Bodelschwingh House

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Bodelschwingh House, view from the south

The Haus Bodelschwingh is a moated castle in the Dortmund area Bodelschwingh , of the municipality Mengede belongs. It is one of 18 aristocratic residences in Dortmund and is considered the largest and most representative complex in the city.

Today's castle was the ancestral seat of the von Bodelschwingh family and developed from a simple two-room house from the late Middle Ages , which was built in the 16th and 17th centuries. Century was expanded in the style of the Renaissance . When the heir's daughter married at the end of the 19th century, it came to the Innhausen and Knyphausen families, who still own the castle today.

The complex is entered as a monument in the list of monuments of the city of Dortmund . The associated castle park in the style of a landscape garden has also been a listed building since 1983. The manor house now serves as the residence of the Innhausen and Knyphausen family, the buildings in the outer bailey are rented for residential and business purposes. A tour of the facility is therefore not normally possible, it is only open to interested visitors every year on the Open Monument Day .

history

middle Ages

A Bodelswenge farm was first mentioned in writing around 1220. Perhaps it was in the core of today's village, which was also known as Budenswenge in the 13th century . The Bodelschwingh house can be found for the first time in a document dated February 14, 1302, when the knight Gis (el) bert called Speke (also written Specke und Speck) gave his manerium et domus ( German  property and house ) to Count Eberhard I. von der Mark to fiefdom . Gis (el) Bert's family may have come from the Speke estate, which was located between Hattingen and Werden near Blankenstein . Until 1302 Gis (el) bert Burgmann was at the Brandenburg castle Blankenstein and at the same time Mark judge in Bochum . It might have come into the possession of Bodelschwingh through marriage or inheritance. From 1320 on, his son Ernst I was the first of his family to call himself “von Bodelschwingh” after the new property, which was one of a total of twelve moated castles in what is now Dortmund. However, Bodelschwingh did not belong to the imperial city in the Middle Ages , but was in the area of ​​the county of Mark. Under the protection of the castle at that time , a settlement with its own church developed early on, the Burg Freiheit Bodelschwingh, which retained its independence until 1928.

View from the east of the manor house
House Bodelschwingh got its present form mostly in the 16th century. Image: View from the east of the manor house

Ernst I. von Bodelschwingh and his descendants expanded their sphere of influence in the 14th and 15th centuries by acquiring land and jurisdictions, for example on April 1, 1324, the family bought half of the Mengede court and in 1366 the Bodelschwingh free court . On September 9, 1421 Ernst III. enfeoffed by the city of Dortmund with the rule of Mengede. From 1440 there is also evidence of a water mill for the property, which stood northeast of the house on the Bodelschwingher Bach. The increase in estates was accompanied by an increased reputation, and family members subsequently held many high offices in the state administration. Wennemar I. von Bodelschwingh, for example, was Marshal and Councilor of the Duke of Cleves . When heirs were divided up in 1489 and 1491, the Bodelschwingh family fell to him, while his brother Ernst IV received the Mengede house. When Wennemar's son Gisbert II married Anna Staël von Holstein in 1512, the Ickern , Lindenhorst , Waltrop and Westhusen houses also came to the Bodelschwingh family. Gisbert's only son Wennemar II began building what is now the moated castle in the 16th century by adding a right-angled wing to a two-room house built around 1300. Presumably he was responsible for furnishing the library in the house. After his death in 1583, his son Gisbert III. the work of the father continued, so that the complex had its present appearance essentially as early as the 17th century. Before that, Gisbert III. shared his paternal inheritance with his younger brother Jobst Wilhelm: While he received Haus Bodelschwingh, Haus Ickern came to Jobst Wilhelm. When the Bodelschwingher family line died out in the male line with Gerd von Bodelschwingh at Haus Mengede, Gisbert III. and the heirs of the Bodelschwingh family to Mengede inheritance disputes and feuds , which occupied the Reich Chamber of Commerce for many years . The city of Dortmund decided to leave the house to Mengede Gerd's widow Katharina von der Recke until this dispute was finally resolved . Gisbert III. the widow married for a second time in 1605 in order to secure the rights to the property.

