Heubach lowlands, Lavesumer Bruch and Borkenberge

	EU bird sanctuary "Heubach lowlands, Lavesumer Bruch and Borkenberge"
	In the NSG " Gagelbruch Borkenberge "
location	Districts of Borken , Coesfeld and Recklinghausen , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany
Identifier	DE-4108-401
WDPA ID	555537476
Natura 2000 ID	DE-4108-401
Bird sanctuary	50.769 km²
Geographical location	51 ° 50 ' N , 7 ° 8' E Coordinates: 51 ° 50 '7 " N , 7 ° 7' 40" E
Setup date	2000
administration	Regional Council Münster and State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia in Recklinghausen
particularities	six sub-areas

The area Heubachniederung, Lavesumer Bruch and Borkenberge is a designated European bird sanctuary (protected area identification DE-4108-401) in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia by ordinance of 2000 of the regional council of Münster .

The Birds Directive of the European Union serves to preserve the wild bird species native to the territory of its member states and to regulate the protection, management and regulation of these birds, their eggs and habitats .

location

The six sub-areas of the approximately 51 square kilometers large bird sanctuary “Heubachniederung, Lavesumer Bruch and Borkenberge” are located in the districts of Borken , Coefeld and Recklinghausen . They extend between Velen or the federal motorway 31 in the northwest and the Haltern reservoir in the southeast in the areas of the communities Heiden and Reken and the cities of Coesfeld , Dülmen , Haltern am See and Lüdinghausen .

description

The protected area "Heubach lowlands, Lavesumer Bruch and Borkenberge" is described as an "area complex of several sub-areas with moist and mesophilic grassland, remaining areas of raised and fens, dry heather, sand and open pine-forested dune areas".

It is used by a large number of water, meadow and wading birds as a breeding and resting area. The breeding populations of bluethroat , curlew , teal , pochard , pond warbler , goat milker and little grebe are remarkably high .

Habitat classes



N06 - inland waters, standing and flowing			5%
N07 - moors, swamps, bank vegetation			3%
N08 - dry grassland, steppes, heather, scrub00			11%
N10 - Moist and mesophilic grassland			10%
N14 - Meliorated grassland			21%
N15 - Other farmland			9%
N16 - deciduous forest			14%
N20 - artificial forests			26%
N22 - inland rocks, scree and rubble heaps, sandy areas00			1 %

Habitat types

The following habitat types are described in the bird sanctuary:

2310 - Dry sandy heaths

2330 - Dunes with open grass areas with silver grass and ostrich grass

3130 - Oligo- to mesotrophic standing water with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and / or the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea

3140 - Oligo- to mesotrophic calcareous waters with benthic vegetation of chandelier algae

3150 - Natural eutrophic lakes with a great spawning herb or hydrocharition vegetation

3160 - Dystrophic Lakes and Ponds

3260 - Rivers of the planar to montane level with vegetation of the Ranunculion fluitantis

4010 - Moist heaths of the North Atlantic area with bell heather ( Erica tetralix )

4030 - Dry European heaths

5130 - Common juniper formations on limestone heaths and lawns

6430 - Moist tall herbaceous vegetation of the planar and montane to alpine level

6510 - Lean, lowland hay meadows

7120 - Degraded raised bogs that can still be renatured

7140 - Transitional and swinging lawn bogs

7150 - peat bog Schlenken

9190 - Old acid oak forests on sandy plains

91D0 - Bog forests *

91E0 - floodplain forests with black alder and common ash

Note: * = threatened with disappearing, the European Community has a special responsibility for its preservation.

Protection purpose

The main protection purpose is the preservation and optimization of the wet meadows and residual moor areas as well as the preservation and restoration of the extensive heathland areas and locations of poor oak-birch and beech-oak forests. This includes rewetting, reforestation, extensive cultivation, conversion of arable land into grassland and the creation of blanks, small bodies of water and unused bank margins.

