Heliconia
Heliconia | ||||||||||||
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Hybrid Heliconia psittacorum × Heliconia spathocircinata |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
Heliconiaceae | ||||||||||||
Nakai | ||||||||||||
Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
Heliconia | ||||||||||||
L. |
Heliconia ( Heliconia ), also called lobster claws or false bird of paradise flowers, are the only genus of the Heliconia family (Heliconiaceae) in the order of the ginger-like (Zingiberales). The genus includes 100 to 225 species , including some ornamental plants. The name is derived from the Greek mountain Helikon , the seat of the muses , probably because the inflorescences are so decorative.
description
Appearance and leaves
Heliconia species grow as large, evergreen , perennial herbaceous plants . They usually form short-branched, rarely runners-forming rhizomes that store starch. Usually only an unbranched "pseudostem" is formed, which emerges from the overlapping leaf sheaths. The aboveground parts of the plant are often hairy.
The foliage leaves , mostly alternate and two-lined, arranged only at the base or also distributed on the stem, branch off parallel from the median nerve and are differentiated into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade; in some species no petiole is recognizable.
Inflorescences and flowers
At the end of each "pseudostem" a very large, decorative, racemose entire inflorescence is formed, which is composed of several monochasic zymous , few to many-flowered partial inflorescences . There are types with hanging and those with upright inflorescences. The most attractive are the flashy colored spoon-shaped bracts (bracts), which can be up to 2 meters long. There are keeled cover sheets.
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. All six bracts are fused tubular at their base. The three sepals and two petals are still fused above this flower tube. A petal is also free at the base. There are five fertile stamens and a scaly staminodium per flower . The fertile stamens are fused with the basal tube. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown into an ovule per ovary chamber. There are septal nectaries . The elongated, thin style ends in a cephalic or three- or rarely two-lobed stigma. The flowers of the bird-pollinated species are very rich in nectar and sometimes fragrant. The species pollinated by bats only bloom at night and do not smell; they usually have green bracts and green or white bracts.
The flower formula is:
Fruits and seeds
The blue when ripe, red or orange stone fruits contain only one to three seeds each. There is thin, oily and starchy endosperm that also contains aleurones .
Chromosome sets and ingredients
Data on chromosome sets are only available for some of the species; which mostly have 2n = 24.
All parts of the plant contain tannin .
ecology
Heliconias are pollinated by a wide range of animals ( zoogamy ), most of which are birds . Hummingbirds pollinate all Neotropical species, honey-eaters many of the species found in Polynesia . This is shown by both the colors of the bracts and the abundant production of nectar . Some mammals are also involved in pollination, especially long-tongue flying dogs in the most westerly species of Heliconia. The Pacific rat ( Rattus exulans ) also visits the flowers - but in the bird-flowered species without pollinating them.
The diaspores are the stone fruit, they are eaten by animals and the seeds are excreted undigested and thus spread; they are mostly birds.
Development history, distribution and locations
The development of the Helikoniaceae within the Zingiberales took place relatively late and is dated to about 32 million years ago. The common ancestors of the Helikoniaceae, Strelitziaceae , Lowiaceae are dated to about 109 million years ago. Since this group originated in the Neotropic, the oceanic Heliconia species can only have got there through recent remote spreading.
The Heliconiaceae family has a disjoint area . Most species occur in the Neotropic . Some species are native to Oceania , islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean, Melanesia from Samoa to Sulawesi .
Many species thrive in the lowland rainforest below an altitude of 500 meters. The greatest number of species thrives at medium altitudes in rain or cloud forests. Only a few species are found at altitudes above 2000 meters. Specimens are most often found at ruderal locations, for example along railway lines, and they are often pioneer plants after logging, or they are found on river banks. But many species are dependent on shady locations in primary forests; Unfortunately, these species are often locally endemic and threatened with extinction if the forests are destroyed during logging.
