Burgus Budakalász-Luppa csárda

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Burgus Budakalász-Luppa csárda
(Burgus Ulcisia 2)
limes Pannonian Limes
section 4th
Dating (occupancy) Valentinian ( Frigeridus dux)
until the end of the 4th / beginning of the 5th century
Type Burgus
size 39 × 39 m
Construction stone
State of preservation Remnants of foundations in the garden of a holiday home.
place Budakalász
Geographical location 47 ° 37 '20.3 ​​"  N , 19 ° 5' 6.6"  E
height 103  m
Previous Burgus Szentendre-Dera (north)
Subsequently Castra Aquincum (south)

The Burgus Budakalász-Luppa csárda was a Roman military post that served as a late antique residential and watchtower to monitor a section of the Danube in the Pannonian Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The completely excavated remains of the fortification were located near Luppa csárda (also: Lupa csárda ), a district of the small town of Budakalász in Pest County , Hungary , near the western bank of the western arm of the Danube. A weekend house was built over parts of the foundations after the excavation. A well-known published find is the imitation of a slide glass .

Location and research history

The Limes Pannonicus on the Pilis Mountains
The Burgus in a completed floor plan
Reconstruction of the Burgus

The area near Budakalász-Luppa csárda (German: Luppa-Heideschenke ) was settled in prehistoric times. Between 1952 and 1961, the archaeologist Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) uncovered 439 Copper Age graves, the most important site of the Pécel culture and found, among other things, the then world-famous car from Budakalász . The Roman guard post of Budakalász-Luppa csárda was established in the area of ​​the Pannonian province of Valeria, established in the 4th century AD, on the southeastern foothills of the Pilis Mountains . It stood on the west bank of the western arm of the Danube, near the Barát brook that flows there. In an easterly direction, the former tower crew was able to overlook the very narrow headland of the Danube island Szentendrei (Sankt-Andrä-Insel) , which ran out to the south, over the arm of the river and monitor the main stream of the river. To the north there was visual contact with the Ländeburgus on the Dera brook , in the south at Békásmegyer there was a watchtower on the bank, which could receive signals and pass them on to the Aquincum legionary camp ( Budapest ) via a dense chain of posts . To the west of Luppa csárda, the ancient army, trade and border route ran roughly under today's country road.

The small complex was completely excavated from 1932 to 1934 by the archaeologist Lajos Nagy (1897–1946). A publication on this excavation has not yet appeared. In 1952, Sándor Soproni carried out an on-site investigation. The excavation has been built over in parts by a weekend house for a long time, the remains of the foundations are still visible in the garden.

Building history

The Valentinian Burgus consisted of a rectangular residential and watchtower with 1.5 meter thick stone walls. This building was erected in the middle of a 39 × 39 meter, walled courtyard area. The structure followed in its dimensions and floor plan the remains of the Leányfalu complex that are still visible today . A surrounding trench must be expected. The tower of Luppa csárda was entered from the southwest. In its 16.3 × 15.5 and 14.8 meter interior, a staircase was installed on the southwest tower wall to the left and right of the door; the floors above with the massive roof were supported by four stone pillars that stood in a rectangle to each other occupied the center of the complex. The stratigraphic layers are unknown.

In post-Roman times an Avar burial ground was laid out near Budakalász-Dunapart .

Finds

Brick stamp

In addition to the stamps of Ap Luppiano ord , Ap Valentini , and Ap Iovini , those of Frigeridus dux also emerged from the ground. The centurions Luppianus and Iovinus and the tribune Valentinus were active at the same time as the provincial commander-in-chief Frigeridus. Frigeridus officiated in Valeria between 371 and 373 AD.