Modern times

Lithograph by the house of Philipp Herle , 1837–1840

Lord of the castle Gisbert Bernhard, court judge from the Brandenburg court and director of the Brandenburg knighthood , was promoted to the baron status in 1637 . The property came to his son Gisbert Wilhelm through his son Wessel Wirich II. With his death on 13th 1753, the male line died out. Bodelschwingh Castle came to Gisbert Wilhelm's heir, Gisbertine Anna Luise, the only child and from her marriage to Katharina Sophia Luisa Theodora Vogt von Elspe , who brought the Rodenberg family into the marriage in 1728 . Gisbertine married Mathias von Bodelschwingh-Velmede for the second time and had a daughter with him, Christine Sophie Luise. Bodelschwingh brought this to her husband, the Prussian chamberlain and since 1814 Grand Commander of the Deutschordensballei Utrecht , Karl Wilhelm Georg von Plettenberg - Heeren , who assumed the name Bodelschwingh-Plettenberg when he married on August 19, 1788. The construction of the guest house in the outer bailey as well as the orangery (destroyed in 1945) and the tea house in the castle park (also known as the billiard house) probably go back to him. The manor house also underwent a change in the early 19th century, when the cross and transom windows of the time were replaced by the large windows it is today. In addition, the lord of the castle had a covered patio built into the house pond on the northwest side of the building. Karl Wilhelm's son Gisbert von Bodelschwingh-Plettenberg converted Bodelschwingh into a Fideikommiss in 1854 according to the last will of his parents .

Bodelschwingh house between 1857 and 1883

When mining in the Ruhr area continued to expand in the 1870s , this brought two difficulties for Haus Bodelschwingh. Carl Gisbert Wilhelm von Bodelschwingh-Plettenberg , son of Gisbert and marshal of the Westphalian state parliament, just managed to prevent the opening of a colliery right in front of his castle grounds, but the sinking groundwater level caused by mining threatened to cause the water level of the house pond to drop sharply and thus to expose the oak piles of the pile grid foundation. This would have caused the centuries-old wood to deteriorate and the foundations to become unstable. Through an agreement with the mine administration in 1871, this danger for the castle could also be averted. As early as 1869, Karl had commissioned the Muskaus garden inspector , Eduard Petzold , to redesign the palace gardens. Petzold changed the small baroque garden , about two  hectares in size, into a landscape park.

Elevated to the rank of count in 1888, Karl von Bodelschwingh-Plettenberg bequeathed the extensive family property to his only child, the daughter Wilhelmine von Bodelschwingh-Plettenberg from his marriage to Eugenie von Quadt - Wykrath- Hüchtenbruck. She had in 1867 the baron married Dodo Alexander to Innhausen and Knyphausen and brought the house Bodelschwingh at this from Friesland originating noble family . However, the couple did not use the property as a residence, but lived at Haus Dorloh . Her eldest son Carl moved into Bodelschwingh after the death of his grandfather in 1907 and carried out the first restorations on the moated castle in 1908/1909 . During the occupation of the Ruhr in 1923/1914, the facility was occupied by the French military for 13 months. The buildings remained undamaged during World War II , although the immediate vicinity of Bodelschwingh was badly affected by numerous bombs and artillery hits. However, towards the end of the war, the house was looted and devastated, in which many works of art were lost. Because of the resulting poor condition, the English occupation troops even refrained from occupying the castle after the war. The necessary maintenance and restoration measures lasted until the 1960s. Among other things, the tea pavilion in the garden was restored in 1952.

description

Site plan of the palace complex

Haus Bodelschwingh consists of a manor house in the middle of a house pond and an outer bailey to the southwest, which is bounded by its own moat . Both building complexes are surrounded by an 18-hectare palace park, which in its western area is cut through by Autobahn 45 in a north-south direction.

Outer bailey

An avenue of lime trees leads to the entrance of the castle, which is flanked by a massive, square tower. This building, also known as the Vogtsturm , is probably a residential tower that the Lords of Bodelschwingh lived in before they moved into the newly built two-room house. The tower would thus be the oldest structure in the entire palace complex and was perhaps originally surrounded by a mound of earth and its own moat . Its two lower floors probably show late medieval quarry stone masonry , while the second floor is made of brick . The former high entrance is located in the latter . Above it rises a cantilevered fourth half-timbered floor made of oak, which in its current form dates from the 18th century. The top of the building is a pyramid roof with a ridge turret .

The former farm buildings of the facility, including the former rentier , are grouped in a horseshoe shape around a rectangular inner courtyard. Its south-western narrow side is delimited by a building that essentially dates from the 18th century. Its large entrance gates clearly illustrate its former agricultural use. The guest house, built in 1829, is located on the northern corner of the outer bailey in the strict Berlin classicism as it was shaped by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . Its central projections are elevated by half-storeys and have wide pilaster strips as a vertical structure. In the 1980s, all the outer bailey buildings were modernized and converted into rental apartments and business premises.

Mansion

Floor plan of the manor house

A three-arched arch bridge leads from the outer bailey to the manor house of the complex. It shows the coat of arms of Gisbert III. von Bodelschwingh and his wife Katharina von der Recke and was built accordingly after the couple's marriage in 1605. The last piece directly in front of the building's portal was originally a movable drawbridge part , but has now been replaced by a solid, brick-built piece.