Systematics and distribution of the species
The genus Heliconia was established by Carl von Linné in 1771 . Type species is Heliconia bihai (L.) L. The genus name Heliconia is derived from the Helikon Mountains in southern Greece, which was considered the home of the Muses . Synonyms for Heliconia L. are: Bihai Mill. , Heliconiopsis Miq.
The Heliconiaceae (A.Richard) Nakai family was first published by Takenoshin Nakai in 1941 . In the past the genus Heliconia was incorporated into the families of the Strelitziaceae or Musaceae .
The genus Heliconia is divided by Kress (1984, 1990, 1994) and Andersson (1981, 1985, 1992) into five sub-genera and about 23 sections. There are around 200 to 225 species of Heliconia (here with their distribution):
- Subgenus Heliconia : It contains six sections with about 33 species:
- Section Heliconia :
- Scarlet lobster claw ( Heliconia bihai (L.) L. , Syn .: Heliconia nigrescens Jacq. , Heliconia variegata Jacq. , Heliconia distans Griggs , Heliconia purpurea Griggs , Heliconia rutila Griggs , Heliconia aurea G.Rodr. , Heliconia schaeferiana G.Rodr. ): It is widespread in northern South America, for example Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , French Guiana and Suriname and occurs on the Caribbean islands .
- Heliconia bourgaeana Petersen (Syn .: Heliconia barqueta Loes. , Heliconia champneiana Griggs ): It is distributed from southern Mexico to Honduras .
- Heliconia caribaea Lam. (Syn .: Heliconia luteofusca Jacq. , Heliconia conferta Petersen , Heliconia borinquena Griggs ): It occurs on Caribbean islands.
- Heliconia orthotricha L. Anderss. : It is distributed from southern Colombia to central Peru .
- Heliconia rodriguensis Aristeg. : It occurs in northern Venezuela .
- Banana-leaved lobster claws ( Heliconia stricta Huber , Syn .: Heliconia tricolor Abalo & G. Morales ): It is widespread in tropical South America.
- Tricolored lobster claw ( Heliconia wagneriana Petersen , Syn .: Heliconia elongata Griggs , Heliconia lennartiana W.J. Kress ): It is widespread from Central America to Ecuador and occurs in Trinidad .
- Section Episcopales (Griggs) L.Anderss. : It contains only one type:
- Heliconia episcopalis Vell. (Syn .: Heliconia ferdinando-coburgi Szyszyl. Ex Wawra ): It is widespread in tropical South America.
- Section Tortex L.Anderss. :
- Heliconia beckneri R.R.Smith : It occurs in Costa Rica .
- Heliconia cucullata W.J. Kress & L.Anderss. : It is common from Costa Rica to Panama .
- Heliconia faunorum W.J. Kress & L.Anderss. : It occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia irrasa R.R.Smith : It is distributed from southwestern Nicaragua to Panama.
- Heliconia latispatha Benth. (Syn .: Heliconia aequatoriensis Loes. ): It is distributed from southern Mexico via Central America to Venezuela and north-eastern Peru.
- Heliconia lutea W.J. Kress : It occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia monteverdensis Daniels & Stiles (Syn .: Heliconia vulcanicola F.G.Stiles , Heliconia monteverdensis var. Vulcanicola (FGStiles) WJKress ): It occurs in Costa Rica.
- Heliconia sarapiquensis Daniels & Stiles (Syn .: Heliconia lindsayana W.J. Kress ): It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Heliconia spathocircinata Aristeg. : Of the two subspecies, one is distributed from Panama via Trinidad-Tobago to tropical South America and the other occurs only in Panama.
- Heliconia thomasiana W.J. Kress : It occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia tortuosa Griggs : It is distributed from southeastern Mexico to Central America.
- Heliconia umbrophila Daniels & Stiles : It occurs in Costa Rica.
- Section Farinosae W.J. Kress , ined .:
- Heliconia barryana W.J. Kress : This endemic occurs in Panama only in Chiriquí.