The area-related conservation objectives and conservation measures are described differently depending on the species .

Breeding birds

Tree falcon

Preservation and development of structured cultural landscapes with suitable food areas (wet grassland, small bodies of water, heaths, moors, fringing and hedge structures, field trees), the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in the area of the food areas (especially dragonfly-rich habitats), the improvement of the agrarian ones Habitats through the extensification of land use, the maintenance of breeding sites with a low-disturbance environment and the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites (May to August)

Common snipe

Preservation of wet meadow complexes, in particular with litter meadows or extensively used wet meadows, near-natural moors, silting areas of stagnant water with light reeds or sedge beds, habitats without sources of danger such as overhead lines, preservation of temporarily flooded depressions, wet arable fields and ditches that constantly carry water. , Reed and perennial borders as well as maintenance of undisturbed or at least undisturbed breeding sites during the breeding season from February 15th to August 15th

Bluethroat

Preservation and development of undisturbed old reed stands with vegetation-free muddy areas and wet bushes on still and flowing waters, wetlands, moors, the development of succession stages in the peripheral areas, the careful mowing of reeds with preservation of a high proportion of old reeds, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the improvement of the food supply in the vicinity of the breeding sites and the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites (April to July)

kingfisher

Preservation and development of dynamic river systems with flood zones, impact slopes, steep banks, the avoidance of the fragmentation of the populated habitats, the preservation and promotion of a permanent supply of natural nesting sites, the careful water maintenance taking into account the demands of the species, the reduction of nutrient, pollutant and sediment inputs in the area of the food waters as well as the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding grounds from March to September

Common redstart

Preservation and development of small-scale structured villages, old orchards and pastures, rows of trees, field trees as well as parks and gardens with old fruit trees, the preservation and development of old, light deciduous and mixed forest stands with high proportions of old and dead wood, the preservation, promotion and Care of head trees, standard fruit trees and other cave trees as well as the improvement of the food supply in the vicinity of the breeding grounds

Great curlew

Preservation and development of moist extensive grasslands, floodplains and wetlands with shallow water zones and muddy areas, avoiding the fragmentation and islanding of habitats, improving the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level, creating small bodies of water and shallow water hollows, extensifying grassland use (mowing only from June 15, if possible no grazing or low stocking until June 15, no rolling after March 15, reduced fertilization, no pesticides), securing the breeding sites (protection of the eggs) and avoiding disturbances to the breeding (March to June), resting places and feeding areas

Woodlark

Preservation and development of dry-sandy, vegetation-poor areas of the semi-open landscape as well as of unpaved sandy forest and field paths with nutrient-poor borders, the improvement of the agricultural habitats through the extensification of the land use, the maintenance measures (extensive grazing with, for example, sheep and goats, mosaic mowing of small areas, removal of bushes and trees) as well as the avoidance of disturbances in the breeding grounds from the end of March to July

lapwing

Preservation and development of moist extensive grasslands as well as wetlands with shallow water zones and mud flats, avoiding fragmentation and islanding of populated habitats, improving the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level, creating shallow water hollows, extensive use of arable land and grassland (grassland mowing only from June 1st, if possible no grazing or low stocking until June 1st, no rolling after March 15th, sowing maize only after mid-May, double row spacing for sowing cereals, creating strips of field margins, creating and maintaining fields set aside and fallow land, reduced fertilization, no pesticides) and the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites (March to early June)

Teal duck

Preservation and development of low-disturbance low and high moors, floodplains and oxbow lakes, still waters, lakes and small bodies of water with natural silting zones, vegetation-rich bank reeds and adjacent wet meadows, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands and grasslands, the careful water maintenance, the reduction of Nutrient and pollutant inputs in the area of the breeding and feeding areas through the creation of buffer zones and the avoidance of disturbances in the breeding areas (April to August) as well as resting and feeding areas

crane

Preservation of spacious, open landscapes with unobstructed visibility and flight corridors, the preservation and development of suitable feeding areas in the area of potential breeding sites and the avoidance of disturbances at breeding, resting, feeding and sleeping areas

