Muskau Castle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Muskau Castle, the New Castle
The ramp in front of the New Palace has been flanked by two lions again since 2010.

Muskau Castle is an important castle complex in the north of the Saxon district of Görlitz . The palace ensemble is known worldwide for its location in the Fürst-Pückler-Park in Bad Muskau . The park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 2nd, 2004 .

description

The castle, the center of a royal court complex

The Muskauer Schlossanlagen is a complex of several buildings. These are distributed over a large area in the landscape park. The building complex consists of:

  1. the New Castle
  2. the old castle or rent office or office building
  3. the garden palace or cavalier house
  4. the royal stables with forecourt and
  5. the orangery with horticultural facilities.

The buildings were created or changed over centuries as useful facilities by the respective Muskau rulers . In the early days they served security and protection tasks, which is no longer readily apparent today. Later the buildings were used as the administrative headquarters and primarily as residential and representative buildings for the rulers. During the construction and later renovations, the character and function of the building were adapted to the respective tasks and cultural demands. Over time, a stately court complex was created.

The current condition shows the buildings, according to Prince Pückler's ideas , incorporated into the park design through a pleasure ground. His landscaping considerations were based on the assumption that the New Palace should form the center of all palace structures and at the same time, together with the city, form the center of the landscape park.

The New Castle

The New Muskau Castle , mid-19th century

The New Palace is a three-wing complex in the neo-renaissance style . The castle courtyard opens to the east towards the park. The connection to the park is formed by a huge castle ramp designed by Schinkel , creating a coherent connection between the park landscape and the building. The middle or west wing is a four-story building. At its apex to the south and north wing there is a round tower of different heights. The side wings are three-story.

The south wing

According to the architectural style, the castle is characterized by a variety of decorative elements, such as ornamental gables and grilles, balconies, figures, lanterns, decorative friezes and filigree tower domes. The south gable of the central wing is adorned with two sandstone figures by the architects Maximilian Franz Strasser and Hermann Wentzel , who planned and carried out the renovation in neo-Renaissance style from 1863 to 1866 on behalf of the Prince of the Netherlands .

The building has several peculiarities that are of architectural history. Mention should be made of the tower stumps facing east on both side wings. These are the bastions from the early modern era that were taken over by the client. The north wing does not fit into the overall structure at right angles and the two side wings are unequal in width. The reasons for this lie in the use of the foundations of the buildings of the medieval moated castle and the first palace complex from 1520/30. The floor plan on the courtyard and outside are not identical. Curt Reinicke II. Von Callenberg had a second drawbridge to the east established a direct connection to the baroque garden after 1672, which is why it was necessary to fill the inner courtyard up to the first floor.

Today the visitor information of the Fürst-Pückler-Stiftung is housed in the middle wing of the New Palace. The south wing houses the permanent exhibition on the life and work of the park creator, and the north wing houses the Green School , a training and further education facility for the next generation of park carers. The southwest tower can be climbed as an observation tower and offers a good view of the park from a height of 35 m.

The old castle

View over Lake Lucie to the old castle
Facade of the old castle

It is a baroque complex with a strictly symmetrical layout and facade. The dominant rectangular design is interrupted in the main front by two external stubby wings. The building has a steeply sloping hipped roof with bay windows .

However, this building is in no way a former castle. It is the gatehouse of the old castle that was converted by Curt Reinicke II von Callenberg into the administrative center and prepared for the city . The entrance hall with the two side staircases still gives an idea of ​​its former function. The name "Old Castle" goes back to Herrmann von Pückler , who, similar to the British landscape parks, needed an older building as a status symbol for his park creation .

The main front faces the city. The magnificent baroque entrance portal underlines the castle-like character. The indicated gable field of the portal is adorned with the double coat of arms of the noble families Callenberg and Dohna . The wrought iron grille in the gate skylight bears the initials of Traugott von Arnim . In niches above the entrance are the symbolic figures "Wilder Mann", the coat of arms of the city of Muskau, Flora and Hygeia . These were brought in in 1974 after the building had been rebuilt. The creator is the Dresden sculptor Werner Hempel . Originally, the stone sculptures of the former owners of the class, Fabian von Schoenaich (landlord from 1558 to 1589), Carl Christoph von Dohna (1606–1625) and Curt Reinicke II. Von Callenberg (1672–1709) stood in the niches of the Netherlands. These sculptures were badly damaged in World War II . Parts of it are today in the staircase of the New Palace.