- Heliconia clinophila R.R.Smith : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Heliconia darienensis L. Anderss. : It is widespread from southern Panama to northwestern Colombia.
- Heliconia farinosa Raddi (Syn .: Heliconia brasiliensis Hook. , Heliconia pulverulenta Lindl. , Heliconia speciosa Horan. , Heliconia vellozoana Emygdio , Heliconia sampaioana Emygdio ): It is in the Brazilian states from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul and in Argentina Misiones as well as Salta spread.
- Heliconia gracilis Daniels & Stiles : It occurs in Costa Rica.
- Heliconia ignescens Daniels & Stiles : It is common from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Heliconia kautzkiana Emygdio & Santos : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo .
- Heliconia lankesteri Standl. : It is common from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Heliconia librata Griggs : It is distributed from north-central and south-east Mexico to Nicaragua .
- Heliconia rodriguezii Stiles : It occurs in Costa Rica.
- Section Complanatae W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia atratensis Abalo & Morales : It occurs only in northwestern Colombia.
- Heliconia brenneri Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Ecuador only in Moreno-Santiago.
- Heliconia foreroi Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Section Tenebria L.Anderss. :
- Heliconia lourteigiae Emygdio & Santos : It is common in tropical South America.
- Heliconia tenebrosa Macbr. : It is widespread from northeastern Peru to northwestern Brazil.
- Section Heliconia :
- Subgenus Taeniostrobus (Kuntze) Griggs :
- Heliconia atropurpurea Daniels & Stiles : It is distributed from Costa Rica to Colombia.
- Heliconia bella W.J. Kress : It occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia imbricata (Kuntze) Baker (Syn .: Heliconia densa (Griggs) LBSm. ): It is distributed from Costa Rica to northwestern Colombia.
- Heliconia reticulata (Griggs) Winkl. (Syn .: Heliconia marmoliana Dodson & AHGentry ): It is widespread from Costa Rica to central Ecuador.
- Subgenus Heliconiopsis (Miq.) WJKress :
- It was discussed whether it is a separate genus Heliconiopsis :
- Heliconia indica Lam. (Syn .: Heliconia buccinata Roxb. , Heliconiopsis amboinensis Miq. Nom. Superfl., Heliconiopsis indica (Lam.) Nakai ): It is distributed with five varieties from Maluku to the southwestern Pacific islands.
- Heliconia lanata (Green) WJKress (Syn .: Heliconia indica var. Lanata P.S.Green ): You only come to the Solomon Islands before.
- Heliconia Laufao W.J. Kress : It only occurs in Samoa .
- Heliconia paka A.C.Smith : You only come to Fiji before.
- Heliconia papuana W.J. Kress : It only occurs in New Guinea .
- Heliconia solomonensis W.J. Kress : It occurs from the Bismarck Archipelago to the Solomon Islands.
- It was discussed whether it is a separate genus Heliconiopsis :
- Subgenus Stenochlamys Baker :
- Section Lanea L.Anderss. :
- Heliconia adflexa (Griggs) Standl .: It iswidespreadfrom southeast Mexico to Honduras .
- Heliconia aemygdiana BurleMarx : Of the two subspecies, one is distributed from southern Colombia to central Bolivia and southeastern Brazil and the other occurs only in western Ecuador.
- Heliconia burleana Abalo & Morales : It is distributed from Colombia and northern Peru.
- Heliconia fugax L. Anderss. : It occurs in central Peru.
- Heliconia gaiboriana Abalo & Morales : It occurs only in the Ecuadorian province of Los Ríos .
- Heliconia gloriosa Abalo & Morales : It occurs in central Peru.
- Heliconia impudica Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Heliconia weberbaueri Loes. ): It is distributed in central Peru to central Bolivia.
- Heliconia lophocarpa Daniels & Stiles : It is common from Costa Rica to Panama.
