Strünkede Castle

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Strünkede Castle, view from the southeast (2011)
and from the northwest (2011)

The Strünkede Castle is a moated castle in Herne district of Baucau heart of a sprawling palace grounds . Its name goes back to the Middle High German word "strunk" for "cleared tree".

Until the end of the 18th century, the castle was the seat of the baronial von Strünkede family . The Emschertal Museum has housed the cultural and urban history collections there since 1938 . The rooms are also used for civil weddings.

The stadium at Strünkede Castle was built in the associated castle park in 1932 and was, among other things, the scene of Bundesliga games.

history

Residents and owners

Coat of arms of the von Strünkede

The Lords of Strünkede were first mentioned in a document in 1142 when a Wessel von Strünkede, feudal man of the Counts of Kleve , appeared as a witness in a dispute with the Essen monastery . In 1209 Bernd von Strünkede held an important courtly office as Klevian truchess .

The first documentary mention of the former Strünkede castle as "castro nostro Strunkede" dates back to 1243. It appears again in 1263, when the knight Gerlach von Strünkede after a feud against his liege, Count Dietrich VI. von Kleve made peace with this and gave him his castle for 100  marks .

In 1316, Bovo and Bernd von Strünkede were enfeoffed with the Burgraviate of Strünkede. From this the Strünkede dominion developed in later years with the farmers Herne and Baukau.

Due to the feudal ties of its owners to Kleve and the proximity to its adversary, the Archdiocese of Cologne , Strünkede Castle was involved in numerous feuds in the 14th to 16th centuries and was often besieged by Cologne followers . For example, in 1317, when Count Engelbert II lost his fiefdom from the Mark and Emperor Ludwig IV then awarded it to the Counts of Kleve. The marketer managed to take the castle and destroy it. Although the system was subsequently rebuilt by the Strünkedern, it was besieged and conquered by Engelbert II von der Mark only three years later.

Strünkede Castle was able to withstand the next siege by Walram von Jülich in 1336, as well as a siege in 1352 by men of Count Kleve , Johann von Kleve , who attacked his liege, Heinrich von Strünkede, who was striving for independence.

In 1397 Bernd von Strünkede lost his castle complex, which he had made available to Duke Wilhelm II von Berg as an open house in a feud with Kleve , as the Berger were defeated in the decisive battle on Kleverhamm . It was not until 1399 that he received it back as a fief from Adolf II of Kleve .

In the 15th century, the two rebellious brothers Goddert and Johann von Strünkede made a name for themselves. Due to a dispute with the Cappenberg Castle and the King of the future emperor imposed Sigismund even the imperial ban on Goddert why the castle in 1418 by Duke Adolf IV. Besieged by Kleve and was captured.

Strünkede then remained under Kleve's administration for the time being, until all of the adult representatives of the von Strünkede Kleve swore their allegiance in 1426 and the complex then returned to the noble family as a fief.

In 1487, Duke Johann II of Kleve had the facility in Strünkede besieged again. This time it went against Reinhard von Strünkede (also Reynar), who in 1482 received half of the rule as a fief, but then forcibly appropriated the other half. After the duke was successful with his siege, he sentenced Reinhard to "forever imprisonment" on Strünkede for mental disorders. His wife Sofia, née Countess von Limburg-Styrum , had previously separated from her husband. Her sons Jobst and Reinhard succeeded their father as castle owners.

Tomb of Jobst and Hendrika von Strünkede in the exhibition of the Emschertal Museum

That Jobst went down in history as "the great one", although historians confirm that his deeds were no different from those of other contemporaries. His grandson of the same name, however, was nicknamed "the scholar". From 1591 he began to convert the complex, which had been badly damaged by numerous armed conflicts, into a representative castle. The tomb for Jobst the scholar and his wife Henrika von Hatzfeld from the old Dionysius Church in Herne is now in the castle.

Jobst's eldest son Conrad was raised to the status of imperial baron in 1636. His third son Gottfried (Goddert) from his marriage to Janna von Lützenrod succeeded his father as the owner of Strünkede Castle. Under his aegis, the palace renovation begun by his grandfather was completed in 1644.

When Johann Conrad Freiherr von Strünkede died in 1742 without a male heir, his cousin Ludwig inherited the property from the Dorneburg family. When the male line from Strünkede zu Dorneburg also died out in 1777, the ownership came to Sigismund Carl von Strünkede zu Krudenburg . At that time, however, Strünkede was completely in debt, which is why bankruptcy followed. However, the family managed to keep the castle. Sigismund's sister, Sophia Charlotte, was enfeoffed with the rule of Strünkede in 1786. In 1767 she married Baron Adolf Karl von Palandt- Osterveen from Ommen in Oberijssel in the Netherlands , and so the Strünkede family went to this family.