On the back of the building there is a splendid central projection. As with the entrance portal, the plaster structure is adorned with blocks and grooves. The risalit accommodates the rear portal and two arched windows on the first floor. The portal cornice carries an implied window balcony.

Today the city's tourist information office, the city museum and the registry office are housed in this building. The converted attic houses a small concert hall.

The cavalier house

Cavalier house, today mud bath with restaurant

The outwardly simple building faces the New Palace with the main front. It is a two-story building with a mansard roof . This is subdivided by roof bay windows. The rectangular building is adorned with a central projection, the wide triangular gable of which extends into the roof. The outside staircase leading to the entrance, the basket arch portal and the oversized round arched windows on the side in the central project underline the stately impression.

The building has experienced a wide range of functions throughout its history. After it was built by Curt Reinicke II von Callenberg, it served as a garden palace. It was later used as a theater and as a guest house under Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands. Under Count Hermann von Arnim-Muskau , the building was given its current, simple appearance. In 1934 he converted the former Kavaliershaus into the widow's residence of his mother Sophie von Arnim .

The Kavaliershaus is one of the few buildings in the park that was not damaged during the war. The hospital was established here from 1946 to 1949. On May 12, 1950, the building was given another purpose. Since then, it has housed the spa center for the mud bath in Bad Muskau.

Marstall with castle forecourt

Marstall seen from the south

This building complex consists of the manorial stables and parking spaces for the carriages as well as a living area for the officials of the manorial administration. Another part was used as a shed for storing garden tools.

Structurally, the complex is an open four-sided courtyard. The building complex is one-story. Two architectural styles meet in the buildings. The north-facing residential building is built in the Norman Gothic style. The other buildings are in the neo-renaissance style. The buildings are characterized by decorative gables and cornices according to the architectural style.

The stables are on the south front. It has a mansard roof. It is characterized by four entrance portals, one of which is a roofed front portal on the west side and three portals with decorative gables over the roof on the north side.

In the case of the building facing west and east, the roof design is half-hipped roofs , which are subdivided with roof bay windows. The residential building facing east contains a building passage in the direction of the castle nursery. A little off the beaten track in the park is the former riding hall from 1922/1923.

The buildings are currently used as apartments, club rooms, cafés and sales rooms for businesses. The stables last served as an exhibition hall. It is planned to assign it the function of a concert hall so that the orangery can be used for its actual purpose.

Orangery and greenhouses

The orangery

The Muskau Orangery has an eventful history. Due to the unfavorable park design locations, it was torn down twice by Pückler and rebuilt in a new location. In addition to its main purpose, the wintering accommodation of the large potted plants from the castle ramp, the orangery also served as a youth hostel and tool shed after 1945.

The current state largely corresponds to the design by Ludwig Persius from 1844. The orangery is a rectangular, low-rise building with an unusual architecture. Gothic and Moorish style elements are mixed. The south-facing main front is divided into three wall surfaces, each with three windows, by means of slender tower hints. The top of the wall is adorned with battlements. The entrance to the hall, accessible via a wooden ramp, is on the west side. The northern rear of the building has two floors. The premises can be reached via three entrance areas. They were previously used for heating purposes and as utility rooms. The hall of the orangery is currently still used as a concert and conference hall. The offices created in 2005 serve as the administrative headquarters of the “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau” foundation.

A greenhouse complex is located south of the orangery at an acute angle. This was planned by Pückler in 1833 as a pineapple house and was used as such until 1920. The greenhouse complex has been operated as a horticultural show facility, as a so-called tropical house, since 1956. The facility is currently closed to visitors due to structural defects.

Ownership history

There is only a small amount of secure documentary material from the earliest owners. Around 1253, Margrave Heinrich the Illustrious of Meißen is mentioned as the owner of the customs in Muskau. The extent to which the Meißner, as the owners of the Lausitz mark, owned Muskau Castle themselves or lent it to others cannot be clearly answered. It is also not certain whether the brothers Berold and Thidricus de Muschov named in documents from Duke Boleslaw von Schlesien were also lords of the castle in Muskau. However, since Witego von Kamenz and Gerhard de Lapide (von Stein) also appear in the series of witnesses in the documents from 1249 and from 1251 , a relationship with Lusatia can be assumed rather than ruled out.

