Ilyushin Il-96
| Ilyushin Il-96 | |
|---|---|
 Ilyushin Il-96-300 |
|
| Type: | Four-engined wide-body aircraft |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: | |
| First flight: |
September 28, 1988 |
| Commissioning: |
December 29, 1992 |
| Production time: |
1988 to 2013 (interrupted) |
| Number of pieces: |
30th |
The Ilyushin Il-96 ( Russian Ильюшин Ил-96 ) is a four- engine wide - body aircraft produced by the Russian aircraft manufacturer Ilyushin . The first flight of the long-haul aircraft designed as a low-wing aircraft took place on September 28, 1988 in the version Il-96-300. The planes are manufactured in Voronezh . New aircraft of the type IL-96-300 were ordered in 2019 and the type IL-96-400M is under construction, the maiden flight of which is expected in 2020. With the exception of the Cuban airline Cubana , all aircraft are operated by the Russian state.
history
In 1986/1987 the construction of three airworthy prototypes and two cells (flightless test hulls for stress tests etc.) began. The first completed test machine (approval CCCP-96000) completed its maiden flight on September 28, 1988 from the airfield on the Chodynka field , followed by the second test machine in November 1989. On September 29, 1992 the serial version of the Il-96-300 was successfully completed Flight tests, making it the first Russian aircraft that no longer received a NATO code name . Up to this point in time nine machines had been completed and had only been used for test purposes.
Compared to the Ilyushin Il-86 , it is a completely new design, even if both patterns are similar on superficial inspection. From the outside, the Il-96 can be distinguished from the Il-86 by its much larger wingspan and higher vertical stabilizer. The most obvious feature, however, is their winglets . The Il-96-300 was to compete with the Airbus A330 / A340 family on the Russian market and the aging Il-62 from Aeroflot (and its splinter companies created after the collapse of the Soviet Union ) and u. a. replace the Il-62 of the Cubana and the CAAC , which would have ensured production of several hundred copies. Interflug in the GDR also showed great interest in the planning stage, but initially ordered the Airbus A310 . Instead, sales were sluggish after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc - the Il-62 continued to operate in most cases, and the Russian Aeroflot, otherwise a regular customer for all new Ilyushin types, only accepted a total of six Il-96-300s still refuses to accept another six ordered copies. The first commercial flight took place on July 14, 1993 on the Moscow - New York route. The first two and so far only export machines have been operated by Cubana since 2005 (March / December), one of them as a presidential machine. In April 2006 a contract was signed for the delivery of two more Il-96-300s to Cubana. The CAAC, which was privatized and now operates under the name Air China , switched to European and American aircraft types when replacing the aging Il-62.
The OAK consortium founded in 2006 , to which Ilyushin also belongs, announced plans in October 2007 to reorganize Russian aircraft production with the aim of making the Russian aviation industry internationally competitive. As part of these plans, the production of the Il-96 series in the VASO plant in Voronezh was initially to be continued at a production rate of three units per year until 2012. After that, the production line was to be closed and replaced by manufacturing capacities for the production of the planned Russian military transporter MTA , then known as the Ilyushin Il-214 .
On March 30, 2014, Aeroflot withdrew its last Il-96 due to their long-criticized inefficiency. Thus Cubana remains as the only civil operator.
variants
II-96-300
The basic version of the Il-96-300 is powered by four Awiadwigatel-PS-90 A turbofans and can hold up to 300 passengers.
As the only non-Russian company, Cubana has been using Il-96-300 since January 2006. Initially, the company received three brand new machines; a used Il-96 from Aeroflot followed in 2014, the procurement of another is planned (as of 2016). With the delivery of the last brand new Il-96 to Cubana in December 2006, the production of the Il-96-300 variant also ended.
Il-96-300PU
The custom-made Il-96-300PU was built in six copies as a presidential machine. The PU stands for Пункт управления ( point Uprawlenija ; leadership position).
With the exception of a special slide on the bow and additional communication antennas on the upper side of the fuselage, there are no external differences to the basic model. The presidential machine, on the other hand, has a greater range than the basic model and, above all, a 14-tonne communication unit on board, which in the event of war would enable the president to command the armed forces' nuclear weapons.
The first aircraft of this version with the registration number RA-96012 was built for Boris Yeltsin in 1995 . A second presidential aircraft with registration number RA-96016 for Vladimir Putin had its maiden flight on April 21, 2003. This was followed by the aircraft with the aircraft registration numbers RA-96018 (first flight in August 2007) and RA-96019 (first flight in February 2009), as well as two more in 2013 (registration numbers RA-96020 and RA-96021). These aircraft are used by the President and the Prime Minister in loose succession. The two newest Il-96-300PUs are also the last two Il-96s completed as of September 2016.
