Johann Cambilhon

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Johann Cambilhon, also Johannes Cambilhom ( English John Camilton ; * around 1576 , † after 1611 ) was allegedly a Jesuit from Graz , who became a Protestant and worked as a writer in Augsburg .

Life

Johann Cambilhon was thought to be an Englishman in the 19th century - presumably because London was one of his places of publication - but he himself referred to Germany as his “fatherland” (patria). The origin of the unusual surname "Cambilhon" has not yet been explained.

According to his own account, after the death of his Catholic parents, he was handed over to the Jesuit order in Prague in "discipline and discipline". He knew Latin and Greek. In the Jesuit college ( Clementinum ) in Prague , he said, after reading a report on the Regensburg Religious Discussion of 1601, he had his first doubts about "the papal religion" as early as 1602 . Cambilhon claims to have spent two years in the Jesuit college in Vienna after his time in Prague and finally one and a half years in the Jesuit college in Graz until his conversion.

Augsburg dispute

Johann Cambilhon appeared in Augsburg in March 1608 as a former Jesuit and exile from Graz in Styria . He resigned from the order at the age of 32; He compared Augsburg, the city that was the first to grant him asylum, with the biblical refuge Zoar ( Gen 19, 20-22  EU ). He handed over a sealed letter of recommendation from “a secular” or “political person” to the Augsburg Ministry of Spirituality .

Cambilhon fought the Jesuit order he had left in various writings. A first Latin writing Explicatio causarum et circumstantiarum to the Augsburg presbytery (pastors' college) from 1608 was apparently quickly distributed by hand, but not printed. In the same year he wrote De Studiis Jesuitarum Abstrusioribus, Relatio in Augsburg . In it Cambilhon claimed that members of the order were tortured, devils worshiped and treasures hoarded in the cellars under the Jesuit church in Graz . In the Prague branch of the Jesuits he saw an extensive arsenal. There is a similar situation in Krakow . The French Jesuit priest Pierre Coton (1564–1626) had drawn the Protestant King Henry IV of Navarre (1553–1610) to the Catholic side with “magical arts” .

For his own protection, Cambilhon was brought in April 1608 to “a safe custody Orth” in Stuttgart via Ulm , where he received financial support, through a companion commissioned by the Augsburg Ministry of the Spiritual . With the Augsburg pastors Melchior Volcius (1562–1625) and Jakob Rulich the Elder. J. (1559–1612) he was in correspondence for some time.

After Cambilhon's departure from Augsburg, De Studiis Jesuitarum Abstrusioribus, Relatio appeared in print for the first time in the same year 1608. The elegy In parricidas Jesuitas Carmen by the French historian and statesman Jacques-Auguste de Thou (1553–1617), in which the death of the Huguenot Queen Jeanne d'Albret (1528–1572) is accused of the Jesuits, and two texts by the Humanist Adrianus Turnebus (1512–1565).

The Jesuit Jakob Gretser (1562–1625), professor of morality in Ingolstadt , who himself had participated in the Regensburg Religious Discussion mentioned by Cambilhon in 1601, wrote counter-writings that were translated into German by Conrad Vetter (1548–1622). He denied that Cambilhon actually belonged to the order. In his criticism, Gretser also made strong reference to the unprinted manuscript Explicatio causarum et circumstantiarum, of which he had a copy. Cambilhon's writing referred to Gretser as an anonymous “ Famos- Libell” or Pasquill , which must be punished with the death penalty according to imperial law (Article 110 of the Embarrassing Neck Court Code of Charles V ) . Cambilhon received journalistic support from Melchior Volcius, among others, in the so-called "Cambilhonian dispute between the Jesuits and Augsburg preachers".

Geraer prints

A certain Magister Johann Pfeiffer von Altzen ( Alzey ) reported in 1610 in the foreword to Nova novorum Jesuitica that he had not met his "good friend" Cambilhon there on a return trip from France and Italy through Graz, but found him again in Augsburg and promised him that To put “new” manuscript into print. The work Nova novorum Jesuitica is, however, only a slightly modified revision of De Studiis Jesuitarum Abstrusioribus, Relatio, which, like this one, bears the date Augsburg, March 21, 1608. In "John Pfeiffer" it could be a pseudonym Cambilhons or a robbery printer act, the pressure appeared in Reuss Gera .