Ceramics

There were remnants of glazed, smoothed and smoothed late antique ceramics. A fragment with a grid pattern was published by Soproni. The common occurrence of smoothed and glazed pieces is characteristic of many late Roman settlements and burial grounds in Hungary. Without knowledge of the former stratigraphic layers as in Luppa csárda, it is not possible to determine whether the grid pattern ceramic found comes from the same layer as the smoothed provincial Roman ceramic found, i.e. was used at the same time. The fundamental difficulties lie in the fact that a more precise dating of the late Roman smoothed ceramics is still not possible, as their early production began in the first half of the 4th century. Only found objects uncovered in known layers and contexts allow a more precise assignment. The theories about smoothed ceramics today are diverse and very controversial. In his study on ceramics from the Burgus Budakalász-Luppa csárda, published in 2004, Katalin Ottományi came to the conclusion that the pieces found can be dated to the end of the second half of the 4th century. It is possible that two shiny fragments with black smoothing, perhaps also a biconical bowl, can be dated to the first third of the 5th century. The entire range of ceramics from Burgus consists of Roman types, no barbaric influence can be identified.

Glass

With the ceramic finds, the fragments of a green thick-walled glass beaker with a protruding bulge came to light. Under this bulge were vertical ribs, which were followed by a honeycomb ornament. The piece belongs to a group of glasses that imitate the precious diatret work. Other material found include iron finds.

Spoilage

The found material also included the grave inscription of Septimia Theodora , built as a spoil , which was found in the Burgus during the 1934 excavation. The heavily damaged fragment dates from between 200 and 250 AD. Among other things, it names a mil (es) co (hortis) (cohort soldier ), whose name has not been preserved. The stone was probably carried away from the nearby Szentendre Castle in the north .

Lost property

The finds from the excavation were brought to the Aquincum Museum in Budapest. The spolie is in the depot of the Roman lapidary of the Ferenczi-Károly Museum in Szentendre .

Villa Rustica Budakalász-Dolina

The mansion of the villa excavated in 1942

In the war year 1942, the archaeologist Tibor Nagy (1910–1995) exposed the manor house of a smaller villa rustica of the portico type in the Dolina valley , the regular floor plan of which had a semicircular apse on the back in the central escape axis. Nagy, who only published a brief description of the excavation, said he saw a bathroom in the apse niche, although the floor level is not much lower than the floor of the other rooms. Almost all rooms could be heated, whereby the system of hypocaust and canal heating was used equally. The excavator assumed that the Villa Rustica in Budakalász-Dolina was built at the end of the 2nd or the beginning of the 3rd century. Sewer heating was only used on a larger scale in late antiquity , which gives indications of possible later renovations in the house. In most of the rooms there was a terrazzo floor covering over the heating . On the walls of the large central room with apse, hollow bricks could still be found, through which the warmth that once rose from the floor was dissipated upwards. The end of the agricultural enterprise will have come in the 5th century.

The broken grave stele of Septimius Avvo was also found in the Dolina valley , in which two round holes were drilled during a later reuse . There are also other remains of farms from the Dolina valley on the Barát brook known, but some of them have not yet been explored as well.