Il-96M & Il-96T
The Il-96M is a further development of the Il-96-300, extended by around nine meters, with western avionics and Pratt & Whitney PW2337 engines with space for a maximum of 375 passengers in three-class seating. A freighter with a 3.6 meter × 2.6 meter cargo door in the fore fuselage was also developed under the name Il-96T.
In order to be more competitive with Western models in terms of fuel consumption and economy, Ilyushin worked on an updated version of the Il-96 early after the fall of the USSR, which was to use Western technology in important areas. The new variant was powered by four Pratt & Whitney PW2337 turbofans with 164.6 kN thrust each and equipped with a new digital cockpit from Rockwell-Collins , which also made the flight engineer superfluous. The original Il-96-300 prototype served as a prototype, which was extended accordingly and adapted to the Il-96M specifications. It made its maiden flight as the Il-96M on April 5, 1993.
The first Il-96T, at the same time the first newly built Il-96 of the M / T series, completed its maiden flight on May 16, 1997. The Russian approval was granted in March 1998, the FAA approval in June 1999. This made the Il-96T the first Russian aircraft type to receive official approval from the US FAA.
The project struggled with financing problems early on and had to be officially discontinued in 2001 after the US Export-Import Bank ended talks on financing the avionics systems and engines. At that time, only the two above-mentioned examples of the Il-96M and Il-96T existed. When the project was canceled, the Pratt & Whitney engines that had already been delivered and installed had to be returned to the manufacturer and existing purchase contracts (including 17 Il-96Ms and three Il-96Ts for Aeroflot) had to be canceled.
Il-96-400 & Il-96-400T
The Il-96-400 is a variant based on the Il-96M. Compared to the original Il-96-300, the fuselage is also about nine meters longer and offers space for up to 375 passengers in three-class seating. In addition, under the designation Il-96-400T, a pure freighter based on the Il-96T with a 3.6 × 2.6 meter cargo door in the front fuselage is offered. In contrast to the Il-96M / T, the Il-96-400 (T) has four Awiadwigatel PS-90-A1 turbofan engines and avionics from Russian manufacturers.
After the project to equip the Il-96 with western components to increase economic efficiency failed due to financing problems and all western components that had already been installed had to be returned to the manufacturer, Ilyushin was forced to re-equip the Il-96M prototype with engines and avionics systems Russian design to equip. Ilyushin then decided to use this prototype as the basis for a new variant with the series designation -400. The Il-96-400 was officially announced for the first time in mid-2001; As before with the Il-96M / T, both a passenger and a cargo version were planned, the latter as the Il-96-400T.
The prototype was further modified and equipped with improved Awiadwigatel PS-90 A1 engines with a thrust of 171 kN each. The original plan was to adapt the only built Il-96T in the course of 2001 to the specifications of the Il-96-400T and to deliver it to Atlant-Soyuz Airlines in early 2002 . However, this original plan was not adhered to. The project subsequently had to cope with various financing problems and suffered a major setback when Aeroflot decided against the new Il-96-400T and the used McDonnell Douglas DC-10-40 .
At the beginning of 2006, production of the first Il-96-400T finally began, which was to be delivered at the beginning of 2007 to the two first customers Atlant-Soyuz Airlines and AirBridge Cargo , who ordered two and ten copies respectively. Azerbaijani Silk Way Airlines has also signed a letter of intent for ten Il-96-400Ts. The first orders for the passenger variant were announced in August when the Zimbabwean government announced that it would procure five Il-96-400s for the state-owned Air Zimbabwe .
The Russian Defense Ministry indicated in January 2006 that there was a tendency to select the Il-96-400WT and -400VKP -based designs as future strategic air tankers . It is assumed that there will be a need for around 20 to 40 units, and Ilyushin is hoping for export opportunities for around 60 more machines to China or India .
In August 2006 Ilyushin announced that after the delivery of the outstanding orders, the production of the Il-96-300 would be discontinued and from now on only the versions Il-96-400 and Il-96-400T would be produced. An annual production of ten Il-96s is currently planned for the next few years and there are talks with Rolls-Royce about using their Trent engines to increase the type's export opportunities.
The first Il-96-400T intended for a customer completed its maiden flight on August 14, 2007 and was delivered to Atlant-Soyuz Airlines a little later.