The heir daughter Adolfine Caroline von Palandt brought the facility by marriage in 1810 to Friedrich von Forell, who came from the Lower Rhine region . His descendants sold Strünkede Castle to Harpener Bergbau AG in 1900 . Before that, the buildings had to serve numerous masters within a short period of time. During the First World War they served as a military hospital, and in the 1920s the police station was based there. The Hitler Youth found their accommodation there from January 1935 to 1937, before parts of the castle were rented long-term by the city of Herne for the Emschertal Museum. The opening took place on September 15, 1938, interrupted by smaller periods of closure, to close on August 26, 1944. After the liberation and stationing of an occupation until January 1946, the castle was converted into a children's rest home for the British Salvation Army , which from February 24, 1946 to March 31, 1950, cared for 1,600 children in the Emscher region physically and mentally. It was not until 1948 that the city of Herne bought the house and the Emschertal Museum reopened in some rooms.

Building history

Today's main castle consists of the remains of a fort-like, closed complex that used to stand in the middle of an oval castle pond. It probably only comprised a well-fortified residential tower and a gatehouse . A bailey was just south of it on a separate, second island. The complex, the area of ​​the core of the castle, was around 45 meters by 45 meters and was protected by a complex system of moats and a double rampart. The entire complex was probably closed off by a battlement in the west.

Excavations in the 1950s proved the existence of two previous buildings to the west and southwest of the current location. It was an earth wall castle from the 10th century and a tower hill castle from the 11th / 12th. Century.

Strünkede Castle around 1860, Alexander Duncker collection

To the east of the castle, between the inner and outer forces, stood a castle mill that had been guaranteed since 1316 and had to cease operations in 1850. Mining fields of a nearby colliery withdrew water from the moat and the castle pond; the stream that fed them was no longer usable.

After Harpener Bergbau AG acquired the castle grounds in 1900, they had it converted into a restaurant. These measures are largely responsible for the fact that nowadays there is hardly any original building fabric inside. An exception is a partially preserved fireplace from the 17th century. A former, square stair tower in the southeast corner of the inner courtyard no longer exists either.

Extensive restoration work was carried out on the facility between 1975 and 1980 . Among other things, the outer walls were given a new plaster and - based on a color lithograph from 1860/70 and an analysis of old plaster residues - a yellow paint.

In 2008 the entire palace park was redesigned from a horticultural perspective. The residential and garage building opposite Villa Forell from the 1920s was demolished and the old line of sight - from the main road from Bochum to Recklinghausen (today: Bahnhofstraße) - was restored. From October 2009 to June 2010, the castle building was completely renovated . At the same time, extensive research into building history took place, and the permanent exhibition in the Emschertal Museum was comprehensively renewed. It was reopened on June 13, 2010 on the theme of Das Haus, its history, its people . Further renovations followed by mid-2011.

description

Castle courtyard and east wing with unplastered wall of the north wing that was formerly attached here
Coat of arms and inscription above the arched portal

Main castle

The origins of today's palace building are in a preserved square pavilion tower from around 1500 (other sources name the 14th century). Its three storeys rise above a 13.5 meter by 13.5 meter area. Loopholes in his brick vaulted cellar attest to the strength of his defense at the time. In the middle of the 16th century, an east wing measuring 28 meters by 10 meters in the Renaissance style was added to the north of the tower . This was joined at right angles to a north wing with a basement, which is no longer preserved today.

The youngest part of today's castle is the south wing, built in two phases, with an early baroque gate passage from the 17th century. The arched portal is crowned by the coat of arms of the von Strünkede family and an inscription announces the end of the renovation and expansion work under Gottfried von Strünkede in 1664. Investigations from 2009 have shown that the entire wooden structure of the roof is from the time the castle was built - the wood was felled in 1663 - the original is preserved.

All new buildings were wings on oak pile rust and from natural dry stone construction. The latter can only be seen on the base of the building, as the outer walls were plastered . In the course of construction work in the 16th and 17th centuries, the castle pond was enlarged to a size of 200 meters × 220 meters, and the client gave the order to create a baroque garden based on French models to the west of the manor house . A kitchen garden with a pigeon tower was also built . The gardens have now completely disappeared, and of the extensive moat system only the main and an outer moat still exist.

Castle chapel

The Strünkede Castle Chapel is Herne's oldest building. It goes back to the lord of the castle Bernd von Strünkede, who had it built from brick in the Gothic style on the outer bailey until 1272 .

Originally only intended for the needs of the castle residents, it was with the blessing of Cologne Archbishop Friedrich III. In 1395 von Saar were converted into a parish church with the right to public worship, since, as it was said, the way to the Herner Dionysius Church in the “warlike times of that time would not be without danger to life”. The chapel also served as a burial place for some gentlemen. The burial places of “great Jobst” († 1529) and his father Reinhard († 1535) are guaranteed.