Limes course from Budakalász-Luppa csárda to Castrum Aquincum

Traces of the Limes structures along the Danube arm between Budakalász and Budapest
route Name / place Description / condition
4th Budakalász-Barát-patak (Burgus Ulcisia 3) The site was discovered by Lajos Nagy. The unexcavated Burgus was located on the southern border of the Budakalász municipality on an elevated area directly above the Danube. Immediately south of the research area, the now heavily regulated Barát brook flows into the Danube. In 1950, Sándor Soproni found rubble, fragments of Tegula and ceramic shards during a field inspection . The archaeologist Sarolta Tettamanti later repeated this field inspection and confirmed Soproni's examination with her reading findings. The approximately 50 × 50 meter rectangular trench of the watchtower can be clearly seen in an aerial photo from 1955. The eastern part of this trench had already been washed away by the Danube. The aerial photo also shows that the actual tower was already directly on the water at that time due to the erosion.
4th Budapest-Csillaghegy, 85 Kossuth Lajos üdülőpart (Burgus Ulcisia 4) East of the historical Bivalyos-Csárda, at the intersection of Piroska utca and Kossuth Lajos üdülőpart, Lajos Nagy was able to find another Burgus before the Second World War . The square building remains that were stuck in the bank of the Danube had a circumference of 8.10 × 8.10 meters. Today the exact location of the Burgus can no longer be determined. Based on the brick stamps of the Legio II Adiutrix , which had their main camp in Aquincum ( Budapest ), Soproni and the archaeologist Tibor Nagy (1910–1995) dated Burgus to the reign of Emperor Diocletian (284–305) or from that of Constantine (306-337). The epigraph specialist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012), on the other hand, came to the conclusion based on the stamps that this and with it the Burgus must have been created during the reign of Valentinian I.
4th Budapest-Csillaghegy, 59 Kossuth Lajos üdülőpart (Burgus Ulcisia 5) At 59 Kossuth Lajos üdülőpart, Lajos Nagy dug another watchtower on the banks of the Danube in 1939. His knowledge of the site, which was close to a boathouse, was based on research by the historian Salamon Ferenc (1825-1892). The tower had a size of 5.80 × 5.80 meters, the walls were 1.10 meters thick. The brick stamps of the Legio II Adiutrix and the Cohors milliaria nova Surorum show that this tower was built during the reign of Emperor Commodus (180-192).
4th Budapest-Rómaifürdö (Roman Baths), 21 Kossuth Lajos üdülőpart (Burgus Ulcisia 6) The Burgus, which was also excavated, had a circumference of 7 × 6.90 meters, and its rising walls were 1.10 meters thick. The wall thicknesses of 1.40 to 1.50 meters were measured in the foundation. The entrance at ground level was on the south side. The finds included brick stamps from the Legio II Adiutrix and stamps with the abbreviations AP IOVINI, AP LVPPIANO ORD, VALENTINI and AP VALENTINI TRB. Imprints of the Frigeridus dux were also found. The brick stamps, which can be clearly dated, assign the building to the reign of Emperor Valentinian I under Frigeridus.
4th Budapest Nanási út 3 (Burgus Ulcisia 16) During difficult excavations in the garden of the former Berlinger restaurant in 2010 at Nanási út 3, another badly disturbed Valentinian Burgus came to light. The investigation had become necessary because the area was to be rebuilt. The Roman remains were found on the south side of the building foundations still to be built. On the first day of the excavation, tegula fragments with the stamps of Figeridus dux and Valentinus tribunus were recovered. In the further course of the investigations, the archaeologist Tibor Budai Balogh was able to determine the north wall of the most likely square Burgus and the connections between the west and east walls. A further examination of the system was not possible due to the given conditions. The excavated foundations of the east wall were 2.20 meters wide, nothing of the rising masonry had survived. The foundations on the west wall were 1.80 meters thick. Here the rising wall could still be measured at 1.45 meters. The only wall of the Burgus exposed over its full width remained the north wall. This was 19.60 meters long and 1.60 meters wide when rising. No data could be collected for the foundations of this wall section. The inner distance between the west and east walls was 16 meters. The floor of the Burgus was largely made of yellow rammed earth. At various places where the clay soil had sunk, the soil had been leveled with broken bricks and earth. Insufficient leveling may have led to subsequent lowering of the ground. Construction work had already taken place at this point during the principality's time . The Burgus can be clearly dated through the stamp of the Figeridus, only the time of its fall is more difficult to determine. The traces of fire that were found on walls and bricks, as well as the red-burnt clay on the floor in many places, could indicate a fire disaster. A few late Roman coins were found on the otherwise empty clay soil and in its filled recesses. A term post quem gives a miliarense coined between 388 and 392 from the reign of Emperor Theodosius I (379-395). A ditch a little further south was discovered in 2005. Its top backfill layer also had a (FRIG) ERIDVS (VP DVX) stamp. In addition, the archaeologists were able to find the remains of three possibly late Roman lime kilns in this area, which had been built in place of older Roman buildings from the second and third centuries. The special excavation of 2005 also resulted in three body burials without any additions. The plans for the new building had to be changed after the discovery of the Burgus so that it could be preserved. The underground car park was moved to the west side of the property and the Burgus was secured underground for future generations.