Teal

Preservation and development of low-disturbance low and high moors, floodplains and oxbow lakes, still waters, lakes and small bodies of water with natural silting zones, vegetation-rich bank reeds and adjacent wet meadows, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands and grasslands, the careful water maintenance, the reduction of Nutrient and pollutant inputs in the area of the breeding and feeding areas through the creation of buffer zones and the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding areas (April to July) as well as resting and feeding areas

Shoveler

Preservation and development of low-disturbance low and high moors, floodplains and oxbow lakes, still waters, lakes and small bodies of water with natural silting zones, vegetation-rich bank reeds and adjacent wet meadows, improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wet areas and grasslands, gentle water maintenance, reduction of nutrients - and pollutant inputs in the area of the breeding and feeding areas through the creation of buffer zones and the avoidance of disturbances in the breeding areas (April to August) as well as resting and feeding areas

Middle woodpecker

Preservation and development of extensive, habitat-typical deciduous and mixed forests as well as hardwood meadows with high proportions of old and dead wood, increasing the proportion of oak forests, avoiding the fragmentation and islanding of suitable forest areas, improving the food supply, maintaining cave trees and promoting a permanent supply of suitable ones Breeding trees as well as avoiding disturbance to the breeding grounds from March to June

nightingale

Preservation and development of mixed deciduous forests and woodlands rich in undergrowth as well as of dense bushes on dams, embankments, ditches and in parks, the preservation and development of habitat structures rich in food and cover (especially dense herbaceous vegetation, high perennial thickets, dense undergrowth), the improvement of the Water balance to stabilize a water level typical of the habitat in wet and alluvial forests and wetlands as well as the improvement of the food supply in the vicinity of the breeding grounds

Red backs

Preservation of extensively managed orchards, grassland and heathland areas, of low and medium hedges from native species, in particular thorn or prickly wooded trees, preservation of litter meadows and open bog edges, preservation of individual trees and bushes in the open landscape, of fields, grass paths, Ruderal and perennial corridors and fallow land, arable and meadow margins, secondary habitats such as abandoned mining sites with the aforementioned habitats and maintenance of the food supply, especially with larger insects

oriole

Preservation and development of habitat-typical softwood and hardwood floodplain forests, quarry forests as well as light, moist mixed deciduous forests with high proportions of old wood, the maintenance and development of moist field trees and plants with high old trees, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a habitat-typical water level in moist and alluvial forests Food supply in the vicinity of the breeding grounds

Red kite

Preservation and development of forest areas with sparse old wood stocks as well as open, structurally rich cultural landscapes, the avoidance of fragmentation and islanding of the populated habitats, the preservation and development of suitable foraging areas, the preservation of eyrie trees with a low-disturbance environment, the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites ( April to July), the defusing or securing of dangerous electricity pylons and overhead lines as well as the reduction of losses through secondary poisoning ( poison bait )

Gadfly

Preservation and development of floodplains, oxbow lakes and lakes with flat, dense and vegetation-rich bank belts as well as reed beds, the reduction of nutrient and pollutant inputs in the area of breeding and foraging areas through the creation of buffer zones or use extensification as well as the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites (April until July) as well as resting and eating areas

Stonechat

Preservation and development of extensively used open land areas with insect-rich food areas, the extensification of grassland use (grassland mowing only from July 15, mosaic mowing of small areas, no fertilization, no pesticides), habitat-preserving maintenance measures (extensive grazing (sheep, goats) possible August 1st, decussing, preservation of individual bushes and trees) as well as avoiding disturbances at the breeding sites (April to July)

