LANSA Flight 508

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LANSA Flight 508
PSA Electra, circa 1960s.jpg

A structurally identical Electra from the US American PSA
Accident summary
Type of accident Structural breakdown as a result of severe turbulence and lightning strike
location Near Puerto Inca , Huánuco , Peru
date December 24, 1971, about 12:40 p.m.  OZ
Fatalities 91
Survivors 1
Injured 1
Aircraft
Aircraft type Lockheed L-188 Electra
operator Líneas Aéreas Nacionales SA (LANSA)
Mark OB-R-941
Departure airport Lima , Peru
Stopover Pucallpa , Peru
Destination airport Iquitos , Peru
Passengers 86
crew 6th
Lists of aviation accidents

LANSA flight 508 was a scheduled flight operated by the Peruvian airline Líneas Aéreas Nacionales SA (LANSA) on December 24, 1971. The Lockheed L-188 Electra ( aircraft registration number : OB-R-941) used broke apart in the air during a thunderstorm with severe turbulence and lightning on the route from Lima to Pucallpa , killing 91 of the 92 occupants. To date, it is the fourth worst accident in Peruvian aviation history.

The only survivor of the plane crash was seventeen-year-old Juliane Koepcke , who struggled through the Peruvian rainforest for a good ten days until she came across a camp of forest workers. The fate of the survivors has been the subject of several books and films.

background

The Peruvian airline LANSA, founded in 1963, was involved in two serious aircraft accidents in the past, in which a total of 150 people were killed. The last crash in Cusco at the beginning of August 1970 , also with an L-188 Electra (registration number: OB-R-939), was the worst accident in Peruvian aviation history with 101 deaths. Among the dead were the daughter of the mayor of Lima and a group of 48 American students who had taken part in an exchange program in Peru. An engine failure occurred shortly after take-off. As a result, LANSA was banned from flying for 90 days by the Peruvian government. According to the Peruvian Minister of Transport and Transport, the engine has exceeded the regular number of flight hours under the regulations. Checks should show that the LANSA fleet complied with the official operating regulations and that the crews were adequately trained. Flight operations were resumed later.

Flight history

The flight route of the OB-R-941 (schematic representation)

Plane and route

Flight 508 was a domestic flight scheduled to fly from Lima to Iquitos on December 24, 1971, a Friday , with a stopover in Pucallpa . The route to the northeastern rainforest region of Peru was still regularly operated by Líneas Aéreas Nacionales SA (LANSA), which now had only one airworthy device - a four-engine turboprop aircraft of the Lockheed L-188 Electra type with registration OB-R-941 . The aircraft had completed its maiden flight in 1959 and was given the construction number 1106 by the American manufacturer Lockheed . In the service of LANSA, the machine was nicknamed " Mateo Pumacahua ", named after the Peruvian revolutionary of the same name (1740–1815).

As a matter of routine, the plane should have flown from Lima to Cusco first on that day . Due to bad weather in the Andean highlands , all flights to this destination were canceled. After the weather hadn't cleared up, LANSA canceled the flight and switched to the Lima – Pucallpa – Iquitos route with flight number 508, followed by a return flight.

Weather reports in the Andean and rainforest regions of Peru were - as in all of South America - not published regularly at this time and were not very detailed. The Peruvian airport authority CORPAC ( Corporación Peruana de Aeropuertos y Aviación Comercial ) relied on situation reports from landing sites and information from the pilots.

Inmates

On its last flight, the OB-R-941 carried six crew members and 86 passengers. Among the passengers who boarded the plane at Lima Airport in Lima were three Germans residing in Peru: in addition to a 33-year-old dentist from Berlin, the well-known ornithologist Maria Koepcke , who worked at the Natural History Museum of the University of San Marcos , and her daughter Juliane . The Koepckes had originally planned to fly to Pucallpa a day earlier, from there to the Panguana research station , where they wanted to spend Christmas with their father Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke . The 17-year-old had graduated from the Humboldt-Gymnasium in Lima shortly before and did not want to do without attending her school's prom. As a result, mother and daughter rebooked on the last possible LANSA flight 508, although both were aware of the company's bad reputation: Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke had expressly warned his family against flying with this company's aircraft due to the known history. They did it anyway because all other flights were already booked that Christmas Eve 1971. There were also five children of Christian missionaries from the United States on the plane to Pucallpa, who were also attending school in Lima and were supposed to spend the Christmas holidays with their parents.

