Heliconia longiflora
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Heliconia longiflora , inflorescence |
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Heliconia longiflora is a species ofthe Heliconia family (Heliconiaceae). It is native to Central America and northwestern South America .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Heliconia longiflora is a perennial , herbaceous plant with underground rhizome . Compared to other members of the genus, the species, which is relatively thin and sometimes overhanging, is habitually similar to a ginger plant and reaches a height of 1–2 (-5) m. The 10-16 double-spaced put leaves of a shoot, with their sheaths a false trunk . The largest of the simple and undivided, 0.3–0.4 cm long stalked, lanceolate-elliptical leaf blades are (20–) 26–38 cm long and 5–8 (–12) cm wide. The blades have an asymmetrical, pointed to blunt base, are long pointed at the front and green on both sides. The parallel lateral nerves branch off obliquely from the midrib.
Generative characteristics
The 10-20 cm long, upright inflorescences are on a stalk up to about 5 cm long, orange colored at the ends of the leafy shoots. The inflorescence axis is also colored orange. Each inflorescence consists of four to ten coiled partial inflorescences . The middle of their two-line, lanceolate, shallow boat-shaped bracts are 5–8 cm long and 1–2 cm wide at the base. The bracts, pointed at the front, are orange or sometimes red at the tip and have upright edges. Each winding consists of (3–) 5–20 very showy, resupinated flowers . Their membranous, decrepit bracts are lanceolate, about 4 cm long, 5 mm wide and yellow in color. The spirally twisted, 1–1.5 cm long flower stalks are colored orange. The stalk and main axis of the inflorescence are bare, as are the bracts of the partial inflorescences and the bracts.
The inflorescence of the zygomorphic , hermaphrodite flowers consists of six tepals in two circles, which are fused to a tube at the base. In addition, the three inner and two outer tepals are fused together to form a sheath open on one side, while the upper section of the median tepal of the outer circle is free. This is originally located adaxially , but turned outwards through resupination and bent back when it blossoms. The evenly or slightly parabolic curved flower envelope is 5.5–7 cm long and about 5 mm in diameter. It is bald, entirely yellow, cream, or white, or orange at the base. The edges of the outer tepals are shiny. The stamens are attached to the base of the tubular section of the inflorescence and not grown together. The five fertile stamens have long linear stamens. The linear anthers are basifix, i.e. attached to the stamen at their base, consist of four pollen sacs and open lengthways. The median sixth stamen, which is in front of the individual free perigone, is transformed into a staminodium . The lower, triple, bald ovary is colored orange with a green upper edge. There is only a single, thread-like stylus with a lobed scar . In each ovary compartment there is a single erect ovule on the basal, central-angled placenta .
The fruits are bare, blue drupes . They are approximately spherical to somewhat three-sided and have a diameter of about 0.8–1 cm. Each of the one to three stone nuclei is surrounded by the rough, hardened endocarp .
The species can flower and bear fruit for most of the year.
ingredients
In the leaves of Heliconia longiflora are calcium oxalate - crystals contain particularly large in the young tender leaves. These crystals may play a role in warding off predators.
Chromosomes
Heliconia longiflora has a diploid set of chromosomes with 2n = 24.
distribution and habitat
Heliconia longiflora is distributed in Central America from northern Nicaragua to Panama . It avoids the relatively dry areas in western Nicaragua, in the lowlands of northwestern Costa Rica , and on the Azuero peninsula in Panama. In South America the species grows on the western slope of the Andes of Colombia and in the northwest of Ecuador .
The species grows in the undergrowth and on the edge of moist tropical lowland rainforests , on river banks and also in secondary vegetation . In Costa Rica it grows from sea level up to about 700 (–1000) m above sea level , in Colombia it also occurs up to over 1300 m above sea level.
Taxonomy and systematics
The species was in 1977 by the American botanist Robert Roy Smith described . The type material consists of plants that the American botanist Paul Hamilton Allen collected in 1946 in the province of Colón in Panama. Such plants were previously treated as Heliconia aurantiaca or even as Heliconia psittacorum .
Heliconia longiflora comprises two subspecies:
- Heliconia longiflora subsp. longiflora : It occurs from Nicaragua to northwestern Colombia .
- Heliconia longiflora subsp. ecuadoriensis L.Andersson : It was described in 1985 from the northwest of Ecuador.
Heliconia longiflora is placed within the Heliconias to the subgenus Stenochlamys and to the section Zingiberastrum . A molecular biological study on the basis of RAPD - markers showed that the subgenus Stenochlamys polyphyletisch is. Heliconia longiflora was contained in a clade that was composed of species of this subgenus from the sections Zingiberastrum ( Heliconia hirsuta , Heliconia longiflora ) and Cannastrum ( Heliconia mathiasiae , Heliconia metallica , Heliconia subulata ).
etymology
The specific epithet longiflora ( Latin long-flowered ) is derived from Latin longus ( long ) and Latin -florus ( -flower ). It refers to the relatively long flowers of this species. The name of the subspecies ecuadoriensis refers to the occurrence in Ecuador. The generic name Heliconia is derived from the mountain Helikon in central Greece , the seat of the muses in mythology . This naming was an allusion Linnaeus to a relationship with the bananas ( Musa ).
swell
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .
- WJ Kress: Heliconiaceae Nakai. In: WD Stevens, C. Ulloa Ulloa, A. Pool, OM Montiel (eds.): Flora de Nicaragua. Vol. 2: Angiospermas (Fabaceae-Oxalidaceae). (= Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-95-9 . ( Heliconia longiflora online)
- WJ Kress: Heliconiaceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. II: Gimnospermas y Monocotiledóneas (Agavaceae – Musaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-22-9 , pp. 578-592. (on-line)
- RR Smith: Heliconia in Nicaragua. In: Phytologia. 36, 1977, pp. 251-261. (on-line)
Individual evidence
- ↑ DS Finley: Patterns of calcium oxalate crystals in young tropical leaves: a possible role as an anti-herbivory defense. In: Revista de Biología Tropical. 47, 1999, pp. 27-31. (PDF)
- ^ P. Goldblatt, DE Johnson (ed.): Heliconia longiflora. In: Index to Plant Chromosome Numbers (IPCN). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 9, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Heliconia longiflora, Herbarium evidence. In: TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 9, 2012 .
- ^ RR Smith: Heliconia in Nicaragua. In: Phytologia. 36, 1977, pp. 255-257. (on-line)
- ^ Isotype of Heliconia longiflora. In: The CV Starr Virtual Herbarium. The New York Botanical Garden, accessed November 9, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Heliconia longiflora. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 10, 2018.
- ↑ Heliconia longiflora subsp. ecuadoriensis. In: TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed November 9, 2012 .
- ↑ LP Marouelli, PW Inglis, MA Ferreira, GSC Buso: Genetic relationships among Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) species based on RAPD markers. In: Genetics and Molecular Research. 9, 2010, pp. 1377-1387. doi: 10.4238 / vol9-3gmr847
- ↑ H. Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3. Edition. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 348. ( Preview in Google book search )
- ↑ H. Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3. Edition. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 282. ( Preview in Google book search )