Black woodpecker

Preservation and development of typical deciduous and mixed forests with high proportions of old and dead wood (up to ten trees per hectare ), the avoidance of fragmentation of the populated forest areas, the preservation and development of sunny clearings, forest edges, light forest structures and small structures as food areas that Improvement of the food supply, the maintenance of cave trees and the promotion of a permanent supply of suitable breeding trees and the avoidance of disturbances in the breeding grounds (March to June)

Great Egret

No special measures are currently required (as of 2020)

Pochard

Conservation and development of near-natural, low-disturbance still waters (oxbow lakes, lakes, sewage fields) with open water areas and bank reeds rich in vegetation and a good food supply, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands and grasslands, the careful water maintenance taking into account the requirements of the species, the reduction of nutrient and pollutant inputs in the area of the breeding and foraging areas through the creation of buffer zones and the avoidance of disturbances in the breeding areas (April to August) as well as in resting and feeding areas

Reed Warbler

Preservation and development of low-disruption old reed stocks and reed-cattail communities in still and flowing waters, ditches, wetlands, swamps, the careful mowing of reeds, if necessary, while maintaining a high proportion of old reeds, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wet areas, the improvement the food supply in the vicinity of the breeding sites and the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites from May to August

Godwit

Preservation and development of moist extensive grasslands, floodplains and wetlands with shallow water zones and mud flats, the avoidance of the fragmentation and islanding of habitats, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands and grasslands, the creation of small bodies of water and shallow water hollows, the extensification of grassland use (Mowing only from June 15, if possible no grazing or low cattle stocking until June 15, no rolling after June 15, reduced fertilization, no pesticides), securing the breeding sites (protection of eggs) and avoiding disturbance to the brood - (March to June), resting and eating places

Eagle owl

Preservation of undisturbed rocks, ledges and rocky crests, renouncing backfilling and / or afforestation of abandoned quarries, avoiding the fragmentation of populated habitats, possibly careful clearing of growing breeding sites, avoiding disturbances at the breeding sites (February to August) and the defusing or protection of dangerous electricity pylons and overhead lines

Corn Crake

Preservation and development of extensively used hay meadows, wet and wet fallow land, large sedge beds, tall herbaceous and pioneer fields in flood areas, avoidance of fragmentation and islanding of populated habitats, improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level, extensification of grassland use (mowing in the 200 -m radius of call places only from August 1st, if possible mosaic mowing of small areas, area mowing if necessary from the inside out, reduced fertilization, no pesticides) as well as the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites (May to August)

Water rail

Preservation and development of near-natural, low-disturbance still waters and slowly flowing rivers with natural vegetation zoning in the bank area as well as ditches and wetlands with reed and reed stands, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level, the careful mowing of reeds while maintaining a high proportion of old reeds, the improvement of the food supply in the vicinity of the breeding sites and the avoidance of disturbances in the breeding sites and foraging areas (April to July)

White stork

Preservation and development of large, moist extensive grasslands and species-rich wetlands, avoiding fragmentation and islanding of populated habitats, improving the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands and grasslands, creating small bodies of water and shallow water hollows, improving agricultural habitats through extensification the use of grassland and the mitigation or protection of dangerous electricity pylons and overhead lines

Honey buzzard

Preservation and development of deciduous and mixed deciduous forests with sparse old wood stocks in structurally rich, semi-open cultivated landscapes, the preservation and development of clearings and grassland areas, structurally rich forest edges and borders as food areas with a rich supply of wasps, the improvement of the food supply (reduced fertilization, no pesticides), the maintenance of the eyrie trees with a low-disturbance environment and the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding grounds from May to August

Meadow pipit

Preservation and development of extensively used, moist open land areas with food areas rich in insects (e.g. wet, humid, poor grasslands, fallow land, heathland and bogs), the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in grasslands and the extensification of grassland use

Goat milker

Preservation and development of dry heaths with gappy, low ground vegetation, juniper heaths, dry sandy lawns and bog edge areas, the improvement of the food supply in the vicinity of the breeding sites, maintenance measures to preserve habitats (grazing for example with sheep and goats, mosaic mowing of small areas, removal of bushes and trees, however preservation of overhangers) as well as the avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites from May to August