Overall, demand fell short of expectations. Including the prototypes, only four examples of the Il-96-400 (T) were produced. The main operator of the -400 (T) variant was Polet Airlines ; with its bankruptcy, the Russian government remains the only operator of the Il-96-400 (T) as of September 2016.
Il-96-400TS
It is in-flight refueling aircraft based on the civilian Il-96-400, which, like the Il-78 with flight refueling containers UPAS-1 ( Russian УПАЗ-1, унифицированные подвесной агрегат заправки , transcription : unifizirowanny podwesnoi agregat saprawki, unified underhung flight refueling container ) equipped should be. The fuel load is more than 65 t. The Russian Air Force ordered two of them. In 2017 the program was stopped due to cost overruns.
Il-96-500T (project)
This planned cargo aircraft based on the Il-96-400 has a fuselage that is 80 cm longer and an enlarged upper part of the fuselage. The bow can be folded to the right and the aircraft can be lowered at the front for loading. The fuselage height is 10.7 m, the length 64.7 m and the height at the tail unit 25.7 m. With a maximum take-off mass of 270 t, the payload should be 80 t at a cruising speed of 760 km / h and a range of 4360 km. My demand is calculated from around 16 aircraft, including six for the Russian army and four for the Roscosmos space agency . Delivery is planned for the years 2026–2034.
Il-96-550 (project)
An Ilyushin project from the 1990s. Design of a machine that could accommodate up to 550 passengers on two decks and thus compete with the Airbus A380 . The project is now considered to be discontinued.
Il-98 (project)
Since about 1995 Ilyushin has been investigating the possibility of developing a twin-engine passenger and cargo aircraft called the Il-98 based on the Il-96. As engines are Rolls-Royce Trent 800 , Pratt & Whitney PW4000 and General Electric GE90 envisaged.
In particular, after the final failure of the Il-96M / T project, the project was silent for a long time and it was assumed that it would not be pursued further. In February 2006, however, it was confirmed that the concept basically continued and that it was investigating whether there was sufficient customer interest.
On 20 March 2010, confirmed OAK consortium , under which the activities of the Russian aerospace industry were summarized, participation in the tanker competition KC-X of the USAF with a retrofitted to air refueling variant of the Il-98th Competitors were tanker versions of the Boeing 767 and the Airbus A330 . The decision was made in February 2011 in favor of the 767-based KC-46 .
future
According to an "informant" in 2016, Russia is to plan a new long-haul aircraft , the CRAIC CR929 , in cooperation with China "on the basis" of the Il-96 . Already in 2012 there was talk of such a cooperation, "based on" the Il-96.
The Il-96-400 M has not yet found a buyer. According to the aircraft manufacturer, the final construction phase of the prototype began in January 2020. However, no airline has yet placed an order for the renewed large-capacity aircraft. It is also not yet known whether airlines have shown any interest in the jet.
Current operator
As of July 2018, 15 Il-96s were in active service and two were temporarily parked:
| operator | Type | In action | Ordered | Switched off |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Cubana de Aviación
|
II-96-300 | 3 | - | 1 |
 Flight research institute M. Gromow
|
II-96-300 | - | 1 | - |
|
Rossiya (government fleet) |
II-96-300 | 10 | - | - |
|
Russian secret service
|
Il-96-400 | 1 | - | - |
|
Russian Ministry of Defense
|
Il-96-400WPU | 1 | - | - |
| total | 15th | 1 | 1 |
Former operator
| operator | Type | In action | Ordered | Separated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Aeroflot
|
II-96-300 | - | - | 10 |
|
Domodedovo Airlines
|
II-96-300 | - | - | 3 |
|
KrasAir
|
II-96-300 | - | - | 2 |
| total | 15th |
incident
On June 3, 2014, an Aeroflot Il-96 that had been decommissioned and parked at Sheremetyevo Airport caught fire in the cockpit due to alleged spontaneous combustion and burned out. The plane was totaled , no people were injured.
criticism
- Compared to its western competitors, the Il-96-300 has considerable disadvantages in terms of economy. Aeroflot operated six Il-96-300s for a long time and had ordered six more, but refused to accept the other machines, which were scheduled for delivery from 2006, and retired the existing machines in April 2014.
- From the beginning of August 2005 to October 3, 2005, all Ilyushin Il-96-300 aircraft in operation were shut down for a short time because there were several incidents with the braking system, including on the aircraft of the Russian President. In the course of the shutdown and recommissioning, the head of production Vyacheslav Salikov and the Il-96 chief designer Vyacheslav Terentiev were fired.