- Heliconia meridensis Klotzsch (Syn .: Heliconia schneeana Steyerm. , Heliconia falcata Barreiros , Heliconia colombiana Abalo & G.Morales , Heliconia mincana Abalo & Morales ): It is widespread from northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Heliconia pseudoaemygdiana Emygdio & Santos : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro .
- Heliconia scarlatina Abalo & Morales (Syn .: Heliconia aristeguietae Abalo & G.Morales , Heliconia gilbertiana Abalo & G.Morales ): It is distributed from southeastern Panama to Colombia and northern Peru.
- Heliconia schiedeana Klotzsch (Syn .: Heliconia hirsuta Schltdl. & Cham. Nom. Illeg., Heliconia geniculata (Griggs) LBSm. ): It thrives at altitudes of 400 to 1700 meters in the Mexican states of Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí to Veracruz .
- Heliconia spissa Griggs (Syn .: Heliconia schiedeana var. Spissa (Griggs) RRSm. , Heliconia pochutlensis Conz. ): It is distributed from southern Mexico to northern Nicaragua.
- Heliconia virginalis Abalo & Morales (Syn .: Heliconia deflexa G.S.Daniels & FGStiles ): It is distributed from Costa Rica to Panama to Colombia and northwest Ecuador.
- Heliconia willisiana Abalo & Morales : It occurs only in the Ecuadorian province of Pichincha .
- Heliconia zebrina Plowman, Kress & Kennedy (Syn .: Heliconia variegata Loes. ): It occurs in central-eastern Peru.
- Section of Stenochlamys (Baker) Schum. :
- Heliconia acuminata L.C. Rich. : It is widespread with four subspecies in tropical South America.
- Heliconia angusta Vell. (Syn .: Heliconia bicolor Benth. , Heliconia angustifolia Hook. , Heliconia bidentata Barreiros , Heliconia laneana Barreiros , Heliconia aurorea Emygdio & E.Santos , Heliconia citrina Emygdio & E.Santos , Heliconia fluminensis Emygdio & E.Santos , Heliconia lacletteana Emygdio & E. Santos ): It is common in southeastern Brazil.
- Heliconia brachyantha L. Anderss. : It is widespread from southeastern Panama to northwestern Venezuela.
- Parrot lobster claws ( Heliconia psittacorum L. f. , Syn .: Heliconia ballia Rich. , Heliconia marantifolia G.Shaw , Heliconia humilis (Aubl.) Jacq. , Heliconia swartziana Roem. & Schult. , Heliconia cannoidea A.Rich. , Heliconia andrewsii Klotzsch , Heliconia schomburgkiana Klotzsch , Heliconia brasiliensis var. concolor Petersen , Heliconia psittacorum var. robusta Eichler ex Petersen , Heliconia psittacorum var. spathacea Eichler ex Petersen , Heliconia psittacorum var. rhizomatosa var. cannonia Aristegea . , Heliconia hirsuta . ) Baker , Heliconia sylvestris (Gleason) LBSm. , Heliconia goiasensis Barreiros , Heliconia bahiensis Barreiros ): It is distributed from Panama to Paraguay , Brazil and Guiana and occurs on Caribbean islands.
- Heliconia richardiana Miq. (Syn .: Heliconia glauca Poit. Ex Verlot ): It is widespread from northern South America to eastern Brazil.
- Heliconia timothei L. Anderss . : It is distributed from northeastern Peru to northwestern Brazil.
- Section Proximochlamys L.Anderss. : It contains only one type:
- Heliconia densiflora Verlot : It is distributed with two subspecies in tropical South America and occurs on the island of Trinidad.
- Section Lasia L.Anderss. :
- Heliconia dasyantha Koch & Bouché : It occurs from Suriname to French Guiana .
- Heliconia estherae Abalo & Morales : It occurs only in northeastern Colombia.
- Heliconia julianii Barreiros : It is common in tropical South America.
