Jar (vessel)

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The jug is a bulbous or cylindrical vessel with a vertical handle and sometimes a lid , which is used to receive, transport, store and remove liquids. It should not be confused with the similar but smaller tankard, also known as a jug or drinking jug (see there). Jugs are made of various materials, preferably ceramic materials.

The word itself comes from the Old High German kruog , "jug, bottle"; a more extensive etymology has not been clarified (cf., however, Greek krōssós , "jug", and German Krause (from Middle High German krūse ), "jug, earthen drinking vessel", and Latin crusibulum , "small jug").

term

There are mainly blurred lines between the jug and the jug . Some authors distinguish the jug from jug through their separate spout, others arrange all Henkel vessels that no spout have (neither a slightly lobed spout , nor a more solid bill , nor a tubular spout ), the pitchers to. The terminology of historical and cultural studies also differentiates in this way. There is agreement that the jug is basically a gift vessel, but the jug is not just a drinking vessel. In some cases, the use of words differs from these rules: The crane pot has no spout, just as some grinding cans and later the big "milk jugs" for the dairy supply, the Ticino wine drinking jug " Boccalino ", however, has a spout. The jug tends to differ from the cup , mug or pot in terms of its size, steeper proportions and narrower opening.

In today's linguistic usage, insofar as it does not scientifically refer to historical objects, the meaning of the mug as a drinking vessel has been reduced to the beer mug , and all pouring vessels without a spout but with a spout are predominantly referred to as mugs .

Jug made from traditional gray stoneware from the Westerwald

history

The vast majority of the jugs preserved from pre-industrial times are made of ceramic materials. The proportion of handled vessels turned or made from wood is low. Metal and glass, on the other hand, are higher quality materials that have only played an increasing role in everyday culture since modern times.

antiquity

  • Clay jugs made it possible to cool by using the evaporative cooling and were therefore, as in ancient times , the most common storage container for dairy products and drinks in Europe until the 20th century.
  • More than 2000 years ago, jugs (like the double-handled amphorae ) were used to store and transport wine and olive oil. Open jars were used for fermentation during wine production in ancient Egypt. They were then closed with stoppers and provided with information on production. A process that is still used today in Imereti .
  • Clay jugs were also used to store and transport other products, as they also protect against moisture, light and vermin (e.g. grain, lard, seeds) and can be easily closed with cork or wooden stoppers and sealed with beeswax. In 1947 the first Dead Sea scrolls were discovered in clay jugs during the excavations in Qumran , which have survived in these jugs for almost 2000 years, and the clay jug was already very popular in Egypt as a repository for papyri .
  • When building irrigation systems, clay jugs were already used in ancient times as scoop vessels or to change the direction of water pipes.
  • In the late Roman period, jugs and jugs made of glass were among the widespread luxury goods. Glass jugs were also used to transport liquids - primarily oils, as found, for example, from the settlement area around Mainz. There are numerous square jugs of different heights, which offered the advantage of fully utilizing the transport volume in boxes and baskets.
  • Jugs and other dishes made of copper are known from early Egyptian graves (after 4000 BC). Copper was apparently processed there earlier than gold.
  • Wine jugs from the grave of Scorpio I (around 3200 BC) represent the oldest known evidence of phonetically readable characters in a script in Egypt.

  • Clay vessels used in ancient Egypt

  • Jugs in a water paddle

Middle Ages and Modern Times

Materials and shapes

The preferred material for medieval jugs was stoneware . Its sintered body is waterproof, and the transparent salt glaze , invented in the late Middle Ages, made cleaning easier. Other ceramic techniques had been forgotten with the end of the Roman Empire. In particular, the opaque tin glaze was only reintroduced in Europe through contact with the Arab-Moorish ceramic industry in Mallorca (hence " majolica " for the white-ground Italian pottery of the 15th / 16th centuries). Called faience in the rest of Europe , the material was particularly popular for jugs until the 19th century when it was replaced by earthenware. The jugs of the Middle Ages that were turned on the potter's wheel are all bulbous, cylindrical and slightly conical shapes only appear next to them in the late 16th century. Silver, typically cylindrical, jugs have appeared in Central Europe since the 16th century. "Wherever beer is drunk, in the bourgeoisie rather than at the court, and in Germany more than in the Romanic countries, this type of form developed and prevailed". As a roller jug or tankard , the cylindrical jug with a hinged lid is also made of pewter, but the combination of a vessel made of ceramic (stoneware, faience, earthenware) or later also glass with a lid made of pewter or silver is far more common.