The first part of the book Von Der Jesuiten Gott vnd ​​jrer Geistlichkeit is also a revision of De Studiis Jesuitarum Abstrusioribus, Relatio . This book was compiled or translated by "Leo de Dromna" in 1611 and was also published in Gera. The pseudonym is usually with the theology professor and 1619/20 as rector of the University of Leipzig incumbent Christoph Wilhelm Walpurger identified (1579-1631).

reception

Cambilhon's book De Studiis Jesuitarum Abstrusioribus, Relatio had been reprinted several times as early as 1610 and translated from Latin into German (twice), English and French. In the following period it was reprinted many times as a collection of material in disputes about the Jesuit order. It was widely used when it was included in the Historia Jesuitica by Rudolf Hospinian and Ludwig Lucius . In England in particular, the font saw numerous reprints up into the 18th century.

Prague riots

During the Prague riots in 1611 between the so-called Passau war people and troops of the Bohemian estates , rumors circulated due to Cambilhon's allegations that weapons and explosives had been found in the cellar of the Jesuit college in Prague ( Clementinum ). The claim was also made by the Frankfurt am Main magazine Mercurius Gallobelgicus - one of the oldest periodicals in Germany. The Jesuits rejected the accusation: According to their statements, an investigation should have taken place. Imperial officials and even the leaders of the Bohemian “ Utraquists ” (Protestants) Heinrich Matthias von Thurn (1567–1640), Leonhard Colonna von Fels (1565–1620) and Johann von Bubna (1570–1636) had confirmed the groundlessness of the allegations.

Reconnaissance time

In a dispute with the enlightener Friedrich Nicolai (1733-1811), Johann August von Starck (1741-1816 ) accused him in 1787 of having "borrowed an old legend from ... Cambilfon" in his fight against the Jesuits. The distorted form " Cambilf on" instead of "Cambilhon" is probably a deliberate combination ( suitcase word ) of the names Cam pe and Bilf inger as typical Enlightenment names . The dispute between Starck and Nicolai over Cambilfon was mockingly commented on by Wilhelm Ludwig Wekhrlin (1739–1792) in his magazine Hyperborean letters .

The forgeries discovered by William Henry Ireland (1775-1835) in 1795/96 also included an edition of the English edition A Discouerie of the most secret and subtle practices of the Iesuites "John Camilton's" from 1610 with an alleged handwritten entry and anti-Catholic marginal notes from William Shakespeare (1564-1616).