Start and crash

The Lockheed L-188 Electra took off from Lima Airport at 11:38 a.m. local time (according to other information, shortly after 12:00 p.m.). A little more than an hour's flight time was planned for the route to Pucallpa. 31 minutes after take-off, the crew issued a final routine report over Oyón , in the central Andes. At the time, the aircraft was 30 miles (approx. 48 kilometers) west of Cerro de Pasco . At around the same time, the OB-R-941 flew into a thunderstorm. The crew encountered severe turbulence and lightning in the cumulonimbus accumulations. The flight altitude of the Electra was only 22,000 feet (approx. 6705 meters), while a few minutes earlier a jet-powered BAC 1-11 of the Peruvian airline Faucett had flown over the thunderstorm at an altitude of 31,000 feet (approx. 9449 meters).

Juliane Koepcke, who sat in a window seat in the rear right part of the aircraft (row 19, seat F), later stated that a lightning strike had struck the right wing, whereupon an engine should have caught fire. According to Koepcke, the machine also went into a nosedive. At an altitude of approx. 6400 meters above sea level and 3000 meters above the ground, the Electra suddenly suffered catastrophic structural damage. The entire right wing and part of the left wing tore off and the fuselage broke into several parts. Burning debris was scattered over a distance of 15 kilometers over the hilly rainforest landscape.

Unsuccessful search

The estimated time of arrival for Flight 508 in Pucallpa was 12:47 PM. When the aircraft did not reach the stopover and the crew of OB-R-941 did not respond to radio messages from the airport control centers in Pucallpa, Iquitos and Lima, the aircraft was reported missing. The Peruvian Air Force then began an official search operation in which civil aircraft from Faucett , light aircraft from the Linguistic Summer Institute ( Instituto Lingüístico de Verano ILV or Summer Institute of Linguistics SIL) and the OFASA mission in the Pucallpa region took part. The Air Force flew two helicopters into the search area using Lockheed C-130s . This covered several thousand square kilometers between the central Andes and a northeastern belt near the Brazilian border. Beyond Pucallpa, the search area over the Río Ucayali was extended to the east in the event that the machine had deviated from course due to strong winds. However, many pilots assumed that the Electra had crashed in the storm over the central Andes before it had reached the rainforest foothills west of Pucallpa. The search was stopped after ten days with no results.

Juliane Koepcke's survival and her way through the Peruvian jungle

Crash and loss of consciousness

When the machine broke apart, Koepcke was separated from the mother sitting next to her. Buckled up, the girl was thrown out of the plane with her row of three seats and fell headlong - according to her own account, with the bench like a kind of helicopter or parachute - towards the ground, where she lost consciousness. The impact was dampened by the dense foliage of the rainforest and lianas.

Awakening and first orientation

Juliane Koepcke regained consciousness the next morning, December 25, 1971, after 9 a.m. - more than 20 hours after the crash. She remembers this point in time well to this day, because after looking at the green canopy of the jungle, she finally looked at her undamaged wristwatch. For several hours she looked in vain for the plane wreck and other survivors, especially her mother. Less than two weeks later, the rescue teams found during their search that most of the crash victims were still in trees. Koepcke was also unable to attract the search aircraft's attention in the dense rainforest.

Injuries and departure from the crash site

As a result of the impact, Koepcke suffered two open wounds on his right upper arm and leg, a concussion and a compression of the cervical spine as well as a fracture of the collarbone and a torn cruciate ligament of the left knee joint. The shock she suffered meant that the wounds hardly bleed and she also did not notice the injury to the cruciate ligament. The short-sighted young woman, who was only dressed in a short summer dress, had also lost her glasses in the crash. Although Koepcke only had one sandal, she kept it on, which was ridiculed in press reports because it was easier to go barefoot. For Koepcke, this remaining shoe was important because it gave her a certain security - especially when she had to wade through bodies of water in which she might have to expect to step on a stingray .