4th Budapest-Homokos dűlő (Burgus Ulcisia 7) The location of the Burgus on the banks of the Danube is at the gas works in Budapest-Homokos dűlő and lies on the extended west-east axis of the northern city limits of civil Aquincum. Lajos Nagy referred to the drawing made in 1912 by an unspecified "Professor Horváth" when giving his information on this tower. The square core plant is said to have covered 7 × 7 meters. A surrounding wall measuring 14 × 14 meters in front was provided to protect the building. This type of construction would be typical of a work from the Valentine era. According to Varga, however, the surrounding wall can also be seen as a trench in the drawing.
4th Szigetmonostor-Horány (Burgus Ulcisia 8) → see main article: Burgus Szigetmonostor-Horány
4th Dunakeszi (Burgus ulcisia 9) → see main article: Burgus Dunakeszi
4th Szentendre Island (Burgus Ulcisia 10) In the literature, the knowledge of a watchtower on the south end of the Szentendre Island is preserved. The archeology pioneer Flóris Rómer (1815–1889) visited the site in 1866 and 1877. However, Rómer's observations every ten years differ significantly. In 1866, he roughly sketched a small, trapezoidal fortification, which with its outline adapts to the tapering end of the island. The plant has the furthest west-east extension at its northeastern end with 68.30 meters. Its greatest length in north-south direction is said to have been 106.20 meters according to Rómer. Rómer's basic information is confirmed by a map from 1778 by the cartographer Andreas Kneidinger. He also drew a trapezoidal structure on the southern tip. This has a round tower at the two corners of its northeastern boundary. The tapering southern end of the system, however, ends in a rectangular projection. When Rómer was back in 1877, he only held a round tower that was up to one meter high. According to its dimensions, it had an outer diameter of eight meters and a wall thickness of 1.70 meters. The Danube had already torn one side away. According to him, the tower was built from stones from a stone quarry in the Naszály near Waitzen . Finds taken immediately during the investigation are not mentioned in Rómer's notes. Lajos Nagy and also János Szilágyi (1907–1988) stated laconically during their follow-up examination that circular towers are of medieval origin. In addition, no Roman finds from this place were known. Other archaeologists such as Tibor Nagy (1910–1995) had a fundamentally different view on the question of round towers. Round towers for this group could well have been built in Roman times. The archaeologist Gábor Varga visited the southern tip of the island in 2009 and confirmed Rómer's observations of many diverse ceramic shards from different times, which, however, were secondary. A typical phenomenon of the Danube, which washes material from all times.
4th Budapest-Káposztásmegyer (Burgus Ulcisia 11) Opposite the Burgus Ulcisia 4 described above, there was another tower on the east bank of the Danube in the Barbaricum . The stone structure was located south of the mouth of the Szilas (= Palota) brook and northeast of the Megyeri-Csárda. Historical maps from 1775 and 1826 show the ruin on a small rounded hill. The archeology pioneer Bálint Kuzsinszky (1864–1938) was able to describe the remains of the tower in 1895, but he certainly did not reveal them. The rectangular tower stood on a surface that had a circle diameter of 30 meters. The walls that were still visible at the time had a wall thickness of 0.80 meters. A year after his visit, Kuzsinszky noted that the remains of the Roman wall had fallen victim to stone robbery as material was needed for the construction of the Budapest waterworks.
4th Budapest Újpest , Sas-Csárda (Burgus Ulcisia 12) A presumed state castle was possibly next to the former Sas-Csárda in the Budapest district of Újpest. Excavations have not yet taken place. The description of this system by Lajos Nagy is based on information from Salamon Ferenc.
4th Budapest Újpest, Népsziget (Burgus Ulcisia 13) Another speculative site where a watchtower could be located is in the southern neighborhood of Árpád utca on Népsziget.
4th Szigetmonostor – Fácános (Burgus Ulcisia 14) Lajos Nagy observed the remains of a watchtower on Szentendre Island in 1935. This tower is said to be in the east of the Dera brook in the middle of the island. The mouth of the Dera brook is on the west bank of the western arm of the Danube. Contrary to Lajos Nagy's statement, János Szilágyi stated that no Roman watchtower could be seen in the remains of the building. It is unknown whether Nagy or Szilágyi visited the tower site in question. But since Nagy was busy in 1935/1936 with the uncovering of the Burgus Szigetmonostor-Horány on the island, his visit is within the realm of possibility. The marker given by Nagy for rough orientation at a height of 109 meters can still be found today. The terrain presents itself as a flat, elongated ridge. As a military training area was formerly located here, the landscape is criss-crossed by former trenches and other bumps. During his field inspection, 70 years after the site was first mentioned, Varga could no longer find any evidence of an archaeological site. The exact location is also unknown. Perhaps only a larger search would be successful. But maybe the place has been destroyed in the meantime.
4th Budapest The Aquincum legionary camp was located in Budapest