swell

  • Jakob Gretser: Relatio De Stvdiis Iesvitarvm Abstrvsioribvs, Nunc In Gratiam Praedicantivm Lvtheranorvm, qui Augustae Vindelicorum Quintum Euangelium praedicant, ad Lydium veritatis lapidem admota et probata. Adam Sartorius, Ingolstadt 1609 ( Google Books ).
    • (German translation) Jakob Gretser, Conrad Vetter: Hansen Cambilhons From the Jesuits' most secret things, short relation, Newly Latin, but now German, to special favor and please those predicants, so to Augspurg preach the fifth Gospel. Adam Sartorius, Ingolstadt 1610 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  • Melchior Volcius: Legitimate and necessary retaliation, against and against the disgraceful, honorable disgrace, which Jacob Gretser, and Conrad Vetter, against current predicants of Augspurg, recently had in relation to Johannem Cambilhon. Cell, Tübingen 1610 ( Google Books ).
  • Jakob Gretser, Conrad Vetter: Fvriae praedicantivm Avgvstae Vindelicorum qvintvm Evangelivm evangelizantivm ob examen relationis Cambilhonicae . Adam Sartorius, Ingolstadt 1610 ( Google Books ).
    • (German translation) Jakob Gretser, Conrad Vetter: Furiæ, that is, awakened and kindled insane anger and rage of the preachers who preach the fifth Gospel at Augspurg against Iacobum Gretserum and Conradum Vetter ... because of the examined ... cambilhonic relation. Adam Sartorius, Ingolstadt 1610 ( Google Books ).
  • Melchior Volcius: Furiae a Jacobo Gretsero & Conrado Vettero, Jesuitis, contra Praedicantes Augustanos emissae, sed ab iisdem illis remissae, in quibus duo isti Iesuitae Ingolstadienses proprio suo argumento infamia notantur & capitalis criminis… damnantur, simulhon capital causa causa. Johann Alexander Cell, Tübingen 1611
    • (German translation) Furiae Iesuiticae. That is, nonsensical Wuot, and madness of two Jesuits, Jacob Gretsers, and Conradt Vötters, who woke them up against the praedicants at Augspurg, and sent them out ... In this both Jesuits reported by their own argument and judgment publicly made a spot and disgrace ... and especially what has recently been explained to Johann Cambilhon, a Jesuit who has jumped out. Johann Alexander Cell, Tübingen 1611 ( digitized version of the Göttingen University Library).
  • Jakob Gretser, Conrad Vetter: Praedicantivm Avgvstanorvm ob relationem Cambilhonicam repetitae fvriae . Andreas Angermayr, Ingolstadt 1612 ( Google Books ).
    • (German translation) Jakob Gretser, Conrad Vetter: Repetition, Der Augspurgischen Predicanten, because of the Cambilhonischen relation, with power prevailing furies, and pitiful rage . Andreas Angermayr / Johannes Hertzroy, Ingolstadt 1612 ( Google Books ).

