Adelhausen Monastery

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The Adelhausen Monastery , also called Adelhauser Neukloster , originally Monastery of the Annunciation of Mariae, the Virgin and Mother of God, and St. Catharina , is a former Dominican convent on Adelhauser Klosterplatz in the Schneckenvorstadt or Upper Gerberau of Freiburg im Breisgau , in what is now the old town district - Ring . It emerged in 1687 from the merger of four medieval Dominican convents, to which the fifth joined in 1786. The former monastery church still serves as a church today: Adelhauser Church of the Annunciation and St. Catherine ; the other premises became schools and later museums and offices.

history

The old monasteries

The Freiburg Dominican convents

The five medieval monasteries were initially all outside the city wall.

  • The monastery of the Annunciation was founded in 1234 in the old village of Adelhausen, which has grown into the Wiehre district. It lay between today's Basler Strasse and Konradstrasse, roughly on the line of Goethestrasse. The nuns maintained the tradition of a noble foundation by "Adelheid, Countess of Zäringen" and "Chunigund, a sister of Emperor Rudolf I and bequeathed the widow of Count von Sulz". This tradition is legend. The founder was probably a Freiburg citizen Heinrich Vasser, and the abbess of the Benedictine convent St. Margarethen in Waldkirch was involved . The monastery flourished in the early 14th century at the time of the two-time (1316–1317; 1319–1327) prioress Anna von Munzingen . She wrote a sisters book with the vitae of 36 nuns who were distinguished by their mystical gifts and visions. The monastery reformer and order writer Johannes Meyer , 1462–1485 confessor of the monastery, revised the work in the 15th century in order to use it for the goals of monastery reform. Lands from 1327 and 1423 are evidence of rich property.
  • The Maria Magdalena Monastery or Monastery of the Reuerinnen was founded in the preacher suburb before 1250 . It was on the corner of today's Friedrichring and Merianstrasse. The penitent women initially formed their own order for the conversion of fallen and morally endangered women and girls, but were later incorporated into the Dominican order.
  • The St. Agnes monastery was founded in 1264 in the Lehen suburb . It was located on the site of today's Freiburg University Library on Werderring. The founder was allegedly an Alsatian noblewoman Bertha . From St. Agnes the only description of one of the old five Dominican convents is preserved, written after the destruction in 1644: “(It) was a beautiful, airy, large, healthy closter with useful kruott and opstgärtten. (It) has flowed through the middle of the cloister a large, funny brook and looked like a piece of vines at the closter (was); in front of the closter (was) a nice big yard daruff gasthauß, Gesindthauß, pfrundt hauß, stoke, trot, 4 stables and wagenschopff, everything built useful. in the closter (was) a beautiful large cor and outer church; apart from the cor one is a step up to the dormenter , which according to the length on both sides had 24 cells one against the other in the same size; ... under the dormenter the length of the way out to the cor above, first the sacrastey, inside a vault; on the sacrastey the capittel hauß , on it the spies gaden and big summer reffendal ; outside the reffendal, on the right hand side, the convendtstuben, vaulted in four corners, pretty and big, inside the kitchen, kuchestüblin and kämmerlin; outside the church there were 2 dürers, one in the crützgang, the other in the sacrastey; in the crütz corridor one is kummen to all reported places; ... in a sinister building, the priority sampt is still 2 rooms, 2 rooms, a kitchen upstairs, including an airy, useful laundry and bellyhouse, which you can do everything in the tröckne, including the bathroom and cupping room; ... those are, in a few words, those for some of the monastery's buildings. "
  • The monastery of St. Katharina (of Alexandria) was founded in 1297 in the old village of Wiehre, which, like Adelhausen, is now part of the Wiehre district. It was north of today's Basler Strasse between Kirchstrasse and Goethestrasse.
  • The monastery of St. Katharina von Siena or St. Catharina von Senis auf dem Graben was founded in 1419 like the monastery Maria Magdalena in the preacher's suburb. It was on the corner of today's Eisenbahnstrasse and Poststrasse, not far from the city moat.

The mergers and the new monastery

Church and adjoining west wing (left)
High altar of the monastery church

The Thirty Years War forced a move and two mergers. The war-torn monastery of St. Catherine of Siena was relocated in 1644 to a place within the city wall on today's Rathausgasse. The nuns of the destroyed St. Agnes Monastery were accepted into the Monastery of the Annunciation in 1647 , the nuns from the destroyed Maria Magdalena Monastery were accepted into the Monastery of St. Catherine (of Alexandria) in 1651 .

When Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban expanded Freiburg to a (French) fortress on the orders of Louis XIV from 1678, the monasteries of the Annunciation and St. Catherine (of Alexandria) were finally razed to the ground. The nuns found accommodation in private houses and built new monasteries in the city. However, they were told that there could only be a new building: “... but if you know that apart from the city is proper and the city has been reduced by half, with so few remaining houses and strong guarnisons, you will not be bothered by anything to rejuvenate the monastery. "

This one monastery was finally built from 1687 in the Schneckenvorstadt or Oberen Gerberau on the grounds of the town courtyard of the Tennenbach Monastery , former court of the Counts of Freiburg , i.e. at a prominent place in the history of the town. Louis XIV supported the construction with a considerable sum. The leading architect was the French fortress builder Jean La Douze, about whom little is known. French soldiers helped. In 1693 the vault of the church partially collapsed, the master mason Jacob Martin was killed. Nevertheless, on October 12, 1694, the first 19 nuns were able to move into the convent buildings. On May 13, 1699 - Freiburg had since the Treaty of Rijswijk Habsburg again in 1697 - the Church of Auxiliary Bishop of Constance was Konrad Ferdinand spirit of Wildegg consecrated . In 1709 the ceiling threatened to collapse again, and one of the side walls had to be replaced. The monastery was initially called "Ad Annuntiationem BMV et S. Catharina VM", To the Annunciation of Mary, the Virgin and Mother of God, and St. Catharina , later simply Adelhausen or Neukloster .

There were now two Dominican convents in Freiburg, the old convent of St. Catherine of Siena on the Graben and the new convent . They got off lightly when Emperor Joseph II closed the monastery in the course of Josephinism . After it had been refused to them in 1553 and 1661, the nuns of the monastery of St. Catherine of Siena received permission from the city council on June 15, 1663 to give a maximum of 20 children regular schooling; their monastery was poor. The nuns of the new monastery mainly dedicated themselves to a vita contemplativa ; her monastery was wealthy. The Austrian government decided in 1786 to incorporate St. Catherine of Siena into the new monastery, but to oblige it to run a girls' school in three rooms. In this way one preserved what was “useful to the public” and at the same time got rid of a religious house without having to pay for the maintenance of its inmates.

The new monastery also survived the secularization in the wake of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 - as the only Freiburg monastery other than that of the Ursulines , who also ran a school. In 1811, however, both were subjected to the regulations governing Catholic female teaching and educational institutions in the Grand Duchy of Baden , with interventions in monastic life. The number of female students increased - in the 1850s there were around 650, with 18 teachers. Therefore, a separate three-story school building was built next to the monastery on the Gerberau in 1855–1856 (bottom left in the floor plan).

The end and the follow-up institutions

Maria Elisabeth Sautier (1823-1892) was the last to take her religious vows in 1861 in Adelhausen Monastery . She founded a private school in Überlingen in 1867 with some of her sisters , which moved to Bregenz in 1904 , where the Adelhaus tradition lives on in the Dominican convent “De Annuntiatione BMV”, Maria Verkendung Marienberg , of the Marienberg monastery .

The end came with the Badischer Kulturkampf . On November 15, 1867, the city director announced the dissolution of their monastery community to the teaching women: “The female teaching and education institute Adelhausen in Freiburg has been dissolved; the current teachers receive adequate pensions. The assets of the abolished corporation are hereby devoted to its previous purpose as a catholic secular foundation for all levels of education for female youth in the city of Freiburg. First of all, a Catholic school is to be built from the foundation's funds, which in any case has to do the same as the one previously directed by the teaching institute. The administration of the Catholic secular foundation assets is initially transferred to the town council, but separate accounts are to be kept and the auditing, as before, to be carried out by the grand ducal administrative court. "

The foundation was named first as "Higher Girls School Fund" and bears since 1978 the name "Adel Hausstiftung Freiburg" From the foundation's assets is funded in 1890 the construction of a Secondary School for Girls (now Goethe-Gymnasium ) on the timber market and in 1903 the construction of a girls -Civic school directly east of the monastery district (not in the floor plan) on Marienstraße.

  • The first school building on the Gerberau, today the Museum Natur und Mensch Freiburg

  • The former girls' community school in Adelhausen , today the Museum of New Art

  • Adelhauser nun as a drawing teacher, mid-19th century

  • Floor plan of the new monastery in 1898, with the school from 1855–1856

In 1931 the Museum of Natural History, today the Museum of Nature and People Freiburg , was opened in the school building from 1855–1856 on the Gerberau . The Museum of Prehistory and Early History followed in 1938 in the west wing of the convent building . It was not until 1961 that the Museum of Ethnology was opened in the east wing. In 1985 the Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory (it had not been open to the public since the war) moved out and the rooms that had become free were used for the Natural History Museum.