Knowledge of survival in the jungle

Koepcke had already accompanied her mother and father, who were interested in holistic ecology , as children at work in the Peruvian rainforest. She had also lived in her parents' research station near Pucallpa (called " Panguana "); hence she was somewhat familiar with the dangers of the jungle. In fact, the crash site was only 50 kilometers from the “Panguana” research station. Koepcke discovered a water source nearby and followed the watercourse - her father had taught her that if she got lost in the jungle, it would be more likely to encounter human settlements this way.

Koepcke's 10-day path through the jungle

The plane crashed near the Río Shebonya , a tributary of the Río Pachitea . For the first four to five days, Koepcke only fed on candy that she had found at the crash site. She then went hungry as it was the rainy season at the time of the crash and there was no fruit in the area. Water drawn from leaves and streams was the only thing she consumed. In a kind of twilight state, however, she was once on the verge of eating a poisonous poison dart frog .

Koepcke crossed swamps several times and swam, met spiders, ants and other insects, but no snakes. She followed the call of the domiciled rivers Hoatzins before they reached the Río Pachitea. In this she let herself drift downstream (reports that Koepcke built a raft are not true). On the evening of January 2, 1972, ten days after the plane crash, she discovered a boat and a small shelter where she spent the night on a river bank. After initially being alone for hours the following day, she actually wanted to leave there and go on; however, she was already too weak for that.

Finding by forest workers and first aid

Koepcke was found in the shelter that belonged to forest workers when they returned and told them about their fate. The men tended Koepcke's wound and removed dozens of maggots from it . The 17-year-old had previously removed around 20 of the approximately one centimeter long animals by pouring gasoline over the wound - a procedure she was familiar with from treating a maggot-colonized wound on her family's dog. She had had difficulty getting the gasoline from a canister for the outboard motor tank on the forest workers' boat.

Onward transport and infirmary

The men notified a nearby Department of Agriculture forest workers' camp; the girl was then taken by boat to an infirmary in Tournavista . From there, the well-known American pilot Jerrie Cobb transported the patient on in her sports plane, with which she had previously participated in the unsuccessful search for the wreckage of the accident machine. For Koepcke, however, this roughly quarter-hour flight meant considerable fears and cost her a lot of strength - after all, the experience of the crash was less than two weeks ago; she was taken to Yarinacocha near Pucallpa. There she was admitted to the infirmary of the Summer Linguistic Institute , a language institute run by US missionaries. Koepcke met her father there again.

Koepcke's stay at the Yarinacocha mission station lasted four weeks. At the end of January 1972 she was able to travel to the parents' research station "Panguana" with her father. Koepcke's health was largely restored by March 1972 and she returned to Lima with her father to continue her education.

Immediate consequences of the LANSA Flight 508 crash

License revocation for LANSA and wrath of loved ones

The news that a passenger survived the crash of Flight 508 was made public on the night of January 5, 1972. On January 4th, the license of the airline LANSA had already been revoked, after all it was the third crash in five years. Relatives of the aircraft occupants who went to a hospital to obtain information about other survivors had to be prevented by the police from storming the building. For journalists, the hospital Amazonico Albert Schweitzer near Pucallpa had previously been named as a distraction address .

Resumption of search and discovery of the crash site

Another search began on January 5th, the largest in the history of Peru to date. Airplanes of the Peruvian Air Force, airlines and private individuals were used. Also, a machine of the involved United States Air Force type Lockheed C-130 Hercules , which was equipped with photographic and metal detectors. With the help of the information provided by Juliane Koepcke, the aircraft wreck was discovered on the same day by a Douglas DC-3 of the Peruvian Air Force and a small aircraft of the Roman Catholic mission. An American pilot on the mission parachuted to the scene of the accident, but could not report any survivors and was considered missing for two days.

Arrival of the rescue teams

On January 6, 1972, a five-man helicopter crew from the Peruvian Air Force landed at the crash site. They reported the discovery of two large parts of the fuselage, but no survivors. The crew also set up a makeshift helipad. At the same time, a team of twelve soldiers was only slowly working its way towards the wreck due to heavy rain and had to be partly led by a helicopter crew. In addition to the search teams, relatives of passengers also made their way to the wreck, especially poor farmers and lumberjacks, who, after the report about Juliane Koepcke, hoped for more survivors.