- Heliconia lasiorachis L. Anderss. : It is distributed from southeastern Colombia to Peru.
- Heliconia velutina L. Otherss. : It is distributed from central Colombia to central Peru.
- Section Cannastrum L.Anderss. :
- Heliconia berryi Abalo & Morales : It occurs only in the Ecuadorian province of Napo .
- Heliconia calatheaphylla G.S.Daniels & FGStiles : It occurs in Costa Rica.
- Heliconia mathiasiae G.S.Daniels & FGStiles (Syn .: Heliconia vaginalis subsp. Mathiasiae (GSDaniels & FGStiles) L.Andersson , Heliconia golfodulcensis G.S.Daniels & FGStiles ): It is widespread from north-central and south-east Mexico to Panama.
- Heliconia metallica Pl. & Linden ex. Hook. (Syn .: Heliconia vinosa W.Bull , Heliconia nana G.Rodr. , Heliconia osaensis var. Rubescens F.G.Stiles ): It is widespread from Central America to Bolivia.
- Heliconia osaensis Cuf. : It is common from Honduras to Colombia.
- Heliconia pardoi Abalo & Morales : It occurs in northern Ecuador.
- Heliconia revoluta (Griggs) Standl. (Syn .: Heliconia sanctae-martae L.Anderss. ): It occurs from northeastern Colombia to Brazil (Serra da Neblina).
- Heliconia subulata Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Heliconia psittacorum var. Subulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Baker ): It is distributed in two subspecies from Ecuador to Argentina (only Misiones, Salta).
- Heliconia vaginalis Benth. (Syn .: Heliconia deflexa G.S.Daniels & FGStiles ): It is widespread from Costa Rica to northwestern Ecuador.
- Heliconia venusta Abalo & Morales : It is distributed from central Colombia to central Ecuador.
- Section Zingiberastrum L.Anderss. :
- Heliconia aurantiaca Ghiesbr. ex Lem. (Syn .: Heliconia brevispatha Hook. , Heliconia choconiana S. Watson ): It is distributed from southern Mexico to Central America.
- Heliconia apparicioi Barreiros : It is distributed from Ecuador to Peru and into western Brazil.
- Heliconia cordata L. Otherss. : It is distributed from central Colombia to north-western Ecuador.
- Heliconia crassa Griggs : It occurs in Guatemala .
- Heliconia hirsuta L. f. (Syn .: Heliconia bicolor Klotzsch nom. Illeg., Heliconia cannoidea var. Villosa Petersen , Heliconia hirsuta var. Villosula Loes. , Heliconia straminea (Griggs) Standl. , Heliconia cardenasii L.B.Sm. , Heliconia harrisiana (Griggs) LBSm. , Heliconia burle-marxii Emygdio , Heliconia costanensis Aristeg. , Heliconia hirsuta var. rubriflora R.R.Sm. , Heliconia cararensis Abalo & G.Morales ): It is widespread in Central America as well as in tropical South America and occurs on the island of Trinidad.
- Heliconia longiflora R.R.Smith : The two subspecies are distributed from Nicaragua to northwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.
- Heliconia schumanniana Loes. (Syn .: Heliconia aureorosea Loes. , Heliconia uleana Loes. ): It is widespread from southern Colombia to eastern Peru. There are no more subtaxas.
- Heliconia tarcarcunae L. Anderss . : It occurs in only in southern Panama.
- Section Lanea L.Anderss. :
- Subgenus Griggsia L. Anderss . :
- Section Griggsia W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia gigantea W.J.Kress & J.Betancur : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia griggsiana L.B.Smith : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
- Heliconia paludigena Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Heliconia pastazae L. Anderss . : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Heliconia titanum W.J.Kress & J.Betancur : It occurs in Colombia.
- Section Barbatae W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia danielsiana W.J. Kress : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
- Heliconia lutheri W.J. Kress : It occurs in northwestern Ecuador.