After the Ascanians from Brandenburg came into possession of the areas that would later become Upper Lusatia between 1253 and 1268 , ownership of Muskau Castle may well have changed. A rejection to loyal supporters of the Brandenburger is to be assumed. Tizscho de Muschowe, named in several Silesian documents, could well be considered as such. The unusual first name Tyzscho, which was rare at the time, suggests that he was a member of the von Pannewitz family .

The first clearly documented owner was Bodo von Ileburg . He owned the castle from around 1316 to 1361. For the year 1361 it is documented that Bodo von Ileburg gave the Veste Muskau as a bridal gift to Heinrich von Kittlitz . As early as 1365, however, Heinrich von Kittlitz was no longer in possession of the Neisseburg.

Heinrich von Penzig came into possession of the castle complex and its accessories in 1366. The family remained in possession of the Muskau castle and rule until 1444. The extensive acquisition of ownership by the Penzigs in the Muskauer Heide probably made further expansion of the castle necessary during this period.

With Wenzel von Bieberstein in 1447 the Muskau lordship with its moated castle came into the possession of this important Bohemian noble family. When Christoph von Bieberstein died childless in 1551, Muskau returned to the King of Bohemia as a settled fiefdom . From 1558 to 1589, the von Schoenaich family owned Muskau.

In 1597 Emperor Rudolf II sold the rule to Wilhelm zu Dohna . With the sale, Muskau is transformed into an allodial property .

Coat of arms of the Callenberg family, who owned the castle for the longest time

With the marriage of the heiress Katharina von Dohna in 1644, Muskau Castle came into the possession of the Callenberg family . The castle and the manor remained in Callenberg's possession for four generations until 1798.

From 1798 to 1845, the noble von Pückler family owned the estate and the palace complex. With Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands , Muskau Castle came into the possession of a dynastic house in 1846. In 1883 his daughter Marie, Fürstin zu Wied, Princess of the Netherlands, sold the class to Count Traugott Hermann von Arnim .

The Arnims remain in the possession of Muskau Castle until the expropriation in 1945. At this point in time, the castle complex became the property of the city of Muskau. On January 1, 1992, the park and palace became the property of the Free State of Saxony .

Building history

The moated castle in the Neisse lowlands

At Muskau an der Neisse, two important trade routes intersected in the past. The oldest Muskau fortifications certainly served to secure these roads and the existing customs post at the river crossing. The fortified place, first mentioned in 1245, was, according to today's knowledge, a moated castle with a dominant tower.

During the renovation work on the New Palace from 1996 onwards, details were found that allow conclusions to be drawn about the appearance and function of the oldest facility. It can be assumed that the masonry in the basement of the south wing is the nucleus of the medieval moated castle. This is the foundation of a castle tower with an interior size of approx. 5.80 × 6.80 m. Was inspired by this west an approximately 16.50-meter Palas . To the east of the tower was a bridge house, over which the castle could be left to the south to the Neißefurt. Field and lawn iron stones were used as building materials . The composite construction was carried out with adobe bricks. The wall thicknesses of 1.80 to 2.80 m suggest that the tower is at least a three-story solid structure with attached half-timbered or timber construction. The hall was built on at least two floors. A reliable dating of the building is currently not possible without further archaeological investigations. However, it can be assumed that the construction of the tower dates back to the 13th century.

In the loan document of Emperor Charles IV for Heinrich von Kittlitz from 1361, the castle was given the title Veste , which underlined its importance as a castle at the time. The Muskauer Anlage was one of the few Upper Lusatian fortress structures that was allowed to use one of the sovereign names, Veste, Hus or Schloss.

In the further development, the castle was created as a two-part complex with an outer and main castle, secured by a moat system. The outer bailey was in front of the main castle to the south. The buildings described above belonged to the main castle in the late 14th century. In addition, there were commercial buildings and buildings in the north that served the castle men as apartments. The foundation walls of these buildings will later be used as the foundation for the north wing of the castle.

By the middle of the 15th century, a vast fortification had been built. The builders made clever use of the natural and geographical conditions. The castle protected the swampy Neisse lowlands from the south, east and north. For example, only a tower-like bastion was necessary to protect the north-east facing farm buildings. Protection in the direction of the western terrace areas was provided by a reinforced circular wall with a defense tower in a south-westerly direction and a fortified bridge house in the area of ​​the outer bailey. The gatehouse facing the city is today's Old Castle. There was no north tower at that time.

