Judith of Flanders

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Judith ( Historia Welforum )

Judith von Flandern or Jutka van Vlaanderen (* around 1030 - † March 5, 1094 , buried in Weingarten Abbey ) probably comes from the Balduine family, the family of the Counts of Flanders . She was Countess of Northumbria (first marriage to Toste Godwinsson ) and Duchess of Bavaria (second marriage to Welf IV ).

ancestry

Judith von Flandern on the Weingartener Heilig-Blut panel from 1489

The classification of Judith in the Flemish count family was unclear for a long time, but is all the more important because Judith is the great-grandmother of both Friedrich Barbarossa and Heinrich the Lion . There are essentially three competing versions in the literature, all of which stem from the different information in the various sources. In research there is now a broad consensus in favor of the third version, while the other two can be found in older or outdated works.

First version

Judith was born in 1027/28 as the daughter of Duke Richard III. Born of Normandy and Adela of France . Judith was the stepdaughter of Baldwin V of Flanders , who gave Adela 1028 after the death of Richard III. got married. The indication of the year of birth of Judith results from the date of death of Richard III. (August 6, 1027).

However, this version is more than dubious as it can be assumed that the connection between Adela of France and Richard III. from Normandy was only an engagement, which because of the death of Richard III. could no longer flow into the marriage. In any case, no descendants of Richard and Adela are known.

Second version

Judith was born around 1030 to Baldwin V of Flanders and Adela of France . This statement comes on the one hand from Alberich von Trois-Fontaines , on the other hand (as the second daughter after Mathilde ) from a manuscript whose attribution to Ordericus Vitalis is controversial.

Also Florentius of Worcester is Judith, the daughter of Count Baldwin of Flanders, but does not say what he means Baldwin, even this is not clear from the context, making him both this comes into question when and the following version.

However, the close relationship between Baldwin V and the Guelphs would probably have been an obstacle to Judith's later marriage to Welf IV as the marriage of two third-degree relatives . Judith and Welf IV. Would have had the same great-grandparents with Friedrich, Graf im Moselgau , and Irmtrud von der Wetterau :

  • Friedrich / Irmtrud - Otgiva - Balduin V. - Judith on the one hand, as well as
  • Friedrich / Irmtrud - Irmentrud - Kunigunde - Welf IV. On the other hand.

The marriage of Welfs with Judith was denounced only as "public adultery" ( publicum adulterium ) against Welf's first wife, but not as a marriage of relatives. Therefore this version is also to be regarded as doubtful.

Third version

Judith was born in 1031/32 as the daughter of Baldwin IV of Flanders and his second wife Eleanor of Normandy , the sister of Richard III. , born. Judith was thus the half-sister of Baldwin V of Flanders , who came from her father's first marriage with Otgiva of Luxembourg . The estimate for the year of birth results from the year of the marriage between Baldwin IV and Eleanor (approx. 1031). It was named after her grandmother Judith de Bretagne († 1017).

This version is supported by the fact that the Annalista Saxo calls Judith amita (aunt on his father's side, i.e. sister of the father) of Count Robert I , with which he identifies her as the daughter of Baldwin IV and sister of Baldwin V. In the Vita Ædwardi Regis , Judith is also referred to as the sister of Baldwin V.

Marriage to Toste Godwinsson

Judith von Flanders was first married to Toste Godwinsson in September 1051 . That year, Toste and his family had to flee England after their revolt against King Edward the Confessor . Toste and certainly Judith fled to Flanders to see Baldwin V. In the following year (1052) they were able to return to England. In 1055 Toste was named Earl of Northumbria . In 1061 Toste and Judith traveled to Rome with the Archbishop of York . In 1065 Toste was deposed and banished in Northumbria after an uprising against him, he fled again to Baldwin V.

It is not clear to what extent Judith Toste accompanied him in his subsequent battle for the English crown (trip to Denmark and Norway for support and the invasion of England). Toste fell on September 25, 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in battle against his brother, King Harald II of England , who had succeeded Edward earlier that year. The Annalista Saxo reports that she returned to the continent with treasures from the legacy of Edward and her husband.