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Budakalász-Luppa csárda castle as well as all other Limes complexes belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Tibor Budai Balogh: Az utolsó kísérlet. I. Valentinianus és a birodalom határvédelme. In: Ókor 10 (2011/1), pp. 85–97.
  • Jenő Fitz (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976.
  • Katalin Ottományi : A Budakalász-Luppacsárdai őrtorony késő római kerámiája (The late Roman ceramics of the watchtower of Budakalász-Luppacsárda). In: Studia Comitatensia 28 (2004), pp. 265-295.
  • Sándor Soproni : The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 .
  • Gábor Varga: A Szentendrei-sziget római kori erődítettségéről. In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 137 (2012), pp. 145–174.
  • Gábor Varga: Római kori őrtornyok Budapest (Mítosz és valóság). In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 136 (2011), pp. 115-134.
  • Zsolt Visy : 19th Budakalász - Luppa csárda (Bolhavár). In: Definition, Description and Mapping of Limes Samples. CE Project "Danube Limes - UNESCO World Heritage" 1CE079P4. Budapest 2010. pp. 50-51.
  • Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 57.
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 80.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 80.
  2. ^ Sándor Soproni: A budakalászi kocsi. (Budakalász's chariot.) In: Folia archaeologica 6. Budapest 1954, pp. 29–36 u. 198-199, plates 6-8.
  3. ↑ At 47 ° 38 '28.84 "  N , 19 ° 4' 47.64"  O .
  4. ^ A b c Andrea Kaltofen: Studies on the chronology of the migration period in south-eastern Central Europe. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 191. Oxford 1984, ISBN 0-86054-244-0 , p. 191.
  5. ↑ a b c d Endre Tóth : Karpen in the province of Valeria. On the question of late Roman smoothed ceramics in Transdanubia In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae. Budapest 2005, p. 382.
  6. ^ Zsolt Visy: Definition, Description and Mapping of Limes Samples. CE Project "Danube Limes - UNESCO World Heritage" 1CE079P4. Budapest 2010. pp. 50-51; here: p. 50.
  7. ↑ a b c Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary . Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 79.
  8. ^ Sándor Soproni: The late Roman Limes between Esztergom and Szentendre. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978, ISBN 963-05-1307-2 , p. 66.
  9. ↑ István Erdélyi : The Avar burial ground in Budakalász-Dunapart (Danube bank). In: MittArchInst 7. (Communications from the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Budapest 1977. pp. 45–54.
  10. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz : A későrómai hídfőállások bélyeges téglái Valeriában. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 53-68.
  11. ^ Sándor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 , plate 10.6.
  12. ↑ Katalin Ottományi : Késő római besimított kerámia Nagykanizsán. In: Zalai Gyűjtemény No. 18, 1982–1983. Pp. 45–58 (in Hungarian).
  13. ↑ Friderika Horváth : Comments on the late antique ceramic material from the fortress of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta - first results . Workshop Leipzig, 8–9 February 2008. Archaeological Institute of the UAdW.
  14. ↑ Katalin Ottományi: A Budakalász-Luppacsárdai őrtorony késő római kerámiája (The late Roman ceramics of the watchtower of Budakalász-Luppacsárda). In: Studia Comitatensia 28 (2004), pp. 265-295; here: p. 289.
  15. ↑ Lajos Nagy: L'imitation d'un vase diatrete, retrouvee au burgus de Budakalász. In: Budapest Régiségei 15. Budapest 1950. pp. 535-539.