In 1452, Wenzel von Bieberstein gave Muskau city rights. This leads to the expansion of the city fortifications. The construction of a northern defense tower in the west-facing curtain wall of the still existing castle also fell during this period.

From the castle to the representative palace complex

Ulrich V. von Bieberstein had the first castle-like alterations made between 1520 and 1530. The extent of this is not clear from the source. It can be assumed, however, that it was a matter of building construction measures in the area of ​​the westward-facing curtain wall.

The beginning of the construction of a comprehensive palace complex goes back to Fabian von Schoenaich , owner from 1558 to 1573 and from 1587 to 1589. Large parts of the castle complex were destroyed by fire in 1586. A major renovation was necessary. The changes in the military system and in the social conditions of the early modern era no longer required fortified castle complexes. The era of rising absolutism demanded representative palace complexes. So the character of the building changed with the reconstruction. The land register of Emperor Rudolf II from 1590/93 offers a first description of the complex . The estimated value of 5,000 thalers shows that it was a considerable building.

The sgraffit remains uncovered during the reconstruction in 2003/04 prove that the palace construction work affected the west and south wings. At that time, the north wing did not yet exist as a part of the castle. The separate building from the Middle Ages still stood here. At that time the west wing was already four-story and the south wing was three-story. The buildings of the outer bailey to the south gradually took on the function of a castle forecourt.

The connection between the west wing and the separate north building by closing the gap to the north tower fell under the ownership of the von Dohna family . A pictorial or detailed written statement about the appearance of this first three-wing system has not survived.

After the destruction in 1643 in the Thirty Years' War , the palace was rebuilt as a baroque three-wing complex between 1646 and 1653 by Curt Reinicke I. von Callenberg . Due to the use of the old foundations, the aforementioned building anomalies occurred. As governor of Upper Lusatia, Callenberg was also responsible for the restoration of the Ortenburg in Bautzen . It can be assumed that the Italian plasterers Julio Vineti and Johann Comotan who worked there were also active in Muskau. The knight's hall , which was recently reconstructed from photos, could be attributed to them.

During the time of the Callenbergs, there were further significant building and renovation measures. For example, a garden palace was built, the old, disused, fortified gatehouse to the city was expanded into an office building, the inner courtyard was filled up, a baroque main staircase was installed in the west wing, larger drawbridges were installed and the moat was designed to be larger. A lithograph from 1742 shows the condition.

Plate XV from Pückler's work “Allusions about landscape gardening”, lith. By O. Hermann from 1834

Pückler planned an extensive modernization by Karl Friedrich Schinkel , which appears to have been carried out in the depictions of the castle in Pückler's garden book from 1834, but which in reality did not come about for cost reasons. Panels XV, XIX and XX from his "Hints on Landscape Gardening" show the design he accepted. Wide bridges were supposed to connect the new and the old castle as well as the theater (Kavaliershaus). The entire structure would have expanded to over 300 m. Only the large castle ramp was built in 1825. Pückler's contribution to the structural changes to the palace complex lies in the demolition of the old fortress structures. In doing so, he prepared the end of the old fortified castle and thus created the prerequisites for today's representative building. A comparison of site plans A and B from his suggestions about landscape gardening shows this.

The construction measures under Prince Pückler are:

  • The orangery was demolished twice, in 1812 on the Tränenwiese and 1824 on the Schlosswiese,
  • Removal of the old fortress walls, fortifications and drawbridges from 1817,
  • Backfilling of the moats surrounding the castle from 1824.
  • Demolition of the stables and the economic facilities of the outer bailey in 1824,
  • Construction of the castle ramp from 1825 to 1827,
  • Construction of greenhouses from 1833,
  • Beginning of the new construction of the orangery based on a design by Ludwig Persius in 1844.

Prince Frederick of the Netherlands had the largest share in the structural changes that led to the current appearance of the New Palace . From 1863 to 1866 he had the renovation carried out in the neo-renaissance style according to the plans of the architects Maximilian Franz Strasser and Hermann Wentzel. The old castle and the Kavaliershaus were also adapted to this architectural style, thus implementing Pückler's view of the unity of the three park-defining buildings. However, building work by the Arnims around 1934 and the reconstruction after the Second World War meant that nothing of this remodeling has been preserved.