Castle chapel with castle in the background
Floor plan of the palace chapel in 1907

As patron saint of the Dionysius Church and the associated parish , Strünkeder Castle Lord Goddert († 1584) introduced the Reformation , which also made the castle chapel a Protestant, and initially Lutheran , place of worship.

The next change of denomination took place in 1686: Now the chapel was converted into a Calvinist church by the widow Gottfried von Strünkede and received its own preacher. In the following centuries it served the Reformed community of Hernes as a parish church.

The decline began at the end of the 18th century. So the bell tower was removed in 1802. When the union between Lutherans and Calvinists was announced in 1845 in Herne, now part of Prussia , it lost its character as a place of worship and was used by the respective owners of the castle as a barn, stable and dog kennel until the Second World War . During this time, many old elements were irretrievably lost. For example, the Mannerist painting of the late 16th century, uncovered in 1950, could only be saved in a few parts.

In 1948 the chapel and the castle became the property of the city of Herne. After a thorough restoration, during which the Gothic vaults destroyed by fire bombs were restored and new window glazing was carried out, it is still used today for concerts, weddings and baptisms, as well as for worship for smaller religious communities.

The brick building with the polygonal 3/8 choir shows the oldest traces on its southern side with the stone surrounds, which could possibly come from the foundation building from 1272. The remaining part was probably in the 14./15. Erected in the 19th century after the destruction of Strünkede. The current roof turret from the post-war period replaces a small baroque hood. The two-bay hall has a ribbed vault , the keystone of which shows the coats of arms of the von Strünkede family and their liege lords, the dukes of Kleve. Single-lane pointed arch windows , which have two lanes in the choir, provide the lighting for the small sacred building . The window reveals in the choir show simplified, late Gothic tendril painting. On the walls are old gravestones from Herne, including that of Margaretha von Asbeck, the wife of the "great Jobst" who died in 1587.

The current altarpiece was the upper part of the main altar of the demolished Dionysius Church, created in 1700. Consecration crosses are set in several places inside the building. A mortuary tablet from 1682, presumably by Gottfried von Strünkede, hangs on the west wall above the door.

The grave monument of the von Forell family

The "new" burial place

In today's triangle between Strünkede-Stadion, Westring and Forellstrasse is the memorial of the von Forell family. The monument has the shape of an obelisk, which was crowned by an urn until the 1960s. It was originally located about 20 meters to the south within the stadium's current grandstand wall. There was the family burial place of the von Forell family, which had only been used for the residents of the Strünkede family since 1804. The last Baroness von Strünkede zu Krudenburg was also buried there. Today, after a thorough restoration, the monument is again enclosed by a grid.

Personalities

  • Friedrich von Forell (1811–1872), District Administrator of the Bochum district from 1868 to 1872

literature

  • Alexander Duncker (Ed.): The rural residences, castles and residences of the knightly landowners in the Prussian monarchy along with the royal family, house, Fideicommiss and Schattull goods . Volume 12, Berlin 1871–73 [digitized print]; ( PDF; 231 kB ). Berlin: Central and State Library 2006.
  • August Kracht : Castles and palaces in the Sauerland, Siegerland, Hellweg, industrial area . Knaur, Munich [1983], ISBN 3-426-04410-2 , pp. 262-269.
  • Gabriele Wand-Seyer: A clock old noble and knightly families. On the history of the von Strünkede noble family from Herne . Koethers and Röttsches, Herne 1992, ISBN 3-920556-04-6 .
  • Gabriele Wand-Seyer: Strünkede Castle . In: Kai Niederhöfer (Red.): Burgen AufRuhr. On the way to 100 castles, palaces and mansions in the Ruhr region . Klartext Verlag , Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8375-0234-3 , pages 243-246.

Web links

Commons : Schloss Strünkede  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b G. Wand-Seyer: Strünkede Castle , page 244.
  2. ^ G. Wand-Seyer: Strünkede Castle , page 245.
  3. ↑ a b Die Herrschaft Strünkede in GenWiki , accessed on October 14, 2010.
  4. ^ Johann Friedrich Schannat: Eiflia illustrata or geographical and historical description of the Eifel . Volume 2, part 4. Jacob Anton Mayer , Aachen and Leipzig 1829 ( digitized ).
  5. ↑ Leo Reiners (Berb.): Herne 1945–1950. 5 years of reconstruction . City of Herne, Herne 1950, page 89.
  6. ↑ Jennifer Kalischeweski: Herne's very own story . In: Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of June 13, 2010.
  7. ↑ Gabriele Heimeier: The secret of the beams . In: Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of August 30, 2009.
  8. ↑ Geographic coordinates: 51 ° 33 ′ 12 ″  N , 7 ° 12 ′ 31.8 ″  E

Coordinates: 51 ° 33 ′ 4.9 ″  N , 7 ° 12 ′ 40 ″  E