Special forms from the history of handicrafts
  • The Schnell is a slim, tall, slightly tapered beer mug from the 16th and 17th centuries made of whitish-gray stoneware, made in the Rhineland.
  • Their smaller version is known as the pint .
  • The brown Bartmann mugs are a West and North German stoneware specialty from the 16th to 18th centuries.
  • Apostle jugs, low, broadly proportioned lidded tankards made of brown-glazed Creußen stoneware with colorful borders and colored apostle reliefs were created between 1610 and 1709 in the Upper Franconian town.
  • From the beginning of the 19th century, mineral water was filled into hand-made stoneware jugs, corked, sealed and shipped. The seal of the respective well was stamped on the clay jug as proof of origin. These jugs are an early example of the mass production of pottery .
  • A stretch of land in the southwest of the Westerwald north of Koblenz is known as Kannenbäckerland . The Kannenbaker guild established in the county of Wied in 1643 belonged to manufacturers around Höhr-Grenzhausen . Typical for the jugs and jugs burned there is a bluish-gray, often white or brownish stoneware coated with a salt glaze.
  • Puzzling jugs were joke vessels that provided amusement for guild , but also feudal socializing in the early modern era.
  • Wooden jugs , turned jugs or jugs made from staves were occasionally made in Thuringia and Bavaria. A special form were the Lichtenhainer jugs popular with Jenens students with their alternation of light and dark staves or with inlaid pewter ornaments
  • Reservist pitchers reminded German conscripts of their service time in the German Empire .

  • Islamic jug from Susa , 8./9. century

  • Majolica jug, Florence, 15th century

  • Apostle jug, 17th century

  • Bartmann mug, 17./18. century

  • Mineral water jugs from the Heppinger Brunnen from around 1820

  • Art Nouveau mug from the Paul Revere Pottery in the USA

  • enamelled basin and water jug

Mythical, cultic and symbolic meaning

Frans Hals : Malle Babbe with a pewter jug as a symbol of alcoholism

Clay jugs already appear in the old creation myths. The Pandora's box was a clay jar ( pithos ), the contents of Hesiod was scattered over the earth. As canopic jugs (also canopic jugs or canopic vases) are vessels in Egyptology , in which the corpse and the entrails were buried separately during the mummification .

In the ancient town of Canopus (Egypt) on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast there was a Sarapi temple in which Osiris was worshiped in the form of a jug with a human head that contained water from the Nile .

Jean-Baptiste Greuze: The Broken Jug, painting from 1771, Louvre

The ancient world sees the jug as a symbol of libation , cleansing and purity . The Classical and Biedermeier set the often provided with the motto "L'amitié" (friendship) motif of a cult servant in ancient clothing is that pouring a liquid from a jar or a cup in the flame of a sacrificial altar. In the iconography of vice , the jug is a symbol of alcoholism , as portrayed drastically by Frans Hals .

The broken jug appears in art primarily as a metaphor for lost innocence ( Jean-Baptiste Greuze , 1771). The best-known German-language literary work is Heinrich Kleist's " The Broken Jug " (1806).

Proverbs

  • "The jug goes to the well until it breaks".

literature

  • Thomas Dexel : Utility Device Types , Vol. 2: The metal device of Central Europe from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century. Munich 1981, pp. 79-107.

See also

Web links

Commons : Jugs  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 401 ( Krause ) and 408 ( Krug ).
  2. ↑ U. Gross: Medieval ceramics between the Neckar estuary and the Swabian Alb. Research and reports on the archeology of the Middle Ages in Baden-Württemberg 12, Stuttgart 1991.
  3. ^ R. Schreg: Ceramics from Southwest Germany. A help for the description, determination and dating of archaeological finds from the Neolithic to modern times. Teaching and working materials on the archeology of the Middle Ages 1 (Tübingen 1998).
  4. ↑ I. Bauer / W. Endres / B. Kerkhoff-Hader / R. Koch / H.-G. Stephan: Guide to the description of ceramics (Middle Ages-Modern Times). Terminology - Typology - Technology. Catalogs of the Prehistoric State Collection Munich Supplement 2 (Munich 1986).
  5. ↑ Museum vocabulary
  6. ↑ Cool water in a clay jug (queried on July 4, 2010)
  7. ^ Forensics in a clay jug. In: Wissenschaft.de. October 26, 2007, accessed September 8, 2019 .
  8. ↑ a b Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1967, ISBN 3-421-02648-3 .
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Speyer: Book finds in the religious advertising of antiquity , p. 143
  10. ↑ Christoph PJ Ohlig: Water historical research: focus on antiquity, volume 1 , p. 71
  11. ↑ Michael J. Klein (editor): Roman glass art and wall painting , Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2597-5 , p. 16
  12. ^ Alfred Löhr: Bremer Silber , exhibition catalog Focke-Museum Bremen, 1981, p. 58.
  13. ↑ Article Apostelkrug in the Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte
  14. ↑ Bernd Brinkmann: Stoneware bottles for shipping Rheinischer Mineralbrunnen. In: Landschaftsverband Rheinland / Rheinisches Museumamt: Wasserlust. Mineral springs and medicinal baths in the Rhineland. Rheinland-Verlag GmbH, Cologne 1991, pp. 82-103, here p. 86.
  15. ↑ http://www.sammeln-sammler.de/keramik/steinzeug/westerwaelder-steinzeug/
  16. ^ Dictionary of German Folklore, Stuttgart 1974, p. 483
  17. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Haedeke: Zinn , Cologne 1968, p. 93
  18. ↑ Entry Canopus . In: Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon . Bibliographical Institute, Mannheim / Vienna / Zurich 1973, Volume 13, p. 402
  19. ↑ http://www.beyars.com/kunstlexikon/lexikon_8834.html
  20. ^ German proverbs
  21. ↑ Further idioms in: Lutz Röhrig: Lexicon of proverbial idioms , vol. 1, Freiburg 1974