Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau

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Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski
UNESCO world heritage UNESCO World Heritage Emblem

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View of the New Palace in Bad Muskau , the center of attraction of the park
Contracting State (s): GermanyGermany Germany , PolandPolandPoland 
Type: Culture
Criteria : (i), (iv)
Reference No .: 1127
UNESCO region : Europe and North America
History of enrollment
Enrollment: 2004  (session 28)
The New Castle in Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau

The Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau ( Park Mużakowski in Polish ) is a landscape park in Upper Lusatia . With a total area of ​​830 hectares, it is the largest English-style landscape park in Central Europe . About a third of the park, named after its creator Hermann Fürst von Pückler-Muskau , is located in the Saxon city ​​of Bad Muskau , the greater part of the park is east of the Lusatian Neisse and north of the city of Łęknica in Poland . Both parts are crossed by several Neisse bridgesconnected with each other. The central design element of the park is the New Muskau Castle .

The park, which is part of the world cultural heritage, is the only East Saxon world heritage site and one of the few transnational world heritage sites.

story

Layout of the park (1815–1845)

The Muskauer Castle (1834), as it should look like after the planned reconstruction of Schinkel
Old castle
Orangery

The landlord of Muskau , Count (later Prince) Hermann von Pückler-Muskau (1785–1871), wanted to beautify his city in his own words with a magnificent and large garden and in 1815 called on the citizens of Muskau to create a landscape park. He acquired land to create a closed park area, had the village of Köbeln relocated and, after intensive studies in England, laid out the park with innovative concepts from 1815, supported by Jacob Heinrich Rehder , and later by his student, the horticultural artist Eduard Petzold , who worked there when Pückler had to sell Muskau in debt in 1845.

In 1817, Pückler hired Rehder as head gardener for the park. In addition, work began on Lake Lucie (named after Lucie von Hardenberg, Pückler's wife) and the Hermannsneiße. Two years later, Pückler made contact with Karl Friedrich Schinkel , who draws plans for park architecture. After the completion of the tributary of the Hermannsneiße, the castle pond (Luciesee) was also flooded in 1819. The area surrounding the hunting lodge was given a primeval forest-like design. The hunting lodge has its own tree nursery and restaurant. The English House was built in 1820, and the English Bridge and the Double Bridge were built two years later .

In the same year, Prince Pückler-Muskau invited the English gardeners Humphry Repton and Vernal to design the Pleasureground (German: “amusement area”) at the New Palace. The remodeling in the years 1823-1826 followed Repton's ideas. In 1823 different paths were laid out, for example around the Eichbusch, to the English House, from the Post Bridge to the Double Bridge and in the old pheasantry . In the following year, the stables in the outer courtyard were demolished, remnants of the surrounding walls and the old castle bridge were removed, and Lake Lucie was excavated, and a new tree nursery was set up on the Oberberg. In the same year, on the initiative of Lucie von Pückler-Muskaus, the bathing park began to be laid out with extensive plantings around the buildings of the future Hermannsbad. In 1825 the pleasure ground in the castle park was extended to the Gloriette on the wax bleaching area, an iron fence was set, the castle driveway was laid out and the Hermannsbad was built in the bathing park. In 1826 several bridges were built, such as the bridge in the Blue Garden, the White Bridge (carp bridge) and the bridges over the gorge on the other side of the Neisse (viaduct) and at the Wax Bleaching. In the same year, the then 40-year-old copper beech was acquired. On April 17, 1830, the three large, approximately 20-year-old Canadian poplars were planted on the castle meadow. In addition, they devoted themselves to the layout and design of two islands, so the stone staircase was built on the Thee island in the castle or Lucie lake and the swan island was created. In 1832 the Eichsee was excavated and a promenade was built on the Böse Ufer. The construction of the pineapple house in the kitchen garden near the castle grounds, which had begun a year earlier, was completed in 1834.

The gorge bridge over Krüger's Gässchen in the Bergpark (Red Bridge) was built in 1836 as an imitation of the front garden enclosure of the gardener's house at the Roman baths in Sanssouci (after Schinkel and Persius). The Köbelner and Braunsdorfer fields were included in the area of ​​the park in 1841, which was also extended to Lugknitz (today on the Polish side). The main park thus covers 168 hectares, the bathing and mountain park 89 hectares. The old brewery was converted into the orangery in 1844 based on a drawing by Gottfried Semper and construction drawings by Maximilian Franz Strasser .