The building of the girls' community school from 1903 has housed the Museum of New Art since 1985 . Following renovation and expansion, the convent building has served as the administrative headquarters of the Freiburg Foundation Administration since May 2013. Only the church serves the original purpose.

building

The structural substance has largely been preserved. The outside of the monastery area is unadorned except for corner pilasters, cornices and drilled window frames. The church is located in the south wing, to which a prayer house was attached in the east, which was occupied by a gymnasium after 1870. The nuns had three accesses to the church reserved for them: through doors from the prayer house into the chancel, to the nuns and organ loft in the west of the ship and to a room on the upper floor of the south wing, from which two barred windows look into the choir. A kitchen wing is attached to the northeast corner of the square. The cloister is vaulted with a cap. At its northeast corner was the refectory with a stucco ceiling from 1730/40. Here is a tiled stove from the construction period with the convent coat of arms. The 31 cells of the nuns and lay sisters were on the upper floors.

The artistic legacy

Christ-Johannes group from Adelhausen Monastery in the Liebieghaus in Frankfurt am Main

The art and cultural objects of the new monastery and thus also, as far as they got there, the art and cultural objects of the five old monasteries that were opened in the new monastery have largely remained in Freiburg. The reason is - in addition to the continued existence of the monastery church - the takeover of the entire property in 1867 in a foundation under the administration of the Freiburg city council. Most of the objects came to the Augustinian Museum, which opened in 1923, via the “Alterthümersammlung” founded in 1861 and the “Municipal Collections” . Sebastian Bock counts over 1400 objects in his dissertation. "[The dissertation] proves that with the objects that have been handed down, an extraordinarily closed complex of monastic material culture has been preserved, which is extremely rare, if not unique, for the entire German-speaking area ... The spectrum of the Adelhauser inventory includes almost everything: from ordinary utensils to top-quality products from occidental art history. "The following examples from the Augustinian Museum show this rank:

  • "Adelhauser portable altar" from the 2nd half of the 9th century
  • Willow wood statue of St. Mary Magdalene, around 1250, with an ointment box in her left hand, with a finely pleated robe and a cloak that envelops the body like a shell. "The high-quality artwork ... appears - slim with a high, constricted waist - almost as the embodiment of the late Staufer aristocratic ideal of women."
  • The first Liebenau cross from around 1342 and the second Liebenau cross from the early 15th century, which came to the Freiburg Monastery of St. Katharina when the Dominican convent Liebenau was dissolved in 1563. The two-part leather case from the first Liebenauer Kreuz has also been preserved.
  • Carpets from the 14th to 16th centuries such as the coat of arms carpet, Malterer carpet , dragon-parrot carpet, Marien carpet and wild people carpet
  • Dominican altar, a winged reredos painted around 1450 with the Annunciation, the birth, crucifixion and resurrection of Christ, Saints John the Baptist and Paul of Tarsus as well as the Dominican saints Thomas Aquinas , Peter of Verona and Dominic
  • Linden wood statue of St. Agnes with her lamb, signed on the plinth with "HW" for Hans Wydyz , around 1500. "Late Gothic clubbing in detail forms an extremely attractive connection with the generous conception of the early Renaissance."
  • Linden wood statue of a crescent moon Madonna with her child, whose left arm is missing, attributed to Hans Wydyz, around 1500
  • Christ child as Salvator mundi , the 52 cm high linden wood figure of a naked boy of about one year old with a gesture of blessing and a globe in his right hand, around 1500
  • Wing retable as epitaph, a retable from the end of the 16th century, which was redesigned into a mortality table in 1694 when the nuns had moved into the new monastery, in which the first deceased was entered in 1694, the last in 1756, a total of 50 names
  • Liturgical implements made of gold and silver, with which in Freiburg only those in the minster can be compared
  • Reliquaries , unique in number and quality, at least for southern Germany, including
  • Reliquary skull of Blessed Bertha, the traditional founder of the St. Agnes Monastery , a textile-covered, cushion-lined skull on a black four-legged base, one of eight reliquary skulls listed by Sebastian Bock, from the 3rd quarter of the 17th century
  • 432 utensils made of pewter, the largest stock of pewter work ever preserved from monasteries.

There are also works of art from the monastery outside the Adelhauser Church and Augustinian Museum. Some of the 158 manuscripts and 180 prints of the Neukloster are now in the Archbishopric Archive Freiburg . In 1953, the nuns asked for a Christ on the cross from around 1290 to be transferred to the Convent of the Maria Annunciation in Marienberg . In 1950, a group of Christ and John from the 2nd quarter of the 14th century moved to the Liebieghaus - Museum Alter Plastik in Frankfurt am Main .