The Vita Ædwardi Regis reports that the children of Tostes and Judith were "not weaned" when he died, that is, in childhood. Snorri Sturluson reports: "Skule, a son of Earl Toste, ... and his brother Ketil Krok ... from a high family from England" accompanied King Olav Kyrre (reigned 1066–1093), who specified Morkinskinna that "Skúli, the son of Jarl Toste Godwinsson, and Ketill krókr from Hålogaland came to Norway ", together with King Olav after his failed campaign in England in 1066, and that Skuli did not return to England long after Harald's fall, and there he managed to get Harald's corpse surrendered. This information suggests that Skule and Ketill are adults and therefore not sons of Judith. The same should apply to Olav, Tosti's son, mentioned by Symeon of Durham in 1066, provided that "Tosti" is Toste Godwinsson at all. Nothing more is known about the children of Tostes and Judith.

Marriage to Duke Welf

Wedding of Judith von Flandern and Welf IV. Von Altdorf on the Heilig-Blut-Tafel von Weingarten from 1489

In her second marriage, Judith married Welf IV in 1070/71 , who became Duke of Bavaria as Welf I at Christmas 1070 . Welf survived his wife and died on November 9, 1101. The marriage had three children:

  • Welf V. (* probably 1073; † September 24, 1120 at Kaufering Castle ), after the death of his father on the crusade in 1101 as Welf II Duke of Bavaria ; ∞ around 1089, separated in 1095, Mathilde (* probably 1046, † 1115) mistress of Canossa, Duchess of Tuscien etc., daughter of Bonifacius of Canossa, Duke of Spoleto
  • Henry IX. der Schwarze (* probably 1074; † December 13, 1126 in Ravensburg ), 1120 Duke of Bavaria, ∞ Wulfhild of Saxony († December 29, 1126 in Altdorf ), daughter of Duke Magnus of Saxony ( Billunger )
  • Kunizza († March 6, 1120) ∞ Friedrich Rocho († November 12 ...), attested in 1086, Count, probably Count of Dießen

Judith of Flanders as Guelph ancestress

Judith is often incorrectly referred to as "Queen of England" in the chronicles related to Guelph:

  • The Annalista Saxo passes her off as the wife of Toste's brother, King Harald of England
  • The Genealogia Welforum calls Welf's wife Judith "daughter of the Count of Flanders, Queen of England"
  • The Raitenbuch necrology reports the death of "Judith, Queen of England, daughter of the Margrave of Este, wife of our founder Welf"
  • Weingarten's necrology reports the death of "Duchess Judith, Queen of England"

Judith of Flanders and the Holy Blood relic

In 1053, Emperor Heinrich III divided. and Pope Leo IX. a holy blood relic found in Mantua . With the death of Henry in 1056, the relic passed to Count Baldwin V of Flanders, who bequeathed it to Judith in 1067. Judith, in turn, donated the relic to Weingarten Abbey together with valuable manuscripts that are now in New York, Montecassino, Fulda and Stuttgart. Every year on the Friday after Ascension Day in Weingarten there is a blood kick in honor of the relic.