House for officials in the castle forecourt in the Norman Gothic style, built in 1850/51

Further construction work under Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands:

  • Design of the Vorwerk complex from 1850 through the construction of a residential building with officials' apartments in the Norman Gothic style,
  • Installation of two lion sculptures (heraldic animal of the Dutch) based on a design by the Berlin sculptor Albert Wolff on the stringers of the castle ramp in 1857,
  • Installation of the sandstone figures of former noblemen in the niches above the entrance of the old castle,
  • Extension of the entrance area of ​​the New Palace with a loggia-like porch.

The most significant structural change that is still visible today at the New Palace during the time it was owned by the von Arnim family is the replacement of the former ocher-yellow plaster with a pink paint. From 1920 to 1925 there was also extensive interior work to improve the home decor by Alfred Breslauer (1860–1954). In the time of the Arnims, some building work that was questionable in terms of monument preservation also took place. These were due more to the businessman's sober considerations than to cultural-historical considerations, such as the demolition of Pückler's greenhouses to create space for a paper mill in the park or the inorganic extension of the ballroom and kitchen wing on the north side of the New Palace.

Civil servants' residence in the castle forecourt in neo-Renaissance style, built in 1901/02

Construction work under the von Arnim family:

  • Construction of a mausoleum east of the Neisse by Julius Carl Raschdorff in neo-Gothic style in 1888. The building was destroyed in World War II and then demolished.
  • Extension of the arbor on the west side of the New Palace in 1900,
  • Construction of the sea wall on the west side of the New Palace,
  • Completion of the palace complex in the neo-renaissance style in 1901/02,
  • Construction of a riding arena next to the castle grounds in 1922/23,
  • Extension of a dance hall and kitchen wing on the north side of the New Palace in 1934,
  • Conversion of the Kavaliershaus as a widow's residence in 1934.
Castle ruins (1980s)

The palace buildings since 1945

A German line of defense ran through the park since February 1945. The fighting during the conquest of Muskau on April 16 by the Red Army caused severe damage to the buildings and trees.

At the end of May 1945, Soviet soldiers took the interior of the New Palace outdoors. Soviet soldiers and residents took part in the looting that followed. A Leipzig art dealer named Wieland, evidently authorized to do so, transported valuable art objects by truck. Then burned Soviet soldiers the New Castle down .

To date, there are essentially two phases in building reconstruction:

  1. From 1945 to 1989 the functional orientation of the palace complex as a recreational and healing facility.
  2. From 1989 the restoration of the buildings from a cultural and historical point of view as part of the Pückler park design.

First stage 1945–1989

A lengthy process of cultural and political clarification did not lead to the beginning of the reconstruction of the old castle until 1965 , although the park was listed as a historical monument in 1955. In doing so, the building was brought back to its older baroque state and the many structural refinements from the time of the Prince of the Netherlands were dispensed with.

The ruins of the New Castle were demolished in 1950 . For the reconstruction and use of the building, which only consisted of external walls and a few vaults on the ground floor, studies and projects had been submitted since the 1960s, but were not implemented until the end of the GDR.

Further construction measures at this time are:

  • Opening of the mud bath in the Kavaliershaus in 1950,
  • Reopening of the castle nursery and establishment of a tropical house as a show business in 1959,
  • Restoration of the facade of the orangery and housing of the park administration in 1971.

Second stage from 1990

The New Palace in 2003, before the extensive renovation work began, the tower hoods with the lanterns were reconstructed.

After the political change, the Free State of Saxony took possession of the park with its buildings and brought the real estate into the dependent foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", founded in 1993 . This made it possible to concentrate the funds more closely and to create the administrative structures that were necessary to maintain the park and palace buildings in a cultural and historical context. As a result, urgently necessary security measures were taken in 1990 to protect the ruins of the New Palace. The targeted restoration began in 1995 and was completed in 2011.

Newly created lion sculpture by Kristof Grunert and Steffen Bachmann

Further construction measures of this stage were:

  • Restoration of the orangery in 1994.
  • Renovation of the buildings of the castle forecourt 1995-2004,
  • Refurbishment of the lock ramp 2004/05.

On August 14, 2009, the first lion sculpture, newly created with donations, took place on the northern stringer of the castle ramp, the second followed in 2010.