The mansion is a two-storey building with corner blocks, which stands in a large house pond on a pile grid made of oak. It has by and large its appearance of the 16./17. Century. Its mixed masonry was built from brick and stone and is plastered white . The building consists of two wings of different ages, in the corner of which there is a slender, polygonal gate and stair tower with an octagonal, pointed helmet . Its portal shows itself in neo-baroque forms and results from a change in 1909. Above it is a stone slab with the year 1565 and the coat of arms of Wennemar II von Bodelschwingh and his second wife Isabella Elisabeth von Wachtendonk . Inside the stair tower there is a spiral staircase that leads to the upper floor. Apparently the tower was never completely finished, but was sheathed in a square shape shortly after its construction and equipped with a square chamber on the first floor, which could be reached via a staircase that was as thick as the wall. To the south of the tower there is a single-storey canyon , from the former bay of which it was possible to control the access bridge.

A door in the Mannerist style leads from the entrance tower on the ground floor to the living rooms, which are located in two wings that abut at right angles. The older of the two in what is now the north-western part of the house was created from a rectangular residential building from around 1300, which was divided into a hall and a hall on the ground floor with an area ratio of 2: 1, which was common at the time . The so-called Kambyses chimney from the period between 1547 and 1583 stands in the hall today. It takes its name from an image of justice in the form of an oval relief in its lintel made of green sandstone . It depicts the story of Herodotus Cambyses , in which the Persian king had his corrupt judge Sisamnes skinned alive in order to cover the judgment seat of his successor with this skin as a warning. To the right and left of the relief are the coats of arms of Wennemar II and his wife Isabella Elisabeth made of yellowish-white sandstone. On the narrow sides of the smoke stack of the fireplace has sculpted busts in medallion form , representing a crowned man and a woman. The oldest cellar is under the hall. There, brick round pillars support a three- bay ribbed vault . The neighboring cellar rooms have more recent cross ridge and barrel vaults .

Square pavilion towers with Welschen domes stand on the west and east corners of the manor house . The east tower dates somewhat from the same time as the younger of the two mansion wings. in the basement it has loopholes with sloping walls . The west corner tower can no longer be dated today because it collapsed in 1871 and was then rebuilt based on the model of the east tower. The different parts of the building are framed under high, slate-covered gable roofs with bat dormers . Their tail gables , which are typical of the Renaissance, have spherical attachments and cornices made of sandstone. Weather vanes are on the tower roofs and chimneys .

Castle park and family funeral

Part of the castle park
The family funeral

The roots of today's castle park go back to at least the 18th century. Evidence for this are three heavily weathered garden sculptures on the lawn of the outer courtyard, as they were common in baroque garden parterres. The palace garden was formerly northwest of the Herrenhaus pond and its basic layout can only be guessed at roughly. In addition, a fish pond, an ice cellar and a kitchen garden belonged to the grounds of the castle. This part can be reached via a stone garden staircase with the coats of arms of Gisbert Bernhard von Bodelschwing and his wife Anna von Bernsau. On the railings are three cherubs from cast stone , representing three seasons. A fourth figure representing winter was stolen a few years ago. Changes were made to the garden around 1800. This included the construction of a tea house and the installation of an iron sundial resting on fluted columns . As a result of vandalism, only remnants have been preserved, as have vases, the shards of which can still be found in the corresponding park area. A fountain in front of the tea pavilion has completely disappeared today, the tea house was destroyed by fire in 1984. A garden gate that is now walled up in the northeastern area of ​​the garden wall shows the formal language of the Renaissance. It stood at the beginning of a straight path that divided the length of the baroque garden and led to a maple avenue in the west that still exists today . It led to the family funeral that was laid out in the Bodelschwingher Forest around 1802. An octagonal monopteros in the classical style stands above the crypt . Fluted Tuscan columns support an architrave and a slate-covered domed roof . The front gable shows the lettering "Temple of Tranquility". In the middle of the temple there is a round grave altar, the relief of which suggests hanging cloths. Since the castle park was cut through by the Autobahn 45, the family funeral has been separated from the rest of the castle ensemble by the Autobahnwall.

The current appearance of the Bodelschwingher Park goes back to a redesign in the second half of the 19th century under Eduard Petzold. He laid out a landscaped garden and incorporated the baroque garden that had existed up to that point in a landscaped manner. At the time, Petzold had over 150 different types of wood planted, including some solitary trees , which are now natural monuments .