- Heliconia magnifica Person | WJKress: It occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia markiana Abalo & Morales : It occurs in northeast Ecuador.
- Heliconia peteriana Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Heliconia pogonantha Cuf. : It occurs in four varieties from Honduras to Colombia.
- Heliconia ramonensis Daniels & Stiles : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
- Heliconia regalis L. Anderss. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
- Heliconia rhodantha Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia sanctae-theresae Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia in the Departamento de Antioquia .
- Heliconia vellerigera Poepp. : It occurs in Ecuador and northern Peru.
- Heliconia xanthovillosa W.J. Kress : It occurs in Panama.
- Section Arcuatae W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia curtispatha Peters. (Syn .: Heliconia longa (Griggs) Winkler ): It occurs from Honduras to Ecuador.
- Heliconia nigripraefixa Dodson & Gentry : It occurs in Panama, Colombia and Ecuador.
- Section Longae WJKress, ined .:
- Heliconia excelsa L. Anderss. : It occurs in Ecuador in the Napo province .
- Heliconia harlingii L. Anderss. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
- Heliconia mariae Hook. f. (Syn .: Heliconia elegans Petersen , Heliconia punicea (Griggs) LBSm.) : It is distributed from Central America, through Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Heliconia stilesii W.J. Kress : It occurs in Costa Rica and in western Panama.
- Section Obscurae W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia abaloi G.Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia chrysocraspeda Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia combinata Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia estiletioides Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia fragilis Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia fredberryana W.J. Kress : It occurs in Ecuador in the Imbabura province .
- Heliconia laxa Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia lozanoi Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia mutisiana Cuatrecasas : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia nariniensis Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia and northern Ecuador.
- Heliconia nitida Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia obscura Abalo & Morales : Of the three subspecies, one occurs in Ecuador and Peru and the other two only in Ecuador.
- Heliconia obscuroides L.Anderss. : It occurs in Colombia and northern Peru.
- Heliconia robusta Pax : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.
- Section Dromedarius W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia arrecta W.J.Kress & J.Betancur : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia huilensis Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia mucilagina Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia spiralis Abalo & Morales : The two varieties occur in Colombia.
- Section Sigmoideae W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia badilloi Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia berriziana Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia caquetensis Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia colgantea R.R. Smith ex Daniels & Stiles : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
- Heliconia dielsiana Loes. : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
- Heliconia intermedia Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia lentiginosa Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia in the Departamento de Antioquia .
- Heliconia maculata W.J. Kress : It occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia necrobracteata W.J. Kress : It occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia oleosa Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia penduloides Loes. : It occurs in Peru.
- Heliconia reptans Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia robertoi Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia sclerotricha Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Heliconia signa-hispanica Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia talamancana Daniels & Stiles : It occurs in Costa Rica and in western Panama.
- Heliconia trichocarpa Daniels & Stiles : It occurs in Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia.
- Section Rostratae W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia juruana Loes. : It occurs in Ecuador in northern Peru and in northern Brazil.
- Heliconia marginata (Griggs) Pittier : It occurs from Costa Rica to tropical South America.
- Hanging lobster claw ( Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav. , Syn .: Heliconia poeppigiana Eichler ex Petersen ): It is common in western tropical South America.
- Heliconia standleyi Macbr. : It occurs in Ecuador and northeastern Peru.
- Section Pendulae (Griggs) WJKress ined .:
- Heliconia chartacea Lane ex Barreiros : Of the two varieties, one is common in tropical South America and the other occurs only in southern Venezuela.
- Heliconia collinsiana Griggs : It occurs from southern Mexico to Nicaragua.
- Heliconia fernandezii Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia in the Antioquia Department .
- Heliconia mooreana R.R.Smith : It occurs in the Mexican state of Guerrero .
- Heliconia pendula Wawra : It occurs from northern South America to northeastern Brazil.
- Heliconia platystachys Baker : It occurs from Costa Rica to Venezuela.