Web links

Commons : Schloss Muskau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  • Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau” (Ed.): Fürst Pückler. Parkomania in Muskau and Branitz. A guide through its facilities in Saxony, Brandenburg and Thuringia. Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-928119-99-0 .
  1. ↑ a b Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau”, p. 91.
  2. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 46.
  3. ↑ a b c Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau”, p. 93.
  4. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 95.
  5. ↑ a b c Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau”, p. 100.
  6. ↑ a b c d Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau”, p. 118.
  7. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 120.
  8. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 27.
  9. ↑ a b Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau”, p. 92.
  10. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 91. Unfortunately, no publications are planned for the investigations led by Heidrun Laudel in the near future due to cost reasons
  11. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 93f.
  12. ↑ a b Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau”, p. 97.
  13. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 106.
  14. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 81.
  15. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 22.
  16. ^ Foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau", p. 86.
  • Hermann Fürst von Pückler-Muskau: Hints about landscape gardening combined with the description of their practical application in Muskau. Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-421-01795-6 .
  1. ↑ Pückler-Muskau 1977, p. 89.
  2. ↑ Pückler-Muskau 1977, p. 80.
  3. ↑ Pückler-Muskau 1977, pp. 87f.
  4. ↑ Pückler-Muskau 1977, p. 152 and 153
  • Hermann Graf von Arnim, Willi A. Boelcke: Muskau - civil status between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-549-06695-3 .
  1. ↑ Arnim, p. 311 f.
  2. ↑ a b Arnim, p. 313.
  3. ↑ Arnim, p. 82.
  4. ↑ Arnim, p. 138 and 217
  5. ↑ Arnim, p. 219.
  6. ↑ Arnim, p. 347f.
  7. ↑ See also: Arnim, p. 50.
  8. ↑ see: Arnim, p. 320.
  • Erich Merkle (ed.): Chronicle of the city and park Bad Muskau. Weißwasser 1997, ISBN 3-932541-00-6 .
  1. ↑ Merkle, p. 88.
  2. ↑ Merkle, p. 90.
  3. ↑ Merkle, p. 77.
  4. ↑ Merkle, p. 103.
  5. ↑ Merkle, pp. 84f.
  6. ↑ Merkle, p. 116.
  • Regina Barufke, Ekkehard Brucks, Ellen Kollewe, Helmut Rippl : Fürst Pückler-Park Bad Muskau - a European landscape park. (= Contributions to city and park history. No. 15). Bad Muskau 1998, ISBN 3-930625-09-1 .
  1. ↑ a b Barufke, p. 14.
  2. ↑ Barufke, p. 74, note 43
  3. ↑ Barufke, p. 29.
  4. ↑ Barufke, p. 7.
  5. ↑ a b Barufke, p. 11.
  6. ↑ Barufke, p. 16.
  7. ↑ a b Barufke, p. 21.
  8. ↑ a b Barufke, p. 22.
  9. ↑ a b Barufke, p. 32.
  10. ↑ Barufke, p. 24.
  11. ↑ Barufke, p. 26.
  12. ↑ Barufke, p. 27.
  • Hermann Friedrich Knothe: History of the Upper Lusatian nobility and their goods from the 13th to the end of the 16th century. Reprint. Spitzkunnersdorf 2008, ISBN 978-3-933827-94-4 .
  1. ↑ Knothe, p. 277.
  2. ↑ Knothe, p. 415.
  3. ↑ Knothe, pp. 123-126.
  4. ↑ Knothe, p. 126 and 482
  5. ↑ Knothe, p. 54.
  • Other
  1. ^ Hermann Fürst von Pückler-Muskau: Hints about landscape gardening combined with the description of their practical application in Muskau. [1834], edited by Günter J. Vaupel. Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-458-32724-X , p. 362.
  2. ^ Lars-Arne Dannenberg , Matthias Donath : Castles in the eastern Upper Lusatia. Meißen 2009, p. 122.
  3. ↑ The castle tower experience on the website of the “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau” foundation
  4. ^ Document book of the Neuzelle Monastery I, No. 1, handed down as an insert of a Neuzell document from 1328.
  5. ↑ Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae. Volume 7. Regesta on Silesian history. Ed. Colmar Grünhagen, Th. 1, 1884, No. 640 b, 698, 702. Th. 2, 1875 No. 778, 823
  6. ↑ Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae. Volume 16. Regesta on Silesian history. Ed. Colmar Grünhagen u. Konrad Wutke, 1892, No. 2961, 3075 a. Volume 30, Eds. Konrad Wutke and Erich Randt, 1925, No. 6190
  7. ^ Willi A. Boelcke: Constitutional change and economic structure. The medieval and modern territorial history of East Central German aristocratic rule as an example. Würzburg 1969, p. 69.
  8. ↑ a b Böhmer-Huber: Regesten Karls IV. No. 3639 u. Diploma. Ileburgense No. 355
  9. ^ Walter von Boetticher: History of the Upper Lusatian nobility and its goods 1635-1815. Volume 1. Görlitz 1912, pp. 239-247.
  10. ↑ State Archives Wrocław: Rep. 27 Oberlausitz I 9 ad
  11. ↑ For the park and its buildings from 1945 see Götz Eckardt (Hrsg.): Fate of German architectural monuments in the Second World War. A documentation of the damage and total losses in the area of ​​the GDR. Volume 1: Berlin. Capital of the GDR, districts of Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg, Potsdam, Frankfurt / Oder, Cottbus, Magdeburg , Henschelverlag Art and Society, Berlin 1980, pp. 208–211.
  12. ↑ Prince Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten : Memories of an old East Prussia . 5th edition. Rautenberg, Würzburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-8003-3115-4 , p. 326. Part of the interior of the Dohna-Schlobitten Castle was stored in the New Castle.
  13. ^ Hermann Fürst von Pückler-Muskau: Hints about landscape gardening combined with the description of their practical application in Muskau. Edited by Günter J. Vaupel. Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-458-32724-X , p. 357.
  14. ↑ From the Fürst-Pückler-Park (PDF; 700 kB) In: Muskauer Anzeiger. Bulletin of the city of Bad Muskau / Oberlausitz. Volume 19, number 218 from Friday, October 17, 2008, accessed on September 15, 2011, p. 9.
  15. ↑ "Jubilate Deo" in Görlitz: Brühl Choir Association visiting the Weißwasser City Choir ( memento from September 13, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), Sunday Post , June 8, 2011.