The castle pond and the Bodelschwingh graves are fed by the Bodelschwingher Bach, which in old maps was also called the Mühlenbach. The old name indicates the castle mill, which has existed since the 15th century and which still stands northeast of the manor house today.

literature

  • Henriette Brink-Kloke: Bodelschwingh House . In: Kai Niederhöfer (Red.): Burgen AufRuhr. On the way to 100 castles, palaces and mansions in the Ruhr region . Klartext, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8375-0234-3 , pp. 48–51.
  • Klaus Gorzny: Castles, palaces and aristocratic residences in the Emscher Landscape Park. A companion . Piccolo, Marl 2001, ISBN 3-9801776-5-3 , pp. 105-109.
  • Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion . (= Culture and homeland . Volume 16, Issue 2/3). Schmitz, Castrop-Rauxel 1964.
  • August Kracht : Castles and palaces in the Sauerland, Siegerland and on the Ruhr . 1st edition. Knaur, Munich [1983], ISBN 3-426-04410-2 , pp. 234-242.
  • Eberhard Gustav Neumann: Water castles in Westphalia . Troponwerke, Cologne 1965, no p.
  • Ursula Quednau: Bodelschwingh House . In: Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (Hrsg.): In the course of time. 100 years of the Westphalian Office for Monument Preservation . Aschendorff, Münster 1992, pp. 43-53.
  • Michael Rohde: The Bodelschwingh Park . In: Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (Hrsg.): In the course of time. 100 years of the Westphalian Office for Monument Preservation . Aschendorff, Münster 1992, pp. 54-57.

Web links

Commons : Haus Bodelschwingh  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Henriette Brink-Kloke: Bodelschwingh House. 2010, p. 49.
  2. ↑ List of monuments of the city of Dortmund . Monument no.A 0045 ( PDF ; 814 kB).
  3. ↑ a b Michael Rohde: The Bodelschwingh Park. 1992, p. 57.
  4. ↑ a b c Ursula Quednau: Bodelschwingh House. 1992, p. 43.
  5. ↑ a b c August Kracht: Castles and palaces in the Sauerland, Siegerland and on the Ruhr. [1983], p. 235.
  6. ^ Richard Borgmann: History of the Bodelschwingh House. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, pp. 12-13.
  7. ^ A b Richard Borgmann: History of the Bodelschwingh House. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, p. 15.
  8. ↑ Information on Haus Bodelschwingh in GenWiki , accessed on January 6, 2020.
  9. ^ Eberhard Gustav Neumann: Water castles in Westphalia. 1965, no p.
  10. ^ Richard Borgmann: History of the Bodelschwingh House. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, p. 18.
  11. ^ Richard Borgmann: History of the Bodelschwingh House. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, p. 19.
  12. ^ August Kracht: Castles and palaces in the Sauerland, Siegerland and on the Ruhr. [1983], p. 236.
  13. ^ Richard Borgmann: History of the Bodelschwingh House. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, p. 24.
  14. ^ Haus Bodelschwingh on westfalen-adelssitze.de ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ↑ a b August Kracht: Castles and palaces in the Sauerland, Siegerland and on the Ruhr. [1983], p. 237.
  16. ↑ Udo von Alvensleben : The Lords of Bodelschwingh in the 19th and 20th centuries. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, p. 57.
  17. ^ Josef Bieker: Castles in the Revier. Romance between winding towers. 2nd Edition. Harenberg, Dortmund 1993, ISBN 3-88379-586-0 , p. 42.
  18. ↑ a b Michael Rohde: The Bodelschwingh Park. 1992, p. 56.
  19. ↑ Udo von Alvensleben: The Lords of Bodelschwingh in the 19th and 20th centuries. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, pp. 61, 63.
  20. ↑ Udo von Alvensleben: The Lords of Bodelschwingh in the 19th and 20th centuries. In: Karl Hartung u. a .: Bodelschwingh. House, village, dominion. 1964, p. 63.
  21. ^ Karl Emerich Krämer : From castle to castle through the Ruhr area. Volume 2. Mercator, Duisburg 1986, ISBN 3-87463-098-6 , p. 56.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ursula Quednau: Bodelschwingh House. 1992, p. 50.
  23. ^ Georg Dehio : Handbook of German Art Monuments . North Rhine-Westphalia. Volume 2: Westphalia. Deutscher Kunstverlag , Munich / Berlin 1969, p. 134.
  24. ↑ Information according to the information board on site
  25. ↑ a b c d Ursula Quednau: Bodelschwingh House. 1992, p. 46.
  26. ^ August Kracht: Castles and palaces in the Sauerland, Siegerland and on the Ruhr. [1983], p. 242.
  27. ↑ Ursula Quednau: Bodelschwingh House. 1992, p. 51.

Coordinates: 51 ° 33 ′ 3 "  N , 7 ° 21 ′ 44.5"  E