Little Grebe

Preservation and development of near-natural, undisturbed still waters with dense floating leaf and bank vegetation, silting zones, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wet areas, the reduction of nutrient and pollutant inputs in the breeding area through the creation of buffer zones or utilization intensification as well as avoidance of disturbances at the breeding sites (April to the beginning of September) and at resting and feeding areas

Migratory birds and winter guests

White-fronted goose

Preservation of large, open landscapes with unobstructed visibility and flight corridors (keeping the habitats free from power lines, wind turbines), the preservation and development of suitable food areas (especially moist permanent grassland, floodplain areas, leaving stubble fallow), the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics and the avoidance of disturbances at resting, eating and sleeping areas

Wood sandpiper

Preservation and development of suitable foraging areas, the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the creation of small bodies of water and shallow water hollows as well as the avoidance of disturbances in resting and foraging areas

Dark water strider

Preservation and development of suitable food areas (especially shallow water zones, mud banks, wet and wet grassland, floodplains), the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics (dismantling of bank reinforcements, creation of retention areas), the improvement of the water balance for Stabilization of a high groundwater level in wetlands, the creation of small bodies of water and shallow water hollows, as well as the avoidance of disturbances to resting and feeding areas

Osprey

No special measures are currently required (as of 2020)

Goosander

Preservation and development of suitable feeding waters as well as the avoidance of disturbances at resting, feeding and sleeping places

Golden plover

Preservation of large, open landscapes as well as the preservation and development of suitable food areas

Greenshank

Preservation and development of suitable foraging areas, the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics (especially the dismantling of bank reinforcements and creation of retention areas), the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the creation of small bodies of water and Shallow water hollows and the avoidance of disturbance to resting and feeding areas

Ruff

Preservation and development of suitable foraging areas, the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the creation of small bodies of water and shallow water hollows as well as the avoidance of disturbances in resting and foraging areas

Hen harrier

Preservation of large, open landscapes with arable and grassland areas, borders, roadsides, fallow land, the preservation and development of natural breeding habitats, the avoidance of the fragmentation of populated habitats, the extensification of arable land use (creation of field margins, creation and maintenance of fields set aside and fallow land , Leaving stubble fallow, reduced fertilization, no pesticides), securing the grain broods (protection of the eggs; avoiding the nest at 50 × 50 m when harvesting) and avoiding disturbances at the breeding sites (May to August)

Gray shrike

Preservation of extensive, extensively managed orchards with numerous bushes, of hedge areas with the small structures there such as stone hedges, small fallow land, swampy depressions, individual bushes and trees, unpaved field paths, preservation of grazed juniper heaths with groups of bushes and trees, preservation of lean grassland, of wasteland - and fallow land as well as fringing strips, preservation of the moors with bushes and break forest islands, the springy places and swampy depressions, preservation of uncut landscapes, in particular without paved paths and roads, preservation of the food supply, especially with small mammals and large insects as well as preservation of undisturbed or at least undisturbed breeding sites during the breeding season from February 15th to July 15th.

bittern

Preservation and development of near-natural, low-disturbance still waters and slowly flowing rivers with a natural vegetation zoning in the bank area as well as of ditches and wetlands with extensive reed and reed stands, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the possibly careful mowing of the reeds with maintenance Proportion of old reeds, the improvement of the food supply in the vicinity of the breeding, resting and feeding areas as well as the avoidance of disturbances at potential breeding areas as well as resting and feeding areas

Marsh harrier

Preservation and development of undisturbed reeds and reeds as well as natural vegetation zoning in the bank area of wetlands and waters, avoidance of fragmentation and islanding of populated habitats, preservation and development of suitable food areas, improvement of the food supply, improvement of the water balance to stabilize one high groundwater level in wetlands, securing the grain breeding and avoiding disturbances at the breeding sites (April to August)