Jutta Eißengarthen writes: "All in all, the treasure of the Adelhausen Monastery ... is one of the richest foundations in Germany and, in addition to the furnishings of the cathedral, the most important cultural and historical legacy of Freiburg."

literature

  • Hermann Schmid: The Freiburg Dominican convent Adelhausen at the time of Joseph II (1780–1790) . In: Freiburger Diözesan-Archiv , Vol. 104 (1984), pp. 167-207.
  • J [oseph] König (ed.): The Chronicle of Anna von Munzingen. Based on the oldest copy with introduction and supplements . In: Freiburger Diöcesan-Archiv 13 (1880), pp. 129–236 ( Adelhausener sister book ; in the editor's introduction: historical outline of the monastery history, pp. 131–146). Retrieved December 15, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Adelhausen Monastery  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Leonard Korth: The former monastery churches Adelhausen and St. Ursula in: Badischer Architects and Engineers Association: Freiburg im Breisgau. The city and its buildings , HM Poppe & Sohn, Freiburg im Breisgau 1898, pages 377–381
  2. ^ A b c Hermann Brommer : Freiburg - Adelhauser monastery; former monastery church. Munich and Zurich, Schnell & Steiner 1976
  3. ↑ a b c Wolfgang Bock and Hans H. Hofstätter (eds.): 750 years of Dominican convent Adelhausen Freiburg im Breisgau. Adelhausen Foundation Freiburg im Breisgau 1985
  4. ^ A b Hermann Schmid: The Freiburg Dominican convent Adelhausen at the time of Joseph II (1780–1790). In: Freiburg Diocesan Archive 1984; 104: 167-207. PDF http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/5773/pdf/Freiburger_Dioezesan_Archiv_Band_104_1984.pdf
  5. ↑ a b Ulrike Denne: The women's monasteries in late medieval Freiburg in Breisgau. Freiburg / Munich, Karl Alber Verlag 1997. ISBN 3-495-49939-3
  6. ↑ a b c d e Sebastian Bock: The inventory and equipment of the secularized Dominican convent Adelhausen in Freiburg i.Br. Inaugural dissertation Freiburg 1997. ISBN 3-00-002750-5
  7. ↑ a b Barbara Henze: The emergence of the city and the foundation of the mendicant monasteries in the 13th century. In: City of Freiburg, Augustinermuseum (Hrsg.): A city needs monasteries. Lindenberg, Kunstverlag Josef Fink 2006, pages 10–21. ISBN 3-89870-275-8
  8. ↑ Barbara Henze: Change of the constellations for monasteries up to the Thirty Years War. In: City of Freiburg, Augustinermuseum (Hrsg.): A city needs monasteries. Lindenberg, Kunstverlag Josef Fink 2006, pages 22–29. ISBN 3-89870-275-8
  9. ↑ See also the historical outline by J. König in the introduction to his edition of the Chronicle of Anna von Munzingen (see below: literature), pp. 131–146.
  10. ↑ Friedrich Hefele: The donors of the Adelhauser monastery , in: Schauinsland (1934) 61: 21-29
  11. ↑ See Walter Blank: Anna von Munzingen . In: ²VL Vol. 1 (1978) Col. 365-366
  12. ↑ See links below: Wikisource - Sister Books
  13. ↑ See J. König: Chronicle of Anna von Munzingen (see below: literature), p. 131f.
  14. ^ A b Peter Kalchthaler: The wars of the 17th and 18th centuries and their consequences for the Freiburg monasteries. In: City of Freiburg, Augustinermuseum (Hrsg.): A city needs monasteries. Lindenberg, Kunstverlag Josef Fink 2006, pages 30–39. ISBN 3-89870-275-8
  15. ↑ Article by Martina Wehrli-Jones in History of Monasteries BW online
  16. ↑ Engelbert Krebs : The abolition of the "white" and "black" monastery in Freiburg and the establishment of the Catholic teaching institute III. In: Freiburg Catholic. Parish sheet 1926; 21: 60-61
  17. ↑ Entry on Marienberg Abbey on Order online
  18. ↑ Articles of Association: Archived Copy ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stiftungsverwaltung-freiburg.de
  19. ^ Freiburg: Foundation administration concentrates all departments in one location - badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved April 22, 2013 .
  20. ↑ Detlef Zinke : Augustinermuseum - Paintings up to 1800. Selection catalog. Freiburg, Rombach-Verlag 1990. ISBN 3-7930-0582-8
  21. ↑ Detlef Zinke: Pictorial works of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 1100 - 1530. Selection catalog / Augustinermuseum Freiburg . Munich, Hirmer 1995. ISBN 3-7774-6560-7
  22. ^ Ingrid-Sibylle Hofmann: The image program of the so-called Adelhauser Altar. In: Freiburg Diocesan Archive 2001; 121: 157-188 PDF http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/5809/pdf/Freiburger_Dioezesan_Archiv_Band_121_2001.pdf
  23. ↑ Jutta Eißengarthen: Medieval textiles from Adelhausen Monastery in the Augustinermuseum Freiburg. Adelhausen Foundation Freiburg im Breisgau 1995.

Coordinates: 47 ° 59 ′ 35 ″  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 6 ″  E