Identification of the victims, differences about Maria Koepcke's identity

On January 13, 1972, the Peruvian Air Force announced that it had found the bodies of all 91 missing persons. At this point, 56 of them had been identified, including Juliane Koepcke's mother Maria. In a later published book, Juliane Koepcke stated that her father had doubts about the identity of the body of his wife identified by the Peruvian authorities, which he had identified only from a foot and her wedding ring and shoe. He later had the corpse transported to Germany for further pathological examinations, where only the lower jaw and a few bones arrived, although the previously presented corpse was relatively well preserved. From the condition of the body, Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke concluded that his wife had survived until January 6th or 7th. Maria Koepcke's presumed remains were then buried in Germany without the widower's desired investigations being able to be carried out in full. An exhumation requested by Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke never took place.

Cause of the crash and possible other survivors

The reason given for the loss of the right wing was the aerodynamic load caused by the turbulence and forces that the pilots had released when attempting to maintain or restore level flight (see take-off and crash and Lauda Air flight 004 ). Juliane Koepcke's survived fall from a height of approx. 3000 meters was explained by the fact that her fall had been dampened by a powerful updraft. There were indications that up to 14 other inmates had survived the breakup in the air and the impact on the rainforest. In contrast to Koepcke, however, they were unable to seek help.

Remaining ambiguity about the crash site

Although Juliane Koepcke was able to return to the crash site decades later with the help of the filmmaker Werner Herzog , there is no reliable information about its exact location. The accident report in the Aviation Safety Network database only contains rough information about the crash location. The Los Angeles Times reported that the crash site was ten miles (16 kilometers) from the eastern bank of the Río Pachitea and five miles (eight kilometers) from the forest workers' camp of Puerto Inca , and 20 miles (32 kilometers) south the farm settlement of Tournavista. However, these details contradict each other in part. Juliane Koepcke provides a clue in her book When I fell from heaven, stating that she followed the Quebrada Raya stream to its confluence with the Shebonya River.

Compared to other Peruvian aircraft accidents

Aviation Safety Network lists the crash in 1971 as the third worst aircraft accident in Peru at the time, after the previous LANSA crash in 1970 and the loss of a Boeing 707 operated by the Brazilian airline VARIG in 1962 near Lima (97 dead). To date, LANSA flight 508 is the fourth worst accident in Peruvian aviation history. The worst to date on Peruvian territory occurred on February 29, 1996, when a Boeing 737 of the airline Faucett Perú crashed while approaching Arequipa . None of the 123 occupants survived the accident.

Media coverage

Press echoes

The plane crash received worldwide media attention due to Juliane Koepcke's unusual survival - the fall from a height of around 3000 meters and the ten-day journey through the rainforest. In addition to Peruvian and German newspapers, many English-language media reported on the plane crash and Koepcke, including the New York Times , Los Angeles Times , Washington Post , the British The Times and the US magazine Life .

Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke gave the exclusive rights to the story of his daughter to the German magazine Stern and to the journalist Nicholas Asheshov of Andean Air Mail & Peruvian Times , whom he knew , so that " things could calm down again," says Juliane Koepcke. According to her own statements, she could hardly cope with the sudden hype about her person at that time: a sheltered girl suddenly became a person of public interest; However, she has been able to talk about her experiences for a long time, even if she can still remember many details as precisely as if they had happened yesterday. Last but not least, the media reported wrongly or tendentiously about them several times.

Other literary adaptations and film adaptations

Juliane Koepcke's fate was the subject of several books, comics and films in the following decades. In 1973, Heinz Günther Konsalik was inspired by the events of his novel A jungle goddess may not cry . In 1978, Monica C. Vincent published Girl Against the Jungle, a textbook for English lessons, and the Americans Jenny Tripp and John Burgoyne published One was left alive, a book for young people in 1980 .

In 1974 an American-Italian film was made under the title A girl fights her way through the green hell , directed by Giuseppe Maria Scotese . Shot in the original locations, British actress Susan Penhaligon slipped into the role of Juliane Koepcke, while her parents were played by Graziella Galvani and Paul Müller . The contemporary criticism of the West German film service praised a girl fighting her way through the green hell for its simple, almost documentary-looking form and the renunciation of "sensational as well as sentimental or heroic effects". Juliane Koepcke herself called the film, which Stern magazine was behind , “a kitschy film” that was “quite far from reality”.