In 1845 Pückler had to sell Muskau due to financial difficulties. Therefore he moved with his wife Lucie to his inheritance Branitz , which he also converted into a landscape park.

Extension (1845-1945)

The Pücklerstein on the Polish side of the park

The subsequent owners of the Muskau class were Count Ferdinand von Nostitz and Edmund and Maximilian von Hatzfeld (1845), Prince Wilhelm Friedrich Karl von Oranien-Nassau (1846), Maria Fürstin zu Wied , born Princess of the Netherlands on Neuwied (1881) and Traugott Hermann von Arnim-Muskau (1883). From then on, the rulership of Muskau remained in the hands of the von Arnim counts until 1945 . In 1852, Eduard Petzold was hired by the Prince of the Netherlands as park and garden director. The lion sculptures on the flanks of the castle ramp were erected in 1857. There was further enlargement of the park, which already covered an area of ​​500 hectares in 1861. According to plans by the builders Maximilian Franz Strasser and Herman Wentzel, between 1863 and 1866 the old and new castles and the Kavaliershaus were rebuilt in the neo-renaissance style. In the meantime, the alum mine was incorporated into the park area in 1864 after its closure. In 1878 Carl Wilhelm Roth became active as a garden and park inspector.

The mausoleum was inaugurated on September 20, 1888.

At the beginning of the 20th century in 1901 the Pücklerstein was moved from the Arboretum to Hilkes Berg. In 1902, instead of the Temple of Perseverance planned by Pückler, the Pückler monument was completed.

In 1924, the district administrator in Rothenburg issued police regulations including parking regulations for Muskauer Park. On January 1, 1929, the forestry department took over the management and maintenance of the park, which had meanwhile grown to 545.36 hectares, under the direction of the chief forestry officer Walter Bruhm and the district forester Alfred Kreisel. In 1931, 241 hectares of the main park were declared a nature reserve "Muskauer Park".

Division of the park (1945-2001)

Situation at the castle in the mid-1980s
Double bridge over the Neisse

During the Second World War , German defenses ran through the parks since February 1945. On the morning of April 16, the Soviet Army began the Battle of Berlin with the Battle of the Oder . On April 16, buildings and trees in the park suffered severe damage. At the end of May 1945, Soviet soldiers burned down the New Palace.

Since the Potsdam Agreement declared the Lusatian Neisse to be the border between Poland and Germany, 370 hectares of the park are on Polish and 200 hectares on German territory. After the war, parts of the Schloss- und Tänenwiese were temporarily planted with vegetables and potatoes on the German side, and 19 hectares of the park were turned into settlement areas. The German part of the park came into the ownership of the city of Muskau in 1949.

The maintenance of the park had already been neglected by the Count von Arnim, who were expropriated in 1945, and then encountered numerous difficulties in the GDR with the Muskau City Council because Prince Pückler-Muskau, as a “ Junker ” and “ cosmopolitan ”, was initially persona non grata . The tropical house in the former castle nursery was opened in 1959. With the work of the park and landscape designer Tycho Stracke (1929–2019), which began in 1961, the basis for the reconstruction of the park was laid. This work was later continued under the park director Kurt Kurland (1926–2009). During this time, the German part of the park was transferred from nature to monument protection in order to preserve its character. In 1965 measures began to rebuild the old castle and in 1967 the park administration had the trenches from the war leveled.

It was not until 1985 that reconstructions of the Eichseebrücke, Schäferbrücke and the park entrance gate on the church square took place. A Pückler memorial stone was erected at the entrance to the castle park and the permanent exhibition “History of Muskau Park” opened in the Museum of City History Bad Muskau.

Poland had treated its part of the park as a nature reserve , which is why it grew until the 1990s. This was followed by clean-up work in German-Polish cooperation.

On October 30, 1991, the Pücklerstein on Hilkes Berg, which had been misused after the Second World War, was inaugurated again on the occasion of Prince Pückler-Muskau's 206th birthday.