See also

literature

  • Johannes Mörbe: Detailed history and chronicle of the city and the free estate of Muskau, based on credible sources . Breslau 1861 ( e-copy ).
  • Hermann Graf von Arnim , Willi A. Boelcke : Muskau - civil status between the Spree and the Neisse. Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-549-06695-3 .
  • Sophie Countess von Arnim: Pictures from Muskau's past. Vol. 1.2. Görlitz 1934/35, vol. 3. Munich 1973.
  • Regina Barufke, Ekkehard Brucks, Ellen Kollewe, Helmut Rippl: Fürst Pückler-Park Bad Muskau - a European landscape park. (= Contributions to city and park history. No. 15). Bad Muskau 1998, ISBN 3-930625-09-1 .
  • Willi A. Boelke: Constitutional change and economic structure. The medieval and modern territorial history of East Central German aristocratic rule as an example. Wuerzburg 1969.
  • Lars-Arne Dannenberg , Matthias Donath : Castles in eastern Upper Lusatia. Meissen 2009.
  • Joachim Fait, Detlef Karg (ed.): Hermann Ludwig Heinrich Prince of Pückler-Muskau. Garden art and monument preservation. Weimar 1989, ISBN 3-7400-0089-9 .
  • Hermann Friedrich Knothe : History of the Upper Lusatian nobility and their goods from the 13th to the end of the 16th century. Breitkopf & Härtel 1879. (Reprint: Spitzkunnersdorf 2008, ISBN 978-3-933827-94-4 )
  • Erich Merkle (ed.): Chronicle of the city and park Bad Muskau. Weißwasser 1997, ISBN 3-932541-00-6 .
  • Hermann Fürst von Pückler-Muskau : Hints about landscape gardening combined with the description of their practical application in Muskau. 1834. (Reprint: Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-421-01795-6 )
    • Hermann Fürst von Pückler-Muskau: Hints about landscape gardening combined with the description of their practical application in Muskau . [1934], edited by Günter J. Vaupel. Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-458-32724-X .
  • Helmut Rippl (ed.): The park creator Pückler-Muskau. The artistic garden legacy of Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich von Pückler-Muskau. Weimar 1995, ISBN 3-7400-0994-2 .
  • Foundation “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau” (Ed.): Fürst Pückler. Parkomania in Muskau and Branitz. A guide through its facilities in Saxony, Brandenburg and Thuringia. Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-928119-99-0 .

Coordinates: 51 ° 32 '51.2 "  N , 14 ° 43' 23.5"  E