documentary

Door of the crashed plane in a settlement

In the spring of 2000 the documentary Julian's fall in the jungle by Werner Herzog was released on German television. On December 24, 1971, Herzog, like the Koepckes, was at Lima Airport and, despite great efforts, was unable to get seats for himself and his filming team on this flight. He was preparing his adventure film Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes (1972) with Klaus Kinski in Peru and the flight originally booked for the day before had been canceled due to the weather. For Julian's fall into the jungle , Koepcke returned to the crash site for the first time, where the film team encountered scattered wreckage from the Lockheed L-188 Electra. According to the criticism of the Hamburger Abendblatt, Herzog was not looking for "the dramatic in Köpcke's portrayals, he wanted to create a moving psychogram, to observe a person during the process of remembering and returning to the forecourt of death." The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung criticized that Herzog's film was not about the experience of the crash, but that Koepcke's “fight through and against the jungle” came to the fore. “There aren't many people who have survived ten days on their own in the jungle. But there are far fewer people who have survived a fall from a height of several thousand meters, ”said the Frankfurter Allgemeine .

Autobiographical

In 2011, almost 40 years after the plane crash, Juliane Koepcke published When I fell from the sky. How the jungle gave me back my life is an autobiography that includes has also been translated into Spanish and English. In the same year, the book won the audience award at the German Corine Literature Prize.