On April 1, 1992, the park was officially named “Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau” and became the property of the Free State of Saxony. In 1993 the dependent foundation "Fürst-Pückler-Park" of the Free State of Saxony was founded, which has set itself the task of cultivating and developing the Pückler heritage in Bad Muskau. The Fürst-Pückler-Region , a local association of communities on the border with Poland to promote cultural tourism, is supported by the Park Foundation.

In 2001 a stone cross was erected at the site of the former mausoleum and in 2003 the previously existing double bridge over the Lusatian Neisse was restored.

Conservation as a world cultural heritage

View from the Polish side of the park towards the New Palace

The Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau was included in the Blue Book published in 2001. On July 2, 2004, the Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites .

The town of Muskau and several villages were located in the original park. In today's area there is still the New Castle , which was also rebuilt by Prince Pückler , the extensive facade reconstruction of which was completed in 2011, a museum in the Renaissance building of the Old Castle , the historic tropical house with cacti, the cavalier's house as today's mud bath, the bathing and mountain park , the castle park and the orangery built in Moorish style . Petzold's species-rich and Europe-wide famous tree nursery, the Arboretum Muscaviense , however, has perished. In 2011, the rebuilt English Bridge was inaugurated as another Neisse crossing.

In August 2010 the palace park was half flooded by a flood of the Neisse. The water was up to eight inches high. The castle and other buildings were protected with thousands of sandbags. The city center of Bad Muskau was spared from the flood. Most of the park was opened to visitors again in August.

The Muskau Pückler Park is a contractual cooperation partner of the garden culture trail on both sides of the Neisse and was a founding member of the Lausitz Park Association in November 2010 .

literature

in alphabetical order

Movies

  • This side of Eden. Eastern Europe's garden dreams in the 18th and 19th centuries - the Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau, Park Mużakowski. Documentary, Germany, 2015, 52 min., Script and director: Matthias Schmidt, moderation: Wladimir Kaminer , production: telekult, MDR , arte , series: Diesseits von Eden , first broadcast: July 5th, 2015 by arte, summary .
  • Treasures of the world - legacies of humanity. The Fürst-Pückler-Park in Bad Muskau. Documentary, Germany, 2005, 14:45 min., Script and director: Eva Witte, production: SWR , series: Treasures of the World - Erbe der Menschheit, first broadcast: January 15, 2006 on 3sat , table of contents and online video by SWR.

Web links

pictures

Commons : Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. The Muskauer Park - UNESCO World Heritage. In: Bad Muskau , accessed on July 5, 2015.
  2. see also bitter fighting raged near the Neisse in April 1945
  3. On the park and its buildings in 1945 and afterwards see Götz Eckardt (Hrsg.): Fate of German architectural monuments in World War II. A documentation of the damage and total losses in the area of ​​the GDR. Volume 1: Berlin. Capital of the GDR, districts of Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg, Potsdam, Frankfurt / Oder, Cottbus, Magdeburg , Henschelverlag Art and Society, Berlin 1980, pp. 208–211.
  4. Prince Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten : Memories of an old East Prussia . Rautenberg, Würzburg 2013 (5th edition), p. 326, ISBN 978-3-8003-3115-4 .
  5. Detlef Karg : First German-Polish work assignment in Muskauer Park . In: Die Gartenkunst 2 (1/1990), p. 160.
  6. ^ Flood in Saxony. Fürst-Pückler-Park flooded - levels are slowly falling. ( Memento from August 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: MDR , August 9, 2010.
  7. dpa , tmn: Tourism: Fürst-Pückler-Schloss reopened. In: Focus , August 20, 2010.
  8. Website garden culture path on both sides of the Neisse, members and cooperation partners , accessed on June 4, 2018
  9. Regina Weiß: Park Association draws larger circles. In: Lausitzer Rundschau , June 14, 2017, Weißwasser edition, accessed on March 3, 2018
  10. Rolf Ullmann: Four became nine. In: Sächsische Zeitung , February 26, 2018, online ( Memento from September 8, 2018 in the Internet Archive ).
  11. (hnr.): Lausitzer Parkverbund grows from four to nine. In: Der Märkische Bote March 3, 2018, Senftenberg u. Surrounding area, accessed on March 3, 2018

Coordinates: 51 ° 33 ′ 0 ″  N , 14 ° 43 ′ 30 ″  E