Works

  • [Brevis et perspicua] Explicatio causarum et circumstantiarum, quibus motus Joannes Cambilhon, olim Gracensis collegii Jesuita ex pernicioso consortio illo se subduxit et ad Augustanae confessionis Ecclesiam se contulit. Ad venerabile presbyterium Augustae Vindelicorum. XXI Martii 1608 (= “[Short and clear] explanation of the reasons and circumstances by which Johannes Cambilhon, former Jesuit of the Grazer Kolleg, moved away from that pernicious community and went to the Church of the Augsburg Confession. To a venerable presbytery of . Augsburg March 21, 1608 ") (copies: Burgerbibliothek Bern ., Bongarsiana Cod 142 Bongarsii collectanea theologica, 51, sheet 11 ff; national Archives Baden-Württemberg . Abt state archive Ludwigsburg , B 114 Limpurg-Gaildorf-Solms-Assenheim, rule , Bu 2707).
  • De Studijs Jesuitarum Abstrvsioribus, Relatio . Accessit Iac. Augusti Thuani In parricidas Iesvitas carmen . s. n., s. l. 1608 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
    • (German translation) From the Jesuit's most secret things, Kurtze Relation. Germanized outside of Latin. s. n., s. l. [1608] ( digitized version of the Austrian National Library Vienna).
      • 2nd ed. S. n., s. l. 1619.
    • (reprinted as Part II of) Aphorismi doctrinæ Iesuitarum & aliorum aliquot pontificiorum doctorum . Eliot's Court Press, London 1608.
      • (English translation as Part II) A short treatise touching some very secret and close studies and practices of the Jesuits . In: Aphorismes. Or, Certificate selected points of the doctrine of the Iesuits . William Hall / John Bill, London 1609.
      • (French translation as Part II of) Aphorismes ou sommaires de la doctrine des Jesuites, & de quelques autres leurs docteurs . [s. n.], [s. l .; Paris?] 1610.
    • (reprinted in :) De Stvdiis Iesvitarvm Abstrvsioribvs, et Consiliis eorum sanguinariis . In: Petrus de Wangen: Physiognomonia Jesuitica . s. n., Lyon 1610, pp. 152-169 ( Google Books ).
      • (New edition under the title) Paraleipomena ad Amphitheatrum honoris Jesuitarum . Ex recensione Petri de Wangen. s. n., Lyon 1611.
    • (English translation) A Discouerie of the most secret and subtile practices of the Iesuites . George Eld / Robert Boulton, London 1610.
    • (German new translation) Jesuit Collegiums true and personal contrafacture: Or shortness and thorough relation of the Jesuit's most secret pieces, pitfalls and misery . s. n., s. l. 1610.
      • (reprinted as) De Studiis Jesuitarum Abstrusioribus Relatio, Or: Kurtze telling the Jesuits the most secret pieces, deceit and secrecy. In: Tearing Jesuit Wolff hidden under the sheep belt Christian gentleness . s. n., s. l. 1610 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
    • De Studijs Jesuitarum Abstrvsioribus, Relatio . Accessit Iac. Augusti Thuani In Parricidas Iesvitas Carmen . 2nd ed. S. n., s. l. 1618.
    • (reprinted as) De stvdiis Iesvitarum abstrvsioribvs… ex recensione Iohan. Cambiltoni, Graecensis olim Jesvitae . In: Rodolphus Hospinianus: Historia Iesvitica . Johann Rudolph Wolf, Zurich 1619, pp. 208–211 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
    • (German new translation) From the Jesuit secret things, and their houses . In: Ludwig Lucius: Jesuiter Histori . Johann Jakob Genath, Basel 1626, pp. 257-270 ( Google Books ).
      • (reprinted in the Latin edition as) De rebus Jesuitarum abstrusioribus, et ratione domorum atque collegiorum ipsorum . In: Ludwig Lucius: Historia Jesuitica . Johann Jakob Genath, Basel 1627, pp. 169–176 ( Google Books ).
    • (English translation) Paulus Florenius , Christian Francken , John Camilton: The doctrines and practices of the Societie of Iesuites, ed. by William Freake. Bernard Alsop and Thomas Fawcet for George Gibbs, London 1630.
      • (New edition under the title) Tvvo spare keyes to the Iesuites cabinet, dropped accidentally, and fallen into the hands of a Protestant ... The second, openeth their atheisticall practices touching the present warres of Germany. Projected by them in the year 1608…. Bernard Alsop and Thomas Fawcet for George Gibbs, London 1632.
      • (New edition under the title) Camiltons discoverie, of the devilish designes and killing projects of the Society of Jesuites of late years, projected and by them hitherto acted in Germany, intended, but graciously prevented in England; translated out of the Latine copie; dedicated to the high Court of Parliament, by W. FX B. [= William Freake St. Bartholomew's] minister of Christs Gospell. Thomas Fawcet, London 1641 ( online text from University of Michigan Library Ann Arbor)
        • (Reprinted in :) William Oldys, Thomas Park (Ed.): The Harleian Miscellany, Vol. V. Robert Dutton, London 1810, pp. 103-117 ( Google Books ).
  • Nova novorum Jesuitica. That is: Historical and detailed description of the most hidden secrets and the most terrible deeds of those who oppose Jesus, as they drift and practice day and night in their diners, ... both German and Latin printed, translated by Johann Pfeiffer von Altzen. Martin Spieß, Gera 1610 ( digitized version of the University and State Library Halle).
    • (reprinted in) Postport Der Iesviten ... Therein five differentiated, previously published, also highly necessary tracts for men. Collegium zu Sanct Passier, Passau [presumably fictitious printing location] 1619, pp. 17–32 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  • From The Jesuit God and his clergy. In it the increased and terrible errors so the Jesuits defend against Divine Majesty and his Holy Word are immediately displayed in a mirror ... Everything from my own experience, from Ioh. Cambilhon who opposed Jesus to Graitz ... Described in Latin, but now translated into German ... By Leonem de Dromna. Spieß, Gera 1611 ( digitized version from the Bavarian State Library in Munich).