Bean Goose

Preservation of large, open landscapes with unobstructed visibility and flight corridors (keeping the habitats free from overhead power lines, wind turbines), the preservation and development of suitable food areas (above all leaving stubble fallow land, moist permanent grassland, floodplain areas), the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics and the avoidance of disturbances at resting, eating and sleeping areas

Black stork

Preservation and development of large-scale, poorly disturbed, structurally rich deciduous and mixed forests with a high proportion of old wood, the avoidance of the fragmentation of suitable forest areas, the preservation and development of near-natural streams, wet meadows, wet areas, swamps, forest ponds as food areas, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in the area of feeding waters, the maintenance of the nest trees with a low-disturbance environment, the establishment of nest protection zones with a radius of at least 200 meters, the avoidance of disturbances in the breeding grounds and feeding areas (March to August), the control of recreational use in large-scale surroundings the breeding occurrence as well as the defusing or securing of dangerous electricity pylons and overhead lines

Black Tern

Preservation and development of vegetation-rich waters with pronounced floating leaf and bank vegetation and a natural vegetation zoning in the bank areas, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the support measures through the installation of brood rafts on suitable waters, the preservation of the inaccessibility of current and potentially colonizable Breeding areas and the avoidance of disturbances to the breeding (May to July), resting and feeding areas

Wood sandpiper

Preservation and development of suitable foraging areas, the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the creation of small bodies of water and shallow water hollows as well as the avoidance of disturbances in resting and foraging areas

Dwarf slayer

Preservation and development of suitable feeding waters as well as the avoidance of disturbances to resting and feeding areas

Miniature snipe

Preservation and development of suitable foraging areas, the preservation and development of dynamic floodplain areas and large-scale wetlands with near-natural flooding dynamics, the improvement of the water balance to stabilize a high groundwater level in wetlands, the creation of small bodies of water and shallow water hollows as well as the avoidance of disturbances in resting and foraging areas

Connection with other protected areas

With the bird sanctuary "Heubachniederung, Lavesumer Bruch and Borkenberge", the following protected areas are designated:

FFH area "Black Venn" (4108-301)

FFH area "Weißes Venn / Geisheide" (4108-303)

FFH area "Ponds in the Heubach Lowlands" (4109-301)

FFH area "Gagelbruch Borkenberge" (4209-301)

FFH area "Borkenberge military training area" (4209-304)

" Heubachwiesen " nature reserve (BOR-032)

Nature reserve " Weißes Venn - Geisheide " (BOR-036E1)

Nature reserve " Black Fens " (BOR-037)

" Heubachwiesen " nature reserve (COE-001)

Nature reserve " Wildpferdebahn im Merfelder Bruch " (COE-004)

Nature reserve " Gagelbruch Borkenberge " (COE-016)

Nature reserve " Hochmoor Borkenberge " (COE-017)

Nature reserve " Sand dunes on the edge of the Borkenberge " (COE-028)

" Heubachwiesen " nature reserve (COE-029)

Nature reserve " Bachtal in Leversum " (COE-030)

" Brokenberge " nature reserve (COE-067)

Nature reserve " Ponds in the Heubach lowlands" (RE-007K1; status unclear )

Web links

Individual evidence

↑ Article 1 of the current Birds Directive
↑ Map of the protected area at www.protectedplanet.net, accessed on May 3, 2020.
↑ Description at the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , accessed on May 2, 2020.

[1] Article 1 of the current Birds Directive

[2] Map of the protected area at www.protectedplanet.net, accessed on May 3, 2020.

[3] Description at the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , accessed on May 2, 2020.

Heubach lowlands, Lavesumer Bruch and Borkenberge

location

description

Habitat classes

Habitat types

Protection purpose

Breeding birds

Migratory birds and winter guests

Connection with other protected areas

See also

Web links

Individual evidence