Movies

literature

Autobiography
  • Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: how the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-89029-389-9 .
    • Juliane Koepcke: When I Fell From the Sky. Titletown Publishing, Green Bay (Wisconsin) 2011, ISBN 978-0-9837547-0-1 .
    • Juliane Koepcke: Cuando caí del cielo: La increíble historia de supervivencia que se convertirá en película. Ediciones B, Madrid / Barcelona, ISBN 978-8-46666366-3 .
more books
  • Robert G. Hummerstone: The ordeal of Juliane Koepcke. In: Discoveries. Scott Foresman, Glenview, Ill. 1972, ISBN 978-0-673-04511-9 .
  • Monica C. Vincent: Girl Against the Jungle. Longman, London 1978, ISBN 978-0-582-53729-3 .
  • Jenny Tripp, John Burgoyne: One was left alive. Raintree Publishers, Milwaukee 1980, ISBN 978-0-8172-1555-2 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b David Gero: Aviation catastrophes: Accidents with passenger aircraft since 1950. Motorbuch-Verl., Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-613-01580-3 . Pp. 101-102.
  2. ↑ Data on the airline LANSA flight 508 in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on January 21, 2012.
  3. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report of the accident of August 1970 in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on January 21, 2012.
  4. ↑ HJ Maidenberg: 99 on Airliner in Crash in Peru. In: New York Times . August 10, 1970, p. 1.
  5. ↑ a b Transport Notes: TWU Seeks Role. In: The New York Times. September 4, 1970, p. 32.
  6. ^ David Gero: Aviation catastrophes: Accidents with passenger aircraft since 1950. Motorbuch-Verl., Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-613-01580-3 , p. 94.
  7. ↑ a b Aircraft accident data and report of the accident of December 24, 1971 in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on March 19, 2014.
  8. ↑ a b c Patrick Mondout: The Survivor. In: Newsweek . January 17, 1972, p. 39 (accessed January 21, 2012 via super70s.com ).
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Lansa's Three Big Crashes in Five Years. In: Andean Air Mail & Peruvian Times. December 31, 1971, p. 2.
  10. ↑ a b c d Seventeen year old escaped death twice in the jungle. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . January 6, 1972, p. 7.
  11. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: How the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2020, ISBN 978-3-492-27493-7 . Pp. 78, 104.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h Interview in the TV show Der Regenwald saved Juliane Diller's life. From the Planet Wissen series , SWR 2014.
  13. ↑ a b c d Saskia Weneit: Crash in the jungle. In: Der Tagesspiegel , July 5, 2009, No. 20310, p. 32.
  14. ^ Missionaries in Peru Seek Giants. In: The Washington Post , February 5, 1972, p. B11.
  15. ↑ a b c Frederik Pleitgen: Survivor still haunted by 1971 air crash. at cnn .com, July 2, 2009 (accessed January 21, 2012).
  16. ↑ a b Joachim Rienhardt: What does Juliane Köpcke actually do? In: Stern , April 7, 2011, p. 162.
  17. ↑ Richard Wigg: Girl's ordeal starts a jungle search. In: The Times , Jan 6, 1972, No. 58368, p. 5.
  18. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: how the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-89029-389-9 . P. 95.
  19. ↑ a b c d Martin Gropp: Crashed into the meaning of life. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 28, 2011, No. 73, p. 11.
  20. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: how the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-89029-389-9 , p. 159.
  21. ↑ Pia Terheyden: twice escaped death. In: Rheinische Post , April 9, 2011 (accessed via LexisNexis Wirtschaft ).
  22. ↑ a b c "You never get rid of that". In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. July 2, 2009, p. 10.
  23. ↑ Girl Tells Of Ordeal in Peru Crash. In: Washington Post , Jan 5, 1972, p. A3.
  24. ↑ a b c d Jungle Trek: Survivor of Crash Tells of Struggle. In: Los Angeles Times , Jan 6, 1972, p. A11.
  25. ↑ a b Britta Weddeling: Destiny: The Gypsy Chicken shows the way. at focus.de , June 4, 2008 (accessed on January 23, 2012).
  26. ↑ a b Nicholas Asheshov: Juliana Koepcke - My Nine Days Alone in the Jungle. In: Andean Air Mail & Peruvian Times. January 14, 1972, pp. 5-6.
  27. ↑ a b Fallen from heaven. In: Die Presse , July 10, 2011 (accessed via LexisNexis Wirtschaft ).
  28. ↑ a b Juliane Koepcke discusses her new book, "When I Fell From the Sky", detailing being the only survivor of a plane crash. In: NBC News Transcripts , Oct 28, 2011, Today Show, 7:00 AM EST NBC, Reporter: Tamron Hall (accessed via LexisNexis Business ).
  29. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: How the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2020, ISBN 978-3-492-27493-7 . P. 132.
  30. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: how the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-89029-389-9 . P. 157 ff.
  31. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: how the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-89029-389-9 , p. 192 ff.
  32. ↑ Jennings Parrott: The Newsmakers. In: Los Angeles Times. March 20, 1972, p. A2.
  33. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: how the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-89029-389-9 . P. 160.
  34. ↑ Airliner Wreckage Is Sighted in Peru. In: New York Times. January 6, 1972, p. 14.
  35. ↑ Ralph Graves: A jungle search that ends in mystery . In: Life. 72 (January 28, 1972), No. 3, p. 1.
  36. ↑ Searchers reach Peru Crash Site. In: New York Times. January 7, 1972, p. 4.
  37. ↑ No signs of life to be found. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. January 7, 1972, p. 8.
  38. ↑ All 91 Bodies Recovered in Peru Air Crash. In: Los Angeles Times. January 14, 1972, p. A24.
  39. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: How the jungle gave me back my life. Malik, Munich 2020, ISBN 978-3-492-27493-7 . P. 87.
  40. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: How the jungle gave me back my life. Piper, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-492-27493-7 , p. 177 ff.
  41. ^ David Gero: Aviation catastrophes: Accidents with passenger aircraft since 1950. Motorbuch-Verl., Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-613-01580-3 , p. 102.
  42. ↑ Survivor of Air Crash, 10-Day Trek Rests in Jungle Hospital. In: Los Angeles Times , Jan 5, 1972, p. 2A.
  43. ^ Profile of Peru in the Aviation Safety Network , English (accessed January 25, 2012)
  44. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report of the accident on February 29, 1996 in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on January 25, 2012.
  45. ^ Robert G. Hummerstone: She lived and 91 others died. In: Life 72 (Jan. 28, 1972), No. 3, pp. 38-40.
  46. ↑ A girl is fighting her way through the green hell. In: film-dienst 17/1974 (accessed via Munzinger Online ).
  47. ↑ Juliane Koepcke: When I fell from the sky: How the jungle gave me back my life. Piper, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-492-27493-7 , p. 83.
  48. ^ Rainer Tittelbach: Return to the forecourt of death. In: Hamburger Abendblatt , February 1, 2000 (accessed via LexisNexis Wirtschaft ).
  49. ↑ Lars-Olav Beier : Diary: My greenest enemy. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , February 3, 2000, No. 28, p. 58.

Coordinates: 9 ° 40 ′ 31 ″  S , 75 ° 27 ′ 1 ″  W.