literature

  • Thomas Kaufmann : Denomination and Culture. Lutheran Protestantism in the second half of the Reformation century . Mohr / Siebeck, Tübingen 2006, p. 283 ISBN 3161490177 .
  • Ursula Paintner: "The Pope's New Creature". Anti-Jesuit journalism in German-speaking countries (1555–1618) . (Chloe 44). Rodopi, Amsterdam / New York 2011, esp. Pp. 252, 258, 302-304, 337-351 ISBN 9042032847 .
  • Wolfgang Wallenta: Controversial theological literature in Augsburg around 1600 . In: Yearbook of the Association for Augsburg Diocesan History 36 (2002), pp. 517-529.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Daniel Bartoli: Histoire de Saint Ignace de Loyola d'après les documents originaux, Vol. I. Desclee, De Brower, Bruges 1893, p. 166 and esp. P. 171: "Cambilon et Schloss, l'un allemand, l 'autre anglais “; by the German is meant the convert Johann Salomon Schlossius from Passau; Jakob Gretser: Relatio De Stvdiis Iesvitarvm Abstrvsioribvs . Adam Sartorius, Ingolstadt 1609, p. 25.
  2. ↑ De Stvdiis Iesvitarvm Abstrvsioribvs, et Consiliis eorum sanguinariis . In: Petrus de Wangen: Physiognomonia Jesuitica . s. n., Lyon 1610, p. 25; (German translation) From the Jesuit's most secret things, Kurtze Relation . s. n., s. l. [1608], p. 33.
  3. ↑ It could be a family name of origin ; "Campilhon" encounters z. B. as the Occitan name of the Piedmontese place Campiglione ; Champilhon (Champion) as the name of a residential area near Namur in what is now Belgium.
  4. ↑ Compare to the following especially Melchior Volcius: Furiae a Jacobo Gretsero & Conrado Vettero, Jesuitis, contra Praedicantes Augustanos emissae, sed ab iisdem illis remissae . Johann Alexander Cell, Tübingen 1611, pp. 13–16, 32, with reference to Cambilhon's writings and letters.
  5. ↑ a b Melchior Volcius: Furiae a Jacobo Gretsero & Conrado Vettero, Jesuitis, contra Praedicantes Augustanos emissae, sed from iisdem illis remissae . Johann Alexander Cell, Tübingen 1611, p. 28.
  6. ↑ Melchior Volcius: Furiae a Jacobo Gretsero & Conrado Vettero, Jesuitis, contra Praedicantes Augustanos emissae, sed from iisdem illis remissae . Johann Alexander Cell, Tübingen 1611, p. 7 f .; Melchior Volcius: Legal and Necessary Retorsion, against and against the shameful, honorable disgrace . Cell, Tübingen 1610, p. 4: "which we have to mention here without considering causes".
  7. ↑ Melchior Volcius: Furiae a Jacobo Gretsero & Conrado Vettero, Jesuitis, contra Praedicantes Augustanos emissae, sed from iisdem illis remissae . Johann Alexander Cell, Tübingen 1611, pp. 26-31 and 72 f. as well as 10 f.
  8. ↑ Also Voltz; Pastor in Blaubeuren and Augsburg, later Abbot of Maulbronn .
  9. ^ Hugo Holstein:  Rulich, Jacob . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 29, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1889, pp. 636-367.
  10. ↑ To be distinguished from Magister Johannes Pfeiffer (1606–1667) from Lobenstein, rector, court preacher and archdeacon in Gera; both are often confused bibliographically.
  11. ↑ Compare also Johann Pfeiffer: Follow the H. Roman Churches Poenitentiaria, and Penitentiary Taxt, all and every sins . Now again please some kind-hearted Catholic Christians, translated into our mother's language from Latin ... By M. Johann Pfeiffer von Altzen. s. n. [spit], s. l. [Gera] 1610, bound to: Leo de Dromna: Fröliche Bottschetzt vnd ​​Gute Zeitung [=  Deß Bapsts Garauß, ... By then the Bapst- and Jesus' repulsion ... could easily fall into a heap]. Martin Spieß, Gera 1611 (with a preface to the Christian reader by Johann Pfeiffer) ( digitized from the University of Jena).