- Heliconia rigida Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia riopalenquensis Dodson & A.Gentry : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Heliconia villosa Klotzsch : There are two varieties in Venezuela.
- Section Contortex W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia nutans Woodson : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
- Heliconia secunda Daniels & Stiles : It occurs in Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
- Section Retiformes W.J. Kress ined .:
- Heliconia donstonea W.J.Kress & J.Betancur : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
- Heliconia holmquistiana Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia stella-maris Abalo & Morales : It occurs in Colombia.
- Heliconia terciopela W.J.Kress & J.Betancur : It occurs in Colombia.
- Section Griggsia W.J. Kress ined .:
Without assignment to a sub-genus or section:
- Heliconia berguidoi R.Flores, C.Black & A.Ibáñez : The species first described in 2017 occurs in Panama.
- Heliconia veracruzensis C.Gut.Báez : The species first described in 2016 occurs in the Mexican state of Veracruz.
use
Some species and varieties have been popular exotic ornamental plants since the 18th century . Some varieties are also popular as long-lasting cut flowers . There are a number of varieties.
They hardly serve as food, budding inflorescences are rarely eaten cooked when food is scarce. Sometimes the large leaves (similar to banana leaves) serve as a coating when cooking food.
swell
- JLR Every, 2009: Neotropical Heliconiaceae. In: Neotropikey = Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics . (Sections systematics and description)
- The Heliconiaceae family on the AP website. (Sections systematics and description)
- The Heliconiaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
literature
- W. John Kress, Alan T. Whittemore: ( Heliconiaceae. Same text online as printed work ), In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000. ISBN 0-19-513729-9
- W. John Kress, Chelsea D. Specht: The evolutionary and biogeographic origin and diversification on the tropical monocot or Zingiberales . In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, JM Porter, LMPrince, MG Simpson (Eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding poales . In: Aliso , Volume 22, 2006, pp. 621-632. doi: 10.5642 / aliso.20062201.49
- WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue: Zingiberales . In: Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach . 3rd edition, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts 2007, pp. 301 f., ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2 .
- W. John Kress, February 6, 2008: Flora Mesoamericana , Volume 7, 1, Heliconiaceae. , Pp. 1-33. Full text PDF published from the Flora Mesoamericana website , March 1, 2012.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cheers, Gordon: Botanica: the ABC of plants; 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-89731-900-4 .
- ^ Louise B. Pedersen, W. John Kress: Pollination of Old World Heliconia. In: Bulletin of the Heliconia Society International , Volume 10, 1–2, 2000, p. 3 ( PDF ( Memento of the original dated August 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check Original and archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ).
- ^ A b W. John Kress & Chelsea D. Specht: The evolutionary and biogeographic origin and diversification on the tropical monocot or Zingiberales . In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, JM Porter, LMPrince & MG Simpson (Eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding poales . In: Aliso 22, 2006, pp. 621–632, Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, California ( PDF ( Memento of the original dated June 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ).
- ^ A b Heliconia at the Department of Botany of the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institute , Washington DC
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Heliconia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 10, 2018.
- ^ Heliconia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 18, 2012.
- ^ Heliconia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
- ↑ Heliconiaceae systematics online (PDF; 105 kB). In: Heliconia at the Department of Botany of the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institute , Washington DC
- ^ W. John Kress, February 6, 2008: Flora Mesoamericana , Volume 7, 1, Heliconiaceae. , Pp. 1-33. Full text PDF published from the Flora Mesoamericana website , March 1, 2012.
Web links
- Homepage of the International Heliconia Society, heliconia.org .
- Numerous photos of Heliconia species on the website of the Heliconia Society of Puerto Rico.
further reading
- L. Isaza, ML Marulanda, AM López: Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of several Heliconia species in Colombia. In: Genetics and Molecular Research , Volume 11, Issue 4, November, 2012 pp. 4552-4563. doi: 10.4238 / 2012 November 12.9 full text PDF.