Southern bow
The Southern Bug ( Ukrainian Південний Буг Piwdenny Buh , Polish Boh , Russian Южный Буг Juschni Bug , in ancient times Hypanis ) is a 857 km long river in the Eastern European Plain in southwestern Ukraine . It should not be confused with another river, the Bug on Poland's eastern border. It is 806 km long to the confluence with the Dnepr -Bug-Liman, which is formed together with the Dnieper . The catchment area of the Southern Bug has an area of 63,740 km².
course
The river has its source in Podolia on the Podolian Plate, about 90 km west of the city of Khmelnytskyi and just a little east of Volochysk .
In the upper section, i.e. from its source in the Podolian highlands (which is located at around 320 meters above sea level), it flows through a muddy valley, which is also reflected in the color of the water. The gradient in this section is only 0.37 m / km . The Southern Bug flows from the source towards the east past Letychiv and through Vinnytsia , turns in a south-easterly direction and flows through the Ladyschyn reservoir (near Ladyschyn ).
In the middle section, the river cuts through a crystalline mountain range and the gradient increases (to 0.92 m / km) as it winds through rocks. In the area around Pervomajsk , an area of 70 kilometers begins with a few rapids, which extends to Oleksandrivka . The Southern Bug passes the place Hajworon in the Kirovohrad Oblast , where it becomes the regional border, reaches the Mykolaiv Oblast to the southeast and passes Pervomajsk. The mountain formations sometimes reach a height of up to 90 meters (in relation to the river height, for example in the hill country near Myhija or Bohdaniwka ).
Below the rapids, in the last section, the Southern Bug flows through tertiary limestone and sandstone, past the village of Voznesensk . There it has an extension of 800 meters with a water depth of about 2-3 meters. After encircling the city of Mykolaiv in a loop that stretches far to the west, it flows about 20 kilometers further south at Nowa Odessa into the Dnepr-Bug-Liman , a joint confluence of the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, which merges into the Black Sea at Ochakiv .
The southern bow has a total length of 806 kilometers. The average flow rate in the mouth area is 160 m³ / s. It gets its flowing water from rain and snow (atmospheric precipitation), whereby the water volume varies significantly depending on the season. The river freezes in December and begins to thaw in March.
landscape
The upper reaches cross a largely swampy area. After crossing this valley, it cuts through the middle reaches into a crystalline massif. Here the approx. 25 meter high bank is made of granite. However, in some places it reaches heights of up to 90 meters. There are several rapids in this section, most of which are in a 90 km section between Pervomajsk and Oleksandrivka.
In the lower reaches of the river flows through the Black Sea Depression , many tributaries are formed here. Its depth there is up to 3 meters. Before it flows into the Dnepr-Bug-Liman, it reaches a width of 800 meters and is then navigable for the largest seagoing vessels. Since the Southern Bug flows in the lower reaches through dry steppe areas with little rainfall, the river plays a major role in the water supply.
Cities and tributaries
The larger cities on the Southern Bug include Khmelnytskyi, Khmilnyk, Vinnytsia, Pervomajsk and Voznesensk. About 20 km above the confluence with the Dnepr-Bug-Liman is the port city of Mykolaiv , where the Varvarivka Bridge crosses the river.
The tributaries of the Southern Bug are from the source to the mouth (on the left) of the Boschok, Kudyma , Ikwa, Snjwoda, Ustja, Desna , Sob , Udytsch, Synyzja, Synjucha , Wylyka Korabelna, Mertwowid , Hnylyi Jelanets and Inhul - confluence with Mykolaiv. On the right: Wowk, Shar , Riw , Selnyzja, Dochna , Sawran , Kodyma , Bakschala and Tschytschyklija .
economy
The bow is only navigable from the mouth to Voznesensk for a total of 160 km . There are ports in Voznesensk and Mykolaiv . Mainly wheat and building materials are shipped here. The Yuzhnoukrajinsk nuclear power plant is located on the lower reaches .
The river's fish stocks are of particular economic importance, including pike and pikeperch . Due to the rapids, the transport of goods does not begin until the middle reaches and does not play a major role because of the relatively low and very fluctuating water discharge over the year.
Reservoirs
The largest of the 13 reservoirs , the Ladyschyn reservoir, is located near Ladyschyn. It has an area of 20.8 km² and can store approx. 0.15 km³ of water. The dam of this reservoir was completed in 1964.
history
The Southern Bug formed the eastern border of Transnistria , an area that was under Romanian administration from 1941 to 1944 . From September 1941 to October 1942 the Jewish population who had survived the massacres in Bessarabia and Bukovina were herded here and interned. The number of deportees was between 150,000 and 185,000 people.
The deportees were u. a. forced to build bridges across the river, killing countless people. The Israeli writer Aharon Appelfeld , a survivor of this deportation, describes the Southern Bug and the construction of the bridges in his novel The Ice Mine .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Article Southern Bug in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ http://mapm35.narod.ru/map1/im35-092.html please look at НОВОКОНСТАНТИНОВ; Kudynka (zzeczka) , uk: Кудинка (річка)