Technical specifications
| Parameter | II-96-300 | Il-96M | Il-96T | Il-96-400 | Il-96-400T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crew (cockpit) | 3 | 2 | 2 (optional 3) | ||
| length | 55.3 m | 64.7 m | 63.9 m | ||
| span | 57.6 m | 60.1 m | |||
| height | 17.6 m | 15.7 m | |||
| Hull diameter | 6.08 m | ||||
| Wing area | 392 m² | ||||
| Wing extension | 8.5 | 9.2 | |||
| Passengers * / freight | 300/262/235 | 436/386/315 | 92 t | 436/386/315 | 92 t |
| Maximum take-off mass | 250 t | 270 t | 265 t | ||
| Cruising speed | 870 km / h | ||||
| Service ceiling | 12,000 m | ||||
| Maximum range | 13,500 km | 11,500 km | 14,000 km | 12,300 km | 14,000 km |
| Range (approx.) With a load | 11,000 km (262 passengers) | 9,700 km (58 t) | 11,200 km (247 passengers) | 11,000 km (40 t) 7,400 km (70 t) |
|
| Range (approx.) With maximum load | 9,000 km | 6,100 km | 5,200 km | 5,600 km | 4,800 km |
| drive | 4 Awiadwigatel PS-90 A with 160 kN each | 4 Pratt & Whitney PW2337 with 170 kN each | 4 Awiadwigatel PS-90A / A2 turbofans with max. 171 kN | ||
| Minimum runway length | 3,150 m | 2,600 m | 2,700 m | ||
| Minimum runway length | 2,100 m | 1,650 m | |||
See also
Web links
- Il-96-300 on the manufacturer's website (English)
- Il-96-400T on the manufacturer's website (English)
- Il-96 on the Ilyushin Finance website
- Ilyushin 96: Russia's long-range widebody. Photo and video report, Austrian Wings from February 8, 2014
Individual evidence
- ↑ В России воссоздадут конкурента Boeing и Airbus. ( Memento of December 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) November 7, 2015, accessed on June 20, 2016.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ VASO grabs the wing , Kommersant, July 18, 2019
- ↑ According to Aero 12/2008, p. 36
- ↑ a b Aero 12/2008, p. 36
- ↑ Flight Global: OAK unveils plans for aircraft production reorganization in Russia. (November 6, 2007)
- ↑ ch-aviation.com - Aeroflot retires the Ilyushin IL-96 from service (English) April 1, 2014
- ↑ planespotters.net - Ilyushin Il-96 Production List (English) September 4, 2016
- ↑ Ilushin Il-96 production list. (No longer available online.) Russianplanes.net, archived from the original on July 24, 2011 ; accessed on February 10, 2011 .
- ↑ Flight International: Production of stretching Ilyushin Il-96 gearing up.
- ↑ Flight International: Ilyushin freighter assembly gathers momentum.
- ^ Flight International: Ilyushin Choice.
- ^ Voronezh Aviation Plant to Begin Production of New Il-96.
- ^ Flight International: First Atlant-Soyuz Ilyushin Il-96-400T Freighter flies into Zhukovsky.
- ↑ Russia orders new Il-96 tanker aircraft ( Memento January 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Jane's Information Group
- ↑ Russia's Defense Ministry does not use Il-96 tanker aircraft. In: de.sputniknews.com. April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017 .
- ↑ Stefan Eiselin: Ilyushin Il-96-500T: Russia is building a new super freighter. In: aerotelegraph.com. April 26, 2019, accessed June 27, 2020 .
- ↑ Flight International: Two-crew Il-96 flightdeck near as Ilyushin studies twinjet.
- ↑ Flight International: Revival hopes amid Russian aerospace merger plan to focus on RRJ and MS-21.
- ↑ The United Aircraft Manufacture Corporation wants to register in September.
- ↑ n-tv.de: Russians knock. Online source, accessed March 20, 2010
- ↑ Russia and China reveal details about long-haul jets. Retrieved June 2, 2016
- ↑ Russia and China discuss Il-96 successor , flightglobal, June 1, 2012 at Flightglobal under the title "Russia and China are discussing an Il-96 successor.
- ↑ First flight planned for 2021: New Ilyushin Il-96 still has no customers. In: aeroTELEGRAPH. January 30, 2020, accessed on February 2, 2020 (Swiss Standard German).
- ↑ planespotters.net - Ilyushin Il-96 Production List , accessed on July 26, 2018
- ↑ Domodedovo Airlines' fleet 2009. Aerotransport.ORG
- ↑ Anna Baumbach: Aeroflot's jet catches fire. aerotelegraph.com , June 3, 2014. Accessed September 6, 2014