  16. ↑ László Barkóczy, Sándor Soproni: Brigetio (continued) and the Limes route on the Danube Bend. In the series: The Roman inscriptions of Hungary. (RIU). 3. Delivery. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981. ISBN 963-05-2374-4 . No. 935.
  17. ↑ Heinz Heinen , Hans H. Anton, Winfried Weber : In the upheaval of cultures - late antiquity and early Middle Ages. Publications of the diocese archive in Trier. ISBN 3-7902-0271-1 . P. 516.
  18. ^ Edit B. Thomas : Roman villas in Pannonia, contributions to the Pannonian settlement history. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1964. pp. 214-215.
  19. ↑ László Barkóczy, Sándor Soproni: Brigetio (continued) and the Limes route on the Danube Bend. In the series: The Roman inscriptions of Hungary. (RIU). 3. Delivery. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981. ISBN 963-05-2374-4 . No. 934.
  20. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  21. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 3 approximately at 47 ° 36 '28.1 "  N , 19 ° 4' 30.08"  O .
  22. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003. ISBN 963-05-7980-4 . P. 57.
  23. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 4 at approximately 47 ° 35 '16.55 "  N , 19 ° 4' 7.89"  O .
  24. ^ A b c d e Margot Németh: Watchtowers and fortresses on the left bank of the Danube In: Research in Aquincum 1969–2002 (= Aquincum Nostrum 2), Budapest 2003, pp. 96–99; here: p. 96.
  25. ^ Gábor Varga: Római kori őrtornyok Budapest (Mítosz és valóság) . In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 136 (2011), S-115-134; here: p. 116.
  26. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 5 at about 47 ° 35 '8.69 "  N , 19 ° 4' 5.19"  O .
  27. ^ Gábor Varga: Római kori őrtornyok Budapest (Mítosz és valóság) . In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 136 (2011), S-115-134; here: p. 118.
  28. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 6 at approximately 47 ° 34 '46.63 "  N , 19 ° 3' 59.82"  O .
  29. ↑ a b c d e f g h Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003. ISBN 963-05-7980-4 . P. 58.
  30. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 16 at approximately 47 ° 34 '0.4 "  N , 19 ° 3' 50.19"  O .
  31. ^ Tibor Budai Balogh: Az utolsó kísérlet. I. Valentinianus és a birodalom határvédelme . In: Ókor 10 (2011/1), pp. 85–97; here: pp. 91–92.
  32. ^ Tibor Budai Balogh: Az utolsó kísérlet. I. Valentinianus és a birodalom határvédelme . In: Ókor 10 (2011/1), pp. 85–97; here: p. 93.
  33. ^ Tibor Budai Balogh: Az utolsó kísérlet. I. Valentinianus és a birodalom határvédelme . In: Ókor 10 (2011/1), pp. 85–97; here: p. 91.
  34. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 7 at about 47 ° 33 '51.96 "  N , 19 ° 3' 49.49"  O .
  35. ↑ a b c d Gábor Varga: Római kori őrtornyok Budapest (Mítosz és valóság) . In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 136 (2011), S-115-134; here: p. 118.
  36. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 8 at about 47 ° 39 '30.53 "  N , 19 ° 6' 44.86"  O .
  37. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 9 at about 47 ° 39 '29.15 "  N , 19 ° 7' 11.44"  O .
  38. ^ Gábor Varga: A Szentendrei-sziget római kori erődítettségéről . In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 137 (2012), pp. 145–174; here pp. 145–151.
  39. ↑ Burgus Ulcisia 11 at approximately 47 ° 35 '22.06 "  N , 19 ° 4' 59.32"  O .
  40. ^ Gábor Varga: Római kori őrtornyok Budapest (Mítosz és valóság) . In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 136 (2011), S-115-134; here: p. 117.
  41. ^ Gábor Varga: A Szentendrei-sziget római kori erődítettségéről . In: Archaeologiai Értesítő 137 (2012), pp. 145–174; here p. 151.