter Leopoldine (1875–1937), who was married to Lieutenant General of the Cavalry Dietrich von Bodelschwingh (1862–1939), a grandson of Ernst (1794–1854). After the First World War, Dietrich resigned and the family of six lived at Haus Heyde for about four years - from 1919 to 1923. In 1927 they sold the estate for 346,000 Reichsmarks to the neighboring town of Kamen, which was interested in the land as a land for exchange.
Building history
The beginnings of the plant are in the dark. It is likely that it originated in a courtyard. In the late Middle Ages, the moats were expanded to include the pond with an island that is still there today. A castle- like tower complex was probably built on the island for better defense . In this way, a two-island complex with an upper castle (on the small island) and a lower castle (on the Gruppenhof) was created. The manor house, which was demolished in 1966, was apparently rebuilt at the beginning of the 17th century on the large island of the Gruppenhof. A bell with the year 1605 - now lost - and a still preserved chest from 1622 indicate this time. Later, the initially separate buildings - probably by Christoph Friedrich von Plettenberg or his son Henrich Ludwig - were combined to form the three-winged palace complex that can be seen on the original map from 1828. The large barn, which was demolished in 1961 and stood outside the moat, is also shown on this map. In the absence of any soil finds, it cannot be ruled out that the original facility was located a little further north on the lower-lying streams Mühlbach, Ahlbach or Kortelbach.
Each of the three wings of the U-shaped system was around 50 m long with a ridge height of 20 m. It had 56 rooms when it was demolished. The two-storey mansion as the oldest part, which was built largely from rubble stones, had 1 m thick outer walls and had two barrel-vaulted cellars. The knight's hall was 20.5 m long, almost 8 m wide and 5 m high. The castle was surrounded by a park with a number of other bodies of water, initially in the style of a baroque garden , later an English garden . From the manor house you had a wide view of the landscape down to the strand of hair to the south .
About 150 m southeast of the castle was the family cemetery, which was laid out in 1832, the remains of which can still be recognized today. 19 people were buried there by 1921, with one exception, all members of the von Bodelschwingh-Heyde family and their spouses. In 1938 the cemetery was closed. Some of the dead were transferred with tombstones to the von Bodelschwingh family cemetery in (Bergkamen-) Velmede, the other part remained at Haus Heyde. A memorial plaque on the Velmed cemetery commemorates them.
The manor
The manor Haus Heyde comprised around 106 hectares in 1920, 82 of which were in (Unna-) Uelzen , the rest in Unna and (Unna-) Mühlhausen . Up to the middle of the 19th century, when the farmers were able to replace their farms, the estate still had up to ten farms, most of them in Mühlhausen. The von Bodelschwingh did not manage their estates themselves, but instead used a rent master who had to send them monthly reports to their respective whereabouts; at times the goods were also leased. In the middle of the 19th century, mainly rye and wheat were grown, but also potatoes , oats , barley , beetroot , beans , clover and flax . Large parts were permanent grassland. A herd of about 250 sheep were kept of cattle and usually 8 horses, 70 to 80 pigs, plus cows, calves and a number of chickens. The fruits - pears, apples and plums - were used themselves. At least in the 18th and 19th centuries, a hunter was also employed. But only hares, partridges and snipes were hunted; There were no deer or even larger animals. There was plenty of fish in the moats, ponds, and streams.
A grain mill and an oil mill also belonged to the estate ; the grain mill 300 m south and the oil mill, whose building is still standing today, 300 m north of the castle, both located on the Mühlbach. Both mills were leased to a miller. In addition, had the Plettenberg and then the von Bodelschwingh the Unnaer windmill in today's Mill Road from 1796 to the mid-19th century in perpetual lease after it had lain still for long. They rebuilt it and had a miller run it as a sub-tenant.
The abundance of water in the area repeatedly created problems due to boggy meadows and boggy paths, but also had advantages: In addition to operating the mills, it was used to "float" the meadows in early spring and to deliver water to the salt works in the neighboring Unna- Königsborn , which were at times the largest in all of Westphalia .
Railroad process
In 1876 the Unna-Königsborn-Welver railway line (closed in 1968 and then dismantled) went into operation. It separated a third of the southern lands from the manor by a high dam. The von Bodelschwingh, represented by Ernst von Bodelschwingh (1830-1881) as a plenipotentiary, at that time the district administrator, initially opposed the expropriation decision and then led a trial through three instances up to the Imperial Court because of the amount of compensation . It was probably a kind of model trial that Ernst, as a lawyer and expert, carried out for many other affected parties during the time of the railway construction at the time. It was about a number of fundamental questions that were new at the time, such as the assessment of nuisance, alarming of the cattle or the cutting of a previously connected area. The von Bodelschwingh lost the process.
City estate owned by Kamen
After the town of Kamen had bought the manor from the von Bodelschwingh family in mid-1927, they leased a number of properties to farmers in the area the following year. The core area of the property with around 56 hectares and some of the buildings were leased to the Dutch flower and vegetable farmer Piet Heeman and his partner Heinrich Krings. Heeman then managed the estate continuously until 1960. He made cauliflower popular in Westphalia in the 1930s . He also grew flowers in large fields, especially tulips. During the Second World War , over 20 Poles and Russians were housed in the castle. There were also up to eight tenants who lived there for a long time after the war.
Then for 10 years, from 1955 to 1965, Haus Heyde became a center of music and youth. It was the seat of the youth association Musikantengilde, which leased the manor house and a piece of wasteland and repaired both. There were chamber music evenings and open singing lessons, children's camps and tent camps; it was a training center and conference venue for youth leaders. The local press reported extensively.
cancellation
Then suddenly the city of Kamen canceled the lease agreements. Since the buildings were in poor condition, if not dilapidated, the city had them demolished in May 1966 with the consent of the state curator. The demolition material was used to fill two arms of the moat. It is unclear whether the two cellars under the manor house have been preserved. The city of Kamen sold the entire area for 3.1 million DM on October 1, 1970 through the mediation of the Economic Development Corporation of the Unna district. The majority of the plots went to farmers as exchange areas, the areas for the settlement of the United German Metalworks ( VDM ) in Kamen had given up. The city of Unna, to whose urban area the former estate has belonged since 1968, bought the 28 hectares that were left over from the property exchange.
Remaining area owned by Unna
The remaining area bought by Unna is the core area around the former moated castle. At the request of the Westphalian Museum of Archeology, the remaining moats and the former garden area to the south were placed under protection as a ground monument . This was justified by the fact that "the older building history could be investigated here through any excavations that might become necessary", since "Heide House was important for human history as one of the most important landlords in this area". In 1994 the city of Unna had the remaining moat desludged and two years later the original course of the Mühlbach was restored. a. to supply the graves with sufficient water.
Today the area of the former estate is particularly remarkable for its tree population: five trees (two plane trees and one copper beech, pedunculate oak and horse chestnut each) are protected as natural monuments . With a trunk circumference of 7.12 m (measured at a height of 130 cm), one of the two plane trees is the thickest tree in the Unna district. In the meantime it has been established that the 250 to 300 year old tree is the thickest plane tree in Westphalia and the second thickest in all of North Rhine-Westphalia. In addition, there are over 20 specimens of the black poplar (Populus nigra ssp. Nigra), which is very rare in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the middle of 1997 the 28 hectares belonging to the city of Unna became part of the new nature reserve "Uelzener Heide / Mühlhauser Mark" . Investigations in 2002/2003 revealed an unusually large number of bat species , namely eight, and ground beetles were very rare on the Grünen in North Rhine-Westphalia . In 2004, a little noctule swift named “Bella” by the media, a species of bat that is rare in our country, caused a sensation across Europe. She had been found completely exhausted a year earlier in Unna Mitte. She was nursed up by bat experts, ringed and released at Haus Heyde. They were found again near Madrid in Spain - 1500 km away. It was the second longest ever recorded flight of a small noctule.
An application by the Heimatverein to dig up the two grave arms that were filled in in 1966 and to use the excavation to indicate the outlines of the palace complex was rejected by the responsible monument office in 2006. This leaves two interesting questions unanswered: Was the medieval castle complex on today's Gräftinsel or further away directly on the streams? Does the mansion's barrel vaulted cellar still exist?
Others
The sixth and last part of the fantastic youth novel Grenzgänger , published in June 2014, takes place at Haus Heyde . A Ruhrpott road movie , written by 66 young people from six cities in the Ruhr area. It was written by eight students from the Geschwister-Scholl-Gymnasium in Unna . Characteristic features of the old knight's seat such as the “magical” plane tree, ancestor of Plettenberg, Mühlbach, the abandoned family cemetery and bats play an important role.
literature
- Josef Cornelissen: Haus Heyde lives on - 36 pictures about an extraordinary spot in Unna . Publication series of the city of Unna, Volume 46, 2005, ISBN 3-927082-49-X (31 pages, DIN A4).
- Josef Cornelissen: Ida von Bodelschwingh - an important woman from Unna (a slide presentation put on paper). Publication series of the city of Unna, Volume 42, 2nd improved edition, 2005, ISBN 3-927082-43-0 (31 pages, DIN A4).
- Josef Cornelissen: In the footsteps of old aristocratic residences - mysterious coat of arms stone from 1661 discovered . In: Jahrbuch des Kreis Unna 2005, Vol. 26. ISBN 3-924210-48-9 , pp. 98-102.
- Josef Cornelissen: Heyde house demolished in 1966 - only the trees remained for posterity . In: Nature Report - Yearbook of the Nature Promotion Society for the Unna District, Edition 3, 1999/2000, ISBN 3-925608-59-1 , pp. 97–99.
- Josef Cornelissen: Heyde House near Unna - A Westphalian aristocratic residence in its eventful fate . Publication series of the city of Unna, Volume 35. 1998, ISBN 3-927082-37-6 (352 pages, DIN A4).
- Ralf Sänger: Trees - wonderful beings in the Unna district . Text research: Martina Poggel. Revised and exp. Edition. Kettler, Bönen 2003, ISBN 3-935019-81-5 (170 pages).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Heide House (Halver) . GenWiki. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
- ↑ Volker Kennemann: The "Lower House" in Lenhausen. In: To Bigge, Lenne and Fretter, Heft 34, Finnentrop 2011, p. 59 ff.
- ↑ Sarah Meyer-Dietrich, Sascha Pranschke, Inge Meyer-Dietrich (eds.): Grenzgänger. A Ruhrpott road movie . 1st edition. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8375-1207-6 , p. 135 ff.
Coordinates: 51 ° 33 ′ 57.4 " N , 7 ° 43 ′ 22.8" E