  12. ↑ "Leo de Dromna" or "Leon de Thromna D." translated a work by John Napier (1550-1617) from Scottish in 1611 ; Johannis de Napeier: Discovery of all secrets in the Apocalypsi or Revelation S. Johannis understood . Martin Spieß, Gera 1611 ( digital copy from the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  13. ↑ Markus Hein, Helmar Junghans (ed.): The professors and lecturers of the theological faculty of the University of Leipzig from 1409 to 2009 . (Contributions to the history of Leipzig universities and science A 8). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2009, p. 280.
  14. ^ Friedrich Emanuel von Hurter : History of Emperor Ferdinand II. And his parents, Vol. VI. Hurter, Schaffhausen 1853, pp. 391-393 ( Google Books ).
  15. ↑ Gotthard Arthus Dantiscanus: Mercurii Gallobelgici Succenturiati, Sive rervm in Gallia et Belgio potissimum ... à nundinis Francofordiensibus Anni 1610. autumnalibus, vsq [ue] ad Anni 1611 vernales. Vol. VIII. Sigismund Latomus, Frankfurt am Main 1611, p. 165 ( digitized version of the University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt).
  16. ↑ Or his son Hans Georg Colonna von Fels zu Neudek († 1634).
  17. ↑ January Wiele Wicki: Dziennik spraw domu zakonnego OO. Jezuitów u św. Barbary w Krakowie od r. 1609 do r. 1619 [= diary of the affairs of the religious house of the Jesuits near St. Barbara in Krakow from 1609 to 1619] , vol. I. (Scriptores rerum polonicarum 14. Wydawnictwa Komisyi hist. Akad. Umiejętn. W Krakowie 43). Universitätsdruckerei, Krakau 1889, p. 38f ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  18. ↑ The war ammunition and armor that the highly praiseworthy estates of the Cron Böhaimb were looking for in the Jesuit College in Prague, as they themselves have attested to with their own hand and sigil. Chrysostomus Dabertzhofer, Augsburg 1612; Ursula Paintner: "The Pope's New Creature". Anti-Jesuit journalism in German-speaking countries (1555–1618) . (Chloe 44). Rodopi, Amsterdam / New York 2011, p. 232 f.
  19. ^ Johann August von Starck: About crypto-catholicism, proselytizing, Jesuitism, secret societies, vol. I. Johann Georg Fleischer, Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1787, p. 383 f., 392 (wrongly paginated: 292), 401, 416 f. and 505 f. ( Google Books ).
  20. ^ Richard M. Mayer: Didaktik des 18./19. Century . In: Annual reports for recent German literary history 7 (1899). B. Behr, Berlin, 1900, esp. P. IV 5: 318–322 ( Google Books ; limited preview) ( digitized at OpenLibrary).
  21. ^ Wilhelm Ludwig Wekhrlin: Hyperborean letters, part I. Felsecker, Nuremberg 1788, pp. 118-120 ( digitized ) of the Bavarian State Library in Munich.
  22. ↑ See Joseph Egert: Authentic Forgeries! Announcement for The Shakespeare Conference (2015) ( Online ).
  23. ↑ The title and excerpts of this work were written by Jakob Gretser in 1609: Relatio De Stvdiis Iesvitarvm Abstrvsioribvs . Adam Sartorius, Ingolstadt 1609 and 1611 by Melchior Volcius: Furiae a Jacobo Gretsero & Conrado Vettero, Jesuitis, contra Praedicantes Augustanos emissae, sed ab iisdem illis remissae . Johann Alexander Cell, Tübingen 1611 cited.
  24. ^ Pastor of St Bartholomew-the-Less , London, † after 1642.
personal data
SURNAME Cambilhon, Johann
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Cambilhom, Johan; Cambilon, Johannes; Cambilhon, Hans; Camilton, John; Cambillion, Jean; Cambilhonius, Ioannes; Cambiltonus, Johannes; Camiltonus, Joannes; Cambelhon, Johannes; Kanuilhon (polemical); Cambilfon (polemical)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION alleged Jesuit and Protestant writer
DATE OF BIRTH around 1576
DATE OF DEATH after 1611