literature

Web links

Commons : Judith von Flanders  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The sources give different dates: Bernold von Konstanz reports "1094 IV Non Mar" (March 4th), the necrology of the Raitenbuch monastery (Necrologium Raitenbuchense, p. 105) and the necrology of Weingarten (Necrologium Weingartense, p. 221) however "III Non Mar" (March 5th)
  2. ↑ "apud monasterium… Sancti Martini" (Bernoldi Chronicon 1094, MGH Scriptores (in folio) 5, p. 457)
  3. ↑ See Schwennicke (1984), plate 81, where Juditha is referred to as having the year of birth 1028 and as "posthuma" (this version is no longer published in Schwennicke (2005), plate 18), and Lott ("Judith von Flandern, * 1027 / 28, daughter of Richard III of Normandy and Adelheid of France ... " http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/j/Judith_v_f.shtml ( Memento from June 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) )
  4. ↑ Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium , MGH Scriptores (in folio) 23, p. 792.
  5. ↑ Marjorie Chibnall (ed. And transl.), The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969-80), Vol. IV, Appendix I, p. 350
  6. ↑ Thomas Forester (trans.): The Chronicles of Florence of Worcester with two continuations (1854) 1051, p. 152.
  7. ↑ Cf. Cleve / Hlawitschka
  8. ↑ Erich Brandenburg , The Descendants of Charlemagne (1935), plate 4, page 9: "* approx. 1033"
  9. ↑ Erich Brandenburg describes in the note p. 131 to plate 4, page 9, Judith as "stepsister of Balduins V." (and means half-sister), refers to Freeman and Vanderkindere (who in turn refers to Freeman)
  10. ↑ Annalista Saxo 1066: ". Huius Haroldi coniunx amita Rodberti comitis de Flandria, ex cognatione beati Ethmundi regis fuit Hans postea Welphus, filius Azzonis marchionis Italorum, duxit uxorem, genuitque ex ea duces Welphum iunorem et Heinricum Hec Iuditha dicta ...." (The Designation as Harald's wife instead of Tostes is wrong, the "Guelph" part of the information is correct), MGH Scriptores (in folio) 6, p. 694
  11. ^ Frank Barlow, The Godwins: the Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty (1992), p. 38.
  12. ↑ At this point in time, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions Godwin von Wessex , his son Toste and Toste's wife, who was a relative of "Baldwin von Bruges" (George Norman Garmonsway (transl.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1972), D, 1052 [1051])
  13. ↑ Kurt Ulrich Jäschke gives in Die Anglonormannen (1981), p. 73, the summer of 1051 as the time of the wedding
  14. ↑ Schwennicke (1984) states that the wedding is "around 1045/47"
  15. ^ Cleve / Hlawitschka; Bernd Schneidmüller, The Welfs. Dominion and Memory (2000), pp. 134/135; according to Charles Cawley, she fled to Denmark ( [1] )
  16. ^ Frank Barlow (eds. And transl.), The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster (1962, 2nd edition 1992), p. 38.
  17. ↑ Samuel Laing (transl.) Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings Snorre (Norroena Society, London), King Harald's Saga Part II (1907), p. 102
  18. ↑ Both: Theodore Murdock Andersson, Kari E. Gade, (transl.) (2000) Morkinskinna (2000), 52, p. 276
  19. ↑ Joseph Stevenson (transl.) The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham (1855), p. 546
  20. ↑ So Schneidmüller, p. 134; Cleve / Hlawitschka and Schwennicke (1984): 1070; Schwennicke (2005): around 1070
  21. ↑ Schneidmüller suspects a political connection in the marriage, in which Welf's father Alberto Azzo II. D'Este also participated, who not only administered the family's Italian possessions, but also acquired the county of Maine for his son Hugo , Welf's older half-brother, in 1069 would have; as a result, Alberto Azzo was in the fight against Wilhelm the Conqueror , and when Welfs married, it will certainly not have overlooked the fact that Judith was also the aunt of Wilhelm's wife Mathilde von Flanders .
  22. ↑ Cf. Cleve / Hlawitschka
  23. ↑ "Haroldi coniunx", see above
  24. ^ Genealogia Welforum 9, MGH Scriptores (in folio) 13, p. 734
  25. ↑ "Iudinta regina Anglie, filia marchionis de Este uxor Welfonis nostri fundatoris" Franz Ludwig Baumann (ed.), Necrologium Raitenbuchense, MGH Necrologia Germaniae 3, p 105
  26. ^ "Judita dux regina Angliae", Franz Ludwig von Baumann (ed.), Necrologium Weingartense, MGH Necrologia Germaniae 1 (1888), p. 221.
  27. ↑ For details, see the article Blood Kick
  28. ↑ Schneidmüller, pp. 134/135
  29. ↑ The handover of the relic dates to May 31, 1090 or March 12, 1094 (one week after Judith's death), cf. Article on blood kick
  30. ↑ Although Brandenburg and Vanderkindere are given as sources
  31. ↑ Based on: Gerd Wunder , Wilhelm der Eroberer and his relatives in the view of the continental dynasty genealogy , in: Genealogisches Jahrbuch 6/7 (1967) pp. 19-41, and 8 (1968), p. 143, as well as Augusto Sanfelice di Monteforte, Richerche storico-critico-genealogiche (del 758 al 1194), Volume 2 and Supplement (1962), Plate X
personal data
SURNAME Judith of Flanders
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Judith of Bavaria
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Countess of Northumbria and Duchess of Bavaria; Donor of the Holy Blood relic from Weingarten
DATE OF BIRTH around 1030
DATE OF